劉汝月,趙洪海,彭德良
(1.青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與植物保護(hù)學(xué)院/山東省植物病蟲害綜合防控重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東青島 266109;2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所/植物病蟲害生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193)
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燕麥孢囊線蟲在兩個(gè)小麥品種上的侵染特征比較
劉汝月1,趙洪海1,彭德良2
(1.青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)與植物保護(hù)學(xué)院/山東省植物病蟲害綜合防控重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東青島 266109;2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所/植物病蟲害生物學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193)
為明確小麥有芒品種魯麥21和無芒品種濟(jì)南17對(duì)燕麥孢囊線蟲(Heteroderaavenae,Ha)平度群體侵染的反應(yīng)差異,于2014-2015年小麥生長(zhǎng)季開展田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn)。通過小區(qū)定期取樣、土壤中線蟲分離和根組織中線蟲染色后鏡檢,測(cè)定2個(gè)小麥品種上Ha不同蟲態(tài)群體密度及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化。結(jié)果表明,魯麥21與濟(jì)南17的Ha 2齡幼蟲的土壤孵出量和根系侵入量基本無差異。濟(jì)南17上Ha 3齡幼蟲和4齡幼蟲的發(fā)生量較多,分別是魯麥21的1.6倍和1.5倍。濟(jì)南17上Ha的白色雌蟲發(fā)生量明顯較少,低于魯麥21的1/3。濟(jì)南17上Ha的繁殖系數(shù)(Pf/Pi)為0.6,僅為魯麥21的1/3。依據(jù)繁殖系數(shù)評(píng)價(jià),濟(jì)南17抗病,魯麥21感病。推測(cè)濟(jì)南17既不抑制孵化,也不抑制發(fā)育,其抗性屬抗繁殖(抗雌蟲形成)類型。
燕麥孢囊線蟲;侵染過程;小麥抗性;魯麥21;濟(jì)南17
小麥?zhǔn)俏覈蠹Z食作物之一和主要的商品糧與戰(zhàn)略儲(chǔ)備糧[1]。山東省小麥播種面積約360萬hm2,分別占山東省農(nóng)作物和全國小麥總面積的33.0%和14.5%[2]。小麥孢囊線蟲病是世界性小麥病害,其病原包括多種孢囊屬Heterodera線蟲,統(tǒng)稱禾谷孢囊線蟲(Cereal cyst nematode,CCN),而燕麥孢囊線蟲H.avenae(Ha)、菲利普孢囊線蟲H.filipjevi和麥類孢囊線蟲H.latipons最具經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性,其中Ha造成的產(chǎn)量損失高達(dá)90%[3-4],故而CCN被認(rèn)定為世界農(nóng)業(yè)最重要線蟲病原物之一和影響世界糧食安全的主要有害生物[5-6]。我國小麥孢囊線蟲病病原只有Ha和菲利普孢囊線蟲,而山東省目前只有Ha發(fā)生[7]。Ha在山東省90余縣(市、區(qū))發(fā)生,田塊發(fā)病率超過50%[8-9]。Ha危害程度主要取決于線蟲群體密度和麥類作物品種抗性[10-11],而品種抗性利用是Ha綜合防控中最經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的措施[6]。
我國生產(chǎn)上主栽小麥品種絕大多數(shù)對(duì)Ha表現(xiàn)感病,只有少數(shù)幾個(gè)品種對(duì)供試Ha群體表現(xiàn)中抗或高抗[12-14]。本項(xiàng)目組在山東省萊陽、招遠(yuǎn)、膠州、淄川等地多年的田間調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),與相鄰田塊上魯麥21、青豐1號(hào)等有芒小麥品種相比,煙農(nóng)24、濟(jì)南17等無芒小麥品種根系上形成的Ha白色雌蟲數(shù)量明顯較少;同時(shí)盆栽和小區(qū)試驗(yàn)也表明,無芒小麥品種煙農(nóng)24對(duì)Ha抗性較高[15]。但上述無芒小麥品種對(duì)Ha的抗性是抗侵入還是抗發(fā)育目前尚未得知。因此,有必要通過2種抗性不同小麥上Ha侵染過程的差異比較,掌握抗性類型,為Ha綜合防控中抗性品種的合理利用提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1試驗(yàn)材料
