劉海玲++范新娟++劉俊++黃艷
[摘要]目的 探討胃腸道惡性神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤的臨床病理特征、免疫表型、分子遺傳學(xué)及鑒別診斷。方法 對本院2015年12月收治的1例罕見的胃腸道惡性神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤進(jìn)行分析并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),觀察其組織學(xué)形態(tài)及免疫組化標(biāo)記結(jié)果,并采用FISH檢測EWSR1基因融合情況。結(jié)果 腫瘤位于小腸,呈浸潤性生長,浸潤小腸壁全層,腫瘤細(xì)胞圓形,短梭形,上皮樣,排列成片狀,巢狀,并可見散在破骨細(xì)胞樣多核巨細(xì)胞。核泡狀,核仁明顯,核分裂象易見,胞漿豐富,嗜酸性。免疫組化顯示,腫瘤細(xì)胞S-100和Vimentin彌漫強(qiáng)陽性,CD99、CD56和Syn部分腫瘤細(xì)胞陽性,CR少許腫瘤弱陽性,Ki-67約30%陽性。熒光原位雜交結(jié)果顯示EWSR1基因重排。結(jié)論 胃腸道惡性神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤是一種特殊并罕見類型腫瘤,具有高度侵襲性,預(yù)后差。對該腫瘤的確診需依靠組織學(xué)形態(tài)和免疫組化,需與其他惡性腫瘤進(jìn)行鑒別。EWSR1融合基因檢測有助于確診及鑒別診斷。
[關(guān)鍵詞]惡性神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤;免疫表型;分子遺傳學(xué)
[中圖分類號] R735 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2016)10(a)-0008-05
[Abstract]Objective To investigate clinicopathological features,immunophenotype,molecular genetics and differential diagnosis of malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor.Methods A case of rare malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor in December 2015 in our hospital was analyzed and reviewed the related literature.The histological and immunohistochemical results were observed,and the fusion status of EWSR1 gene was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).Results The tumor was located in the small intestine,the poor-circumscribed lesion located in the entire thickness of the bowel wall extending into the mucosal layer with a significant infiltrative growth patterns.The tumors cells composed of round,short spindle or round epithelium-like cells arranged in sheets or nests.A number of multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells had also been observed.The nuclei that was surrounded by variable amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm showed vesicular chromatin with generally distinct to nucleoli and variable mitotic activity were easy to seen.The tumor cells were strongly positive for S-100 and Vimentin,and positive for CD99,CD56 and Syn,and weak positive for CR,the Ki-67 proliferating index was about 30% in the aspect of immunohistochemistry.Fluorescence in situ hybridization results showed EWSR1 gene rearrangement.Conclusion Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor is an additionally rare tumor with high aggressive and poor prognosis.The definite diagnosis for it mainly depends on the histology,immunophenotype,at the same time,need to be differentiated from other malignant tumors.The rearrangement analysis of EWSR1 gene is helpful for pathologic diagnosis.
