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定語從句教學(xué)案例

2016-12-01 09:07李兵
試題與研究·教學(xué)論壇 2016年33期
關(guān)鍵詞:介詞定語語法

李兵

英語語法教學(xué)一直是英語教學(xué)的一個(gè)老大難,談及英語語法教學(xué),我們的腦海里就會浮現(xiàn)出單調(diào)乏味的語法規(guī)則,死氣沉沉的課堂氣氛。如何使語法教學(xué)變得生動形象、趣味橫生,同時(shí)又能提高語法教學(xué)的時(shí)效性,顯然是英語教學(xué)改革形式下的一個(gè)熱門話題。新《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》倡導(dǎo)高中階段的語法教學(xué),應(yīng)從語言運(yùn)用的角度出發(fā),把語言的形式、意義和用法有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來;要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在語境中了解和掌握語法的表意功能。

前不久,筆者依據(jù)上述語法教學(xué)思路在高一年級進(jìn)行了一次嘗試,教學(xué)內(nèi)容為介詞+which/whom,以及when/where/why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。本文將結(jié)合這堂語法課,從課文復(fù)習(xí)中引入,在語境中展開語法教學(xué),使學(xué)生通過觀察、感悟、探索和運(yùn)用內(nèi)化語法知識,提高語法教學(xué)的有效性。

【教學(xué)案例】

一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)

1.通過觀察和仿句,學(xué)會介詞+ which/whom以及when/where/why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

2.在語段和文章中體驗(yàn)定語從句的使用。

3.通過體驗(yàn)和歸納進(jìn)行語法學(xué)習(xí)。

二、教學(xué)步驟與分析

Step1: Warming up

教師呈現(xiàn)一些含定語從句的諺語,學(xué)生朗讀和理解。

1. He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.——不到長城非好漢。

2. God helps those who help themselves. ——天助自助者。

3. Dont cry over the spilt milk/ the milk that is spilt. ——于事無補(bǔ)

4. He who laughs last laughs best. ——誰笑到最后,誰笑得最好。

分析:欣賞一些包含定語從句的諺語,既可以復(fù)習(xí)上一單元的定語從句,又能讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)到定語從中的語言美,提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。

Step2 : Revision(用已學(xué)過的關(guān)系代詞that, who, which, whose 填空)

Mom and Dad _____ went on vacation came back home. The sons _______parents came earlier than expected were frightened. When the dog _____ looked tired and starving walked out, the money ____ was left for dog food was gone, and the garbage can around ____ are pieces of garbage and waste paper, so the parents were annoyed.

分析:從本單元的reading課文的復(fù)習(xí)出發(fā),既復(fù)習(xí)了課文以及課文里的生詞和詞組,又讓學(xué)生在一個(gè)非常熟悉的情境中復(fù)習(xí)了關(guān)系代詞的用法。同時(shí),從課文中的原句 the garbage can around ____ are pieces of garbage and waste paper,引入到本節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生對于介詞+關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句有了一個(gè)非常直觀的了解。

Step3 : Presentation: 介詞+關(guān)系詞which(指物)/ whom(指人)

Teacher :Do you remember the day?

Students : Which day?

T: September 1 st. You came to Dan Yang Senior High on that day.

Ss: Yes!

(教師把剛說的兩個(gè)小句子幻燈片放映,并讓學(xué)生用第一單元所學(xué)知識把兩句話連接成一句)

Ss: Do you rembember the day that/ which you came to Dan Yang Senior High on.

T: good! And I can also say “Do you rembember the day on which you came to DanYang Senior High .”

(教師再把這剛說的兩個(gè)句子放映,讓學(xué)生自己體驗(yàn)和觀察。然后教師再投影兩組都和學(xué)生生活息息相關(guān)的例句,讓學(xué)生用兩種不同的方式來表達(dá))

1. We study in the school .

The school is Dan Yang Senior School.

The school that/which we study in is Dan Yang Senior School.

The school in which we study is Dan Yang Senior School.

2. I often turn to the person when my purse is empty.

The person is my Mum.

My Mum is the person who/ whom/ that I often turn to when my purse is empty.

My Mum is the person to whom I often turn when my purse is empty.

分析:解決定語從句的關(guān)鍵就是拆分和組裝句子。這里教師先示范再然學(xué)生觀察體驗(yàn)過后再自己來合并句子。第一步是用第一單元的方法來合并,然后提醒學(xué)生可以提前介詞。讓學(xué)生自己歸納介詞+ which/ whom 的用法。

Step4 :Practice

1. Oral practice To combine two sentences into an attributive clause.

2.用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空,體驗(yàn)、感悟介詞的選擇。

3.探究歸納介詞的選用方法。

4.語段練習(xí)(用合適的介詞填空)。

Mid- Autumn Day is a traditional festival _____which families all get together at home and look at the big bright moon, because home is a place ____ which our hearts should be, especially our parents _____ whom we get love and care. So parents are the people _____ whom we should show respect first.