供試小麥品種:有芒品種魯麥21,由煙臺(tái)市農(nóng)科院提供;無芒品種濟(jì)南17,由山東魯研農(nóng)業(yè)良種有限公司提供。供試線蟲為燕麥孢囊線蟲(Heteroderaavenae,Ha)平度群體。
1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
采用田間小區(qū)試驗(yàn),試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)為青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)校內(nèi)試驗(yàn)田(東經(jīng)120°24′,北緯36°19′)。小麥播種前,將大量Ha病土從平度市崔家集鎮(zhèn)陶家屯村病田取回,充分混勻后均勻撒在試驗(yàn)地塊上,撒土厚度約8 cm,用鐵锨翻土深約20 cm。試驗(yàn)設(shè)2個(gè)小麥品種,3次重復(fù),順序排列為A1-B1-A2-B2-A3-B3,A代表魯麥21,B代表濟(jì)南17,小區(qū)大小2 m×1 m,小區(qū)間隔0.5 m。小麥于2014年10月5日播種,播種量為225 kg·hm-2。正常肥水管理,于2015年6月7日成熟收割。
1.3取樣方法和樣品處理
2015年3月8日-6月6日,分別在魯麥21(A1、A2和A3)和濟(jì)南17(B1、B2和B3)小區(qū)上取樣。每次取樣在每個(gè)小區(qū)上隨機(jī)選2個(gè)樣點(diǎn),每個(gè)樣點(diǎn)用取樣鏟挖取相鄰2株小麥的一側(cè)根系和根圍土作為1個(gè)小樣,重約300 g,將取自同一小麥品種的6個(gè)小樣混在一起作為該品種的混合樣,運(yùn)到實(shí)驗(yàn)室后立即處理。取樣間隔6~8 d,共計(jì)取樣14次。
揀出混合樣中的小麥根系,將根表白色雌蟲(如果有)全部抖落入土壤后洗凈;隨機(jī)稱取10 g洗凈的根組織,利用次氯酸鈉-酸性品紅染色法對(duì)根內(nèi)線蟲染色[16]。將2個(gè)小麥品種混合土壤樣分別充分混勻后各稱取500 g,利用淘洗-過篩法分離其中的孢囊、白色雌蟲和2齡幼蟲(J2)。借助解剖鏡和顯微鏡,對(duì)土壤中分離得到的孢囊、白色雌蟲和J2及根內(nèi)染色的J2、3齡幼蟲(J3)和4齡幼蟲(J4)鏡檢并計(jì)數(shù)。對(duì)不同時(shí)間在魯麥21和濟(jì)南17小區(qū)所取的混合樣,計(jì)算每100 g土壤或10 g根組織中的不同蟲態(tài)數(shù)量,即其群體密度。
于2014年10月5日(播種前)和2015年6月7日(收割后,避開原取樣點(diǎn)),在每個(gè)小區(qū)上采用五點(diǎn)取樣法取樣,2品種各取15個(gè)小樣,每小樣重約400 g,單小樣分離孢囊;對(duì)同一小麥品種的小樣取平均數(shù)后換算成100 g土壤中孢囊數(shù)量,分別作為2個(gè)品種小區(qū)Ha的孢囊初始群體密度(Pi)和最終群體密度(Pf)。
1.4數(shù)據(jù)分析
利用Excel 2003軟件對(duì)不同時(shí)間的各蟲態(tài)群體密度進(jìn)行制圖和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。小麥品種對(duì)Ha抗感的評(píng)價(jià)采用繁殖系數(shù)(Reproduction factor,Rf)法:Rf=孢囊最終群體密度(Pf)/ 初始群體密度(Pi),Rf≤1為抗病,Rf>1為感病[13-14]。
2.1土壤中Ha的群體發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)
2個(gè)小麥品種中,Ha J2在土壤中的群體發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)基本一致,3月J2孵出量逐漸增多,于3月29日達(dá)孵出高峰,之后孵出量明顯減少(圖1A);Ha白色雌蟲在土壤中均于5月1日首次出現(xiàn)。在魯麥21中,白色雌蟲于5月1日和23日各有1個(gè)明顯出現(xiàn)高峰,群體密度分別為20.8個(gè)·100 g-1土壤和21.3個(gè)·100 g-1土壤;在濟(jì)南17中,白色雌蟲于5月9日和23日各有1個(gè)明顯出現(xiàn)高峰,群體密度明顯較低,分別為7.1個(gè)·100 g-1土壤和8.5個(gè)·100 g-1土壤(圖1B)。5月魯麥21和濟(jì)南17小區(qū)土壤中白色雌蟲平均群體密度分別為13.8個(gè)·100 g-1土壤和4.2個(gè)·100 g-1土壤,后者不到前者的1/3。
