思年

Guan Zhong（died in 645 B. C.） was a politician① in the Spring and Autumn Period. His given name was Yiwu. Zhong was his courtesy② name.

管仲，名夷吾，字仲，卒于公元前645年。管仲是春秋時期的一位政治家。

Recommended by Bao Shuya， he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 B. C..

經由鮑叔牙的舉薦，管仲于公元前685年成為齊桓公的國相。

Guan Zhong modernized the state of Qi by starting multiple③ reforms.

管仲通過多項改革措施使齊國強大了起來。

Politically， he centralized power and divided the state into different villages， each carrying out a specific④ trade.

政治方面，管仲采取中央集權，把地方劃分成不同的村，不同的村從事不同的貿易。

Instead of relying on the traditional⑤ aristocracy⑥ for manpower， he applied levies to the village units directly.

管仲不再依靠傳統(tǒng)貴族作為人力資源，而是直接管理村級單位。

He also developed a better method for choosing talent to be governors.

管仲還發(fā)展了一種更好的選拔人才的方法。

Under Guan Zhong， Qi shifted administrative responsibilities from hereditary⑦ aristocrats to professional⑧ bureaucrats.

在管仲的統(tǒng)治下，齊國的政權從世襲貴族手里轉移到了專業(yè)官僚手中。

Guan Zhong also introduced several important economic reforms. He created a uniform⑨ taxcode. He also used state power to encourage⑩ the production of salt and iron； historians usually credit Guan Zhong for introducing state monopolies of salt and iron.

管仲也進行了幾項重要的經濟改革，創(chuàng)造了統(tǒng)一的稅法，還使用政府權力鼓勵鹽鐵生產。歷史學家通常把國家對鹽鐵的壟斷經營歸功于管仲。

During his term of office， the state of Qi became much stronger and Duke Huan of Qi gained hegemony11 among the states.

在管仲任期內，齊國強大了許多，成就了齊桓公的霸業(yè)。

【重點詞匯】

① politician [?p?l??tI?n] n. 政治家；政客

② courtesy [?k??t?si] n. 禮貌；好意

③ multiple [?m?ltIpl] adj. 多種多樣的；許多的

④ specific [sp??sIfIk] adj. 明確的；特殊的；具有特效的

⑤ traditional [tr??dI??nl] adj. 傳統(tǒng)的

⑥ aristocracy [??rI?st?kr?si] n. 貴族；貴族階級

⑦ hereditary [h??redItri] adj. 世襲的；遺傳的

⑧ professional [pr??fe??nl] adj. 職業(yè)的；專業(yè)的；專門的

⑨ uniform [?ju?nIf??m] adj. 一致的；統(tǒng)一的 n. 制服

⑩ encourage [In?k?rId?] vt. 鼓勵；促進；支持

11 hegemony [hI?d?em?ni] n. 霸權；領導權