[Key words]Malignant neuroectodermal tumor;Immunophenotype;Molecular genetics
原發(fā)性胃腸道間葉性腫瘤大多數(shù)是胃腸道間質(zhì)瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST),而近年來文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了一類具有透明細(xì)胞特征的罕見的、特殊類型的原發(fā)性胃腸道間葉性腫瘤,這類腫瘤被命名為胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤和透明細(xì)胞肉瘤樣胃腸道腫瘤[1-4]。最初大多是個(gè)案報(bào)道,診斷為胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤,后來發(fā)現(xiàn)胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤與軟組織的透明細(xì)胞肉瘤形態(tài)、免疫組化及超微結(jié)構(gòu)不同,故提出胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤樣腫瘤。2012年Stockman等[5]報(bào)道了16例胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤樣腫瘤,認(rèn)為其是一種具有神經(jīng)外胚層分化特征、缺乏黑色素分化特征的獨(dú)立腫瘤實(shí)體,并命名為胃腸道惡性神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤(malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor,MGNET)。本研究回顧性分析2015年12月21日中山大學(xué)附屬第六醫(yī)院病理科接收的1例36歲男性原發(fā)于小腸的MGNET的臨床和病理資料進(jìn)行分析,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對其臨床癥狀、病理組織學(xué)特點(diǎn)、免疫及遺傳表型、診斷和鑒別診斷進(jìn)行探討,以提高對該腫瘤的認(rèn)識。
1材料與方法
1.1臨床資料
患者男,36歲,因下腹腹痛伴黏液血便半年入院,患者無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)腹痛,為下腹陣發(fā)性疼痛,停止進(jìn)食或流質(zhì)飲食時(shí)疼痛可緩解,有排氣排便,伴黏液膿血,量少,無里急后重、排不盡感。CTE提示第3、4、5組部分小腸腸壁節(jié)段性增厚,可見多處狹窄,病變近段腸管擴(kuò)張,考慮為克羅恩病可能性大。小腸鏡提示:距回盲瓣40 cm可見回腸黏膜腫脹,腸腔狹窄,內(nèi)鏡無法通過。小腸MRE提示腹盆部第3、4、5組部分小腸腸壁節(jié)段性增厚并不全性腸梗阻,梗阻主要位于第4組小腸,未見多處狹窄。臨床診斷:不完全小腸梗阻,克羅恩病待排。其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查均未見明顯異常??紤]患者既往有2次梗阻病史,故對患者進(jìn)行腹腔探查,結(jié)果顯示,肝、胃、膽、結(jié)腸、盆腔及腹壁均未見異常,距回盲部大約20 cm處小腸可見一大小約2 cm×2 cm的腫物,相應(yīng)腸系膜見2個(gè)腫大淋巴結(jié),余小腸未見異常;行腹腔鏡輔助下小腸腫物切除術(shù)。
1.2方法
手術(shù)標(biāo)本經(jīng)10%中性甲醛固定,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,切片,HE染色,光鏡觀察并復(fù)習(xí)臨床病史。免疫組化采用SP法,S-100、Vimentin、CD99、CD56、Syn、CR、Ki-67、CK、MC、DOG1、CD117、Desmin、Actin、MelanA、HMB45、CgA和EMA抗體購自福州邁新生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司和北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司。采用熒光原位雜交(FISH)方法檢測EWSR1斷裂基因。
2結(jié)果
2.1大體檢查
送檢小腸一段,長15 cm,距一切緣6.5 cm,另一切緣7.5 cm處見一潰瘍型腫物,大小約2 cm×2 cm(圖1),環(huán)腔浸潤性生長;切面灰白色,質(zhì)地細(xì)嫩,浸潤腸壁全層。上附腸系膜組織一堆,大小為15 cm×3 cm×1.5 cm,并捫及淋巴結(jié)5枚,直徑為0.5~0.8 cm。
2.2鏡檢