2個(gè)小麥品種中,5月9日之前Ha孢囊在土壤中的群體動(dòng)態(tài)基本一致。在5月9日之后魯麥21中的孢囊群體密度比濟(jì)南17明顯較大,5月17日-6月6日二者土壤中孢囊平均群體密度分別為5.9個(gè)·100 g-1土壤和2.1個(gè)·100 g-1土壤(圖1C)。2014年10月5日(播種前)和2015年6月7日(收割后)魯麥21小區(qū)的孢囊群體密度分別為4.5個(gè)·100 g-1土壤(Pi)和8.3個(gè)·100 g-1土壤(Pf),Rf為1.8;濟(jì)南17小區(qū)的孢囊群體密度分別為4.4個(gè)·100 g-1土壤(Pi)和2.5個(gè)·100 g-1土壤(Pf),Rf為0.6。濟(jì)南17中Ha繁殖系數(shù)僅為魯麥21的1/3。
圖1 兩個(gè)小麥品種土壤中燕麥孢囊線蟲不同蟲態(tài)的群體動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.1 Population dynamics of the different stages of Heterodera avneae in soil of two wheat cultivars
2.2根組織中Ha的群體發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)
在2個(gè)小麥根組織中,Ha J2的群體發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)基本一致,于3月29日、5月1日和17日有較大侵入量,5月31日之后不再侵入(圖2A)。14次取樣,魯麥21和濟(jì)南17根組織中J2平均群體密度分別為14.8個(gè)·10 g-1根和15.9個(gè)·10 g-1根,Ha對(duì)2個(gè)小麥品種根系的侵入量無明顯差異。
在2個(gè)小麥根組織中,Ha J3均于3月29日開始出現(xiàn),4月18日之前J3發(fā)生量幾乎一致。4月18日之后,濟(jì)南17根組織中的J3群體密度總體上比魯麥21高(圖2B)。濟(jì)南17和魯麥21的14次取樣根組織中J3平均群體密度分別為26.5和16.7個(gè)·10 g-1根,前者是后者的1.6倍。
在2個(gè)小麥根組織中,Ha J4均于4月18日開始出現(xiàn),濟(jì)南17根組織中的J4群體密度總體上比魯麥21根組織中的高(圖2C)。濟(jì)南17和魯麥21根組織中 J4平均群體密度分別為15.2和10.0個(gè)·10 g-1根,前者是后者的1.5倍。
圖2 兩個(gè)小麥品種根組織中燕麥孢囊線蟲不同蟲態(tài)的群體動(dòng)態(tài)Fig.2 Population dynamics of the different stages of Heterodera avneae in root of two wheat cultivars
小麥等麥類作物不同品種對(duì)Ha的抗性存在差異。在美國,春小麥品種08SB0658-B和WB Rockland對(duì)Ha高抗[17];在土耳其,春小麥品種Adana 99和Ceyhan 99對(duì)Ha具有中等抗性[18];在印度,小麥品種Raj MR 1、CCNRV 2和CCNRV 4對(duì)Ha具有較高抗性[19];在澳大利亞,Annuello、Chara、Frame、Molineux、Festiguay等5個(gè)小麥品種對(duì)Ha具有中等以上抗性[20]。在我國,煙農(nóng)24對(duì)Ha山東膠州群體[15]、華麥1號(hào)對(duì)江蘇沛縣群體[12]、良星66對(duì)河北保定群體[13]、太空6號(hào)、新麥18、中育6號(hào)和新麥11對(duì)河南滎陽群體[14]均表現(xiàn)抗病。本研究中,魯麥21和濟(jì)南17對(duì)Ha平度群體在J2土壤孵出量和根系侵入量上基本無差異;濟(jì)南17中J3和J4發(fā)生量較多,但白色雌蟲發(fā)生量反而明顯較少,繁殖系數(shù)(0.6)不到1.0,表明與有芒品種魯麥21相比,無芒品種濟(jì)南17對(duì)Ha平度群體具有較高抗性,不過該品種既不抑制孵化,更未抑制發(fā)育,其抗性應(yīng)屬抗繁殖(抗雌蟲形成)類型。
目前國外Ha抗性小麥品種的抗性幾乎均由單基因控制,而至少有9個(gè)主效基因已被發(fā)現(xiàn): Cre1和 Cre8來自普通小麥(Triticumaestivum),CreR來自黑麥(Secalecereale),而 Cre2、Cre3、Cre4、Cre5、