分析:訓(xùn)練是分層次的,由口頭上的簡單模仿,到介詞的選擇,最后讓學(xué)生完成一個(gè)關(guān)于中秋節(jié)的小語段,落實(shí)到筆頭是操練介詞的正確選擇。這樣的訓(xùn)練之后,學(xué)生的語法知識得到了很好的鞏固。

Step5 : Relative Adverbs(when, where, why)

1.The school in which we study is Dan Yang Senior School.

The school where we study is Dan Yang Senior School.

2.Do you remember the day on which we left in charge.

Do you remember the day when we left in charge.

3.The reason for which he was late for his class is that he got up late this morning.

The reason why he was late for his class is that he got up late this morning.

Step6 : Practice

1.Retell the sentence(prep.+ Relative pronouns/ Relative Adverbs).

2.Fill in the blanks.

Step7. Consolidation

1.Translation.

2.Paragraph exercise.

Daniel is the elder brother, with 1 Eric stayed alone at home when their parents were on holiday. They were alone for some days during 2 their dog was sick and they took him to the clinic. That is the reason 3 the money for dog food was gone and the dog looked starving. However, their parents didnt know the truth, the time 4 they saw the messy room, they were so annoyed that they shouted at Daniel 5 was left in charge. Since Daniel couldnt tolerate being treated like that, this is the thing 6 ________Daniel argued with his parents.

3.Situation exercise.

(教師先展示圖片,然后讓學(xué)生就圖片自己想象和說幾個(gè)句子來描述圖片)

We just have spent a holiday, since it is a long holiday during 1__ people can go on a trip, too many visitors 2___ come from all around China went out for a trip. October 1st is a day on 3___more than ten thousand people visited the Palace Museum. The museum once was a place 4____ the kings lived, so maybe this is the reason 5____ common people want to see it. I suggest that the holiday 6____ we can rest should be spent in many different ways.

分析:最后的操練又回到了本單元的課文,站在青少年的立場,解釋了房間一片狼藉的原因。符合學(xué)生的心理,同時(shí)綜合考查了關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法。

【案例反思】

首先,筆者的這節(jié)課,教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)得層層遞進(jìn),每個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)銜接較好,沒有給人突兀的感覺,整節(jié)課如行云流水。環(huán)節(jié)的有效設(shè)計(jì),調(diào)動了學(xué)生主體的主動學(xué)習(xí)、積極探索,不斷激活著學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造思維去完成新知識的建構(gòu)。教師在各環(huán)節(jié)中的主導(dǎo)作用不是講知識,而是不斷向?qū)W生提供各種有利于學(xué)習(xí)新知識的信息,讓學(xué)生在有效信息的引領(lǐng)下,在已有知識的基礎(chǔ)上,一步步地建構(gòu)自己的新知識。

其次,語法能力的培養(yǎng)不能滿足于單句的訓(xùn)練,我們還須將語法技能放在語篇的諸多語法群中加以選擇,流暢輸出。這時(shí)候,所學(xué)的語法技能融入眾多已學(xué)到的語法能力中并成為其要素之一。如此循環(huán)往復(fù),使語法知識、技能螺旋上升,達(dá)到自動化的境地。

最后,情境的設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)具匠心。課文的情境復(fù)習(xí)也好,中秋佳節(jié)的眷念也罷,或是再回到課文孩子與父母的矛盾,以及最后的國慶見聞,這所有的情境符合青少年的心理特征,貼近學(xué)生的生活。這種生活化的語境活動,真正提升了語言的運(yùn)用能力。

英語學(xué)習(xí)的最終目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)者綜合運(yùn)用語言能力,提高交際能力。語法是語言知識的重要組成部分,是學(xué)習(xí)者正確理解和準(zhǔn)確輸出的前提。設(shè)計(jì)趣味性強(qiáng)、貼近學(xué)生生活、適合目標(biāo)語法的語境,讓學(xué)生在語境中探索語法規(guī)律,運(yùn)用語法規(guī)則,內(nèi)化語法知識,有助于學(xué)生形成綜合語言運(yùn)用能力,為真實(shí)語言交際打下基礎(chǔ)。筆者相信,在新一輪的課改春風(fēng)中,在教師的不斷嘗試中,在師生的不斷努力下,我們的英語語法教學(xué)一定會“活”起來。

(作者單位:安徽省馬鞍山市丹陽中學(xué))

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