腫瘤邊界不清,呈浸潤性生長,侵犯腸壁全層。腫瘤細(xì)胞排列成片狀,巢狀(圖2)。腫瘤細(xì)胞圓形,短梭形,上皮樣,核卵圓形或圓形,核呈泡狀,核仁明顯,核分裂象5/10HPF(圖3),胞質(zhì)豐富,嗜酸性,并可見散在破骨細(xì)胞樣多核巨細(xì)胞(圖4)。腫瘤組織內(nèi)未見明顯出血、壞死及囊性變。腸系膜淋巴結(jié)見腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移(2/5),送檢腸管遠(yuǎn)近切緣均未見腫瘤累及。
腫瘤細(xì)胞圓形,短梭形,上皮樣,核卵圓形或圓形,呈泡狀,核仁明顯,可見核分裂象5/10HPF(HE×400)
2.3免疫組化
腫瘤細(xì)胞S-100(圖5)和Vimentin彌漫強(qiáng)陽性,CD99、CD56和Syn均部分腫瘤細(xì)胞陽性,CR少許腫瘤細(xì)胞弱陽性,Ki-67約30%陽性,而CK、MC、DOG1、CD117、Desmin、Actin、MelanA、HMB45、CgA和EMA均陰性。
2.4 FISH檢測
通過雙色分離探針檢測EWSR1基因分離斷裂信號,發(fā)生基因重排(圖6),即檢測結(jié)果為陽性。
3文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
3.1臨床特征
MGNET是最近報(bào)道的一種罕見的胃腸道軟組織腫瘤類型,截至目前為止,查閱國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)相似的病例以前均以胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤或者透明細(xì)胞肉瘤樣腫瘤報(bào)道,全世界僅報(bào)道病例近50例。隨著MGNET在亞洲國家發(fā)病率的不斷升高,其應(yīng)該引起臨床重視。檢索萬方、維普、中國知網(wǎng)和中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫,排除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn),至今國內(nèi)共有10篇MGNET,共計(jì)11例,詳見參考文獻(xiàn)[6-14]。結(jié)合本例共12例,納入分析,男5例,女6例,其中1例不詳,平均年齡37.1歲(17~69歲),其臨床資料、治療情況及結(jié)局見表1。本組文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道國內(nèi)MGNET好發(fā)于青年人,男女性別無明顯差異,好發(fā)于小腸,其次是胃和結(jié)腸[5],少見于食管[15],腫瘤直徑2.4~15.0 cm(平均5.49 cm),腫瘤表面多呈潰瘍型,切面灰白色,實(shí)性。腫塊浸潤性生長,可累及腸壁全層甚至穿透漿膜層累及周圍臟器。大部分患者的臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)為腹痛、腹脹、腹部不適、腹部包塊、乏力,少數(shù)患者伴黏液血便、厭食、低熱或其他癥狀,無明顯特異性,不易與其他消化道腫瘤鑒別。本例患者發(fā)生部位、年齡和臨床表現(xiàn)與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似。
3.2病理特征和分子病理
典型的MGNET根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)、組織學(xué)形態(tài)、免疫組化可做出診斷,MGNET腫瘤組織生長方式和細(xì)胞形態(tài)有一定特征性。正如本例中所表現(xiàn)的組織學(xué)特點(diǎn):①腫瘤組織排列成片狀、巢狀分布,其間有寬窄不一的纖維組織分隔,呈浸潤性生長;②腫瘤細(xì)胞中等大小,形態(tài)比較一致,圓形,短梭形,上皮樣;③胞質(zhì)豐富,嗜酸性;④核卵圓形至圓形,呈泡狀,核仁明顯,核分裂象易見;⑤最具特征的是可見散在破骨細(xì)胞樣多核巨細(xì)胞散在分布于瘤細(xì)胞之間。復(fù)習(xí)大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,SOX10、S-100和Vimentin在腫瘤細(xì)胞中彌漫一致陽性,神經(jīng)源性標(biāo)志物CD56、Syn、NSE呈不同程度陽性[5],而神經(jīng)元分化標(biāo)志物NeuN陰性。所有病例的黑色素標(biāo)志MelanA、HMB45、PNL-2,GIST標(biāo)志物DOG1、CD117、CD34,上皮和間皮標(biāo)志物CK、EMA、MC和肌源性標(biāo)志物Desmin、Actin均陰性。本組病例組織學(xué)形態(tài)特點(diǎn)和免疫組化均比較典型,和文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道基本一致。采用FISH檢測EWSR1進(jìn)一步確診。
3.3鑒別診斷
本例MGNET需與以下疾病進(jìn)行鑒別。①原發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移性透明細(xì)胞肉瘤(軟組織惡黑):腫瘤細(xì)胞呈明顯的假器官樣、簇狀結(jié)構(gòu),核仁明顯,免疫組化顯示S-100、HMB45、MelanA不同程度陽性[16-17]。本例S-100彌漫陽性,而HMB45、MelanA陰性,電鏡觀察未見促黑色素生成可排除診斷。②GIST:GIST可出現(xiàn)上皮樣細(xì)胞,免疫表型CD117、DOG1和CD34陰性和分子檢測均不支持此診斷[18-19]。③血管周上皮樣細(xì)胞腫瘤(PEComa):腫瘤組織呈片狀、巢狀排列,腫瘤細(xì)胞以上皮樣細(xì)胞形態(tài)為主,瘤細(xì)胞核顯示明顯多形性。免疫組化黑色素標(biāo)記HMB45、MelanA、MiTF、TFE3和肌源性標(biāo)記SMA、Desmin均為陰性,不支持此診斷[5,20]。④上皮樣惡性外周神經(jīng)鞘瘤,與外周神經(jīng)干有關(guān),罕見發(fā)生于胃腸道,形態(tài)及基因檢測有助鑒別。⑤尤文肉瘤/原始神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤(PNET):常發(fā)生在四肢軀干軟組織,少數(shù)可發(fā)生在實(shí)質(zhì)臟器內(nèi)。腫瘤組織呈彌漫片狀、梁索狀、假菊形團(tuán)、器官樣、腺泡狀、血管外皮瘤樣等多種排列方式。腫瘤細(xì)胞CD99、Fli1、NSE、Syn和Vimentin呈強(qiáng)陽性,S-100表達(dá)不恒定;而MGNET腫瘤細(xì)胞S-100呈彌漫強(qiáng)陽性,CD99陰性[21]。分子檢測兩者均顯示EWSR1基因融合,但形式有差別。⑥滑膜肉瘤:腫瘤細(xì)胞可以出現(xiàn)上皮樣細(xì)胞和梭形細(xì)胞,免疫表型CK、EMA、CD99、Bcl-2和分子檢測SYT-SSX融合基因有助于鑒別。CD99對于鑒別MGNET和滑膜肉瘤有重要價(jià)值,CD99在MGNET常表現(xiàn)為陰性,而在滑膜肉瘤常表現(xiàn)為陽性[22]。
3.4預(yù)后
MGNET惡性程度較高,具有高復(fù)發(fā)率和死亡率,易發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,本組文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道有1(1/11)例肝轉(zhuǎn)移,4(4/11)例淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。由于腫瘤罕見并少見研究,治療方法尚未明確。目前大部分治療方式仍以大范圍的廣泛手術(shù)切除加淋巴結(jié)清掃方式為主,其對于患者的生存期起著非常重要的作用,其他的治療方式如放化療治療、生物學(xué)治療方法以及更有效的治療方法尚待研究。
4小結(jié)
MGNET是一種特殊并罕見類型腫瘤,具有高度侵襲性,預(yù)后差。對該腫瘤的確診需依靠組織學(xué)形態(tài)和免疫組化,需與其他惡性腫瘤進(jìn)行鑒別。EWSR1融合基因檢測有助于確診及鑒別診斷。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Friedrichs N,Testi MA,Moiraghi L,et al.Clear cell sarcoma-like tumor with osteoclast-like giant cells in the small bowel:further evidence for a new tumor entity[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2005,13(4):313-318.
[2]Kosemehmetoglu K,F(xiàn)olpe AL.Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses,and osteoclast-rich tumour of the gastrointestinal tract with features resembling clear cell sarcoma of soft parts:a review and update[J].J Clin Pathol,2010,63(5):416-423.
[3]Lyle PL,Amato CM,F(xiàn)itzpatrick JE,et al.Gastrointestinal melanoma or clear cell sarcoma molecular evaluation of 7 cases previously diagnosed as malignant melanoma[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2008,32(6):858-866.
[4]Shenjere P,Salman WD,Singh M,et al.Intra-abdominal clear-cell sarcoma:a report of 3 cases,including 1 case with unusual morphological features,and review of the literature[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2012,20(4):378-385.
[5]Stockman DL,Miettinen M,Suster S,et al.Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor:clinicopathologic,immunohistochemical,ultrastructural,and molecular analysis of 16 cases with a reappraisal of clear cell sarcoma-like tumors of the gastrointestinal tract[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2012,36(6):857-868.
[6]雍翔,谷從友,武世伍,等.惡性胃腸神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤病理觀察[J].診斷病理學(xué)雜志,2015,22(6):347-350,353.
[7]王艷芬,劉標(biāo),時(shí)姍姍,等.胃腸道惡性神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤臨床病理觀察[J].診斷病理學(xué)雜志,2015,22(3):146-149.
[8]黃會(huì)粉,劉倩,步宏,等.胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤臨床病理分析并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].診斷病理學(xué)雜志,2014,21(4):383-388.
[9]郭芳,馮曦,方娜,等.原發(fā)性胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤2例并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].臨床與實(shí)驗(yàn)病理學(xué)雜志,2014,30(12):1426-1428.
[10]朱源義,馬萬輝,張毅,等.胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤一例[J].臨床放射學(xué)雜志,2014,33(8):1293-1294.
[11]周潔,王艷芬,丁永玲.原發(fā)性胃腸道透明細(xì)胞肉瘤一例及文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].中華臨床醫(yī)師雜志(電子版),2014,7(13):5850-5853.
[12]李冬潔,張新華,黃文斌,等.含破骨巨細(xì)胞、有類似軟組織透明細(xì)胞肉瘤特點(diǎn)的胃腫瘤一例[J].中華病理學(xué)雜志,2005,34(11):757-758.
[13]陳亮,周愛萍.妊娠期小腸透明細(xì)胞肉瘤誤診為腹腔膿腫[J].臨床誤診誤治,2016,29(4):33-34.
[14]陳玉祥,賀俊文.結(jié)腸透明細(xì)胞肉瘤1例報(bào)告并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)[J].醫(yī)藥前沿,2013,3(9):269-270.
[15]Kim SB,Lee SH,Gu MJ.Esophageal subepithelial lesion diagnosed as malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor[J].World J Gastroenterol,2015,21(18):5739-5743.
[16]Kosemehmetoglu K,F(xiàn)olpe AL.Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses,and osteoclast-rich tumour of the gastrointestinal tract with features resembling clear cell sarcoma of soft parts:a review and update[J].J Clin Pathol,2010,63(5):416-423.
[17]Hisaoka M,Ishida T,Kuo TT,et al.Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue:a clinicopathologic,immunohistochemical,and molecular analysis of 33 cases[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2008, 32(3):452-460.
[18]Fletcher CD,Berman JJ,Corless C,et al.Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors:a consensus approach[J].Int J Surg Pathol,2002,10(2):81-89.
[19]Miettinen M,Lasota J.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors:review on morphology,molecular pathology,prognosis,and differential diagnosis[J]Arch Pathol Lab Med,2006,130(10):1466-1478.
[20]Doyle LA,Hornick JL,F(xiàn)letcher CD.PEComa of the gastrointestinal tract:clinicopathologic study of 35 cases with evaluation of prognostic parameters[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2013,37(12):1769-1782.
[21]Folpe AL,Hill CE,Parham DM,et al.Immunohistochemical detection of FLI-1 protein expression:a study of 132 round cell tumors with emphasis on CD99-positive mimics of Ewing′s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2000,24(12):1657-1662.
[22]Suárez-Vilela D,Izquierdo FM,Tojo-Ramallo S,et al.Malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor showing overlapped immunophenotype with synovial sarcoma:CD99 and SOX10 antibodies are useful in differential diagnosis[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2012,36(12):1905-1908.
(收稿日期:2016-07-27 本文編輯:祁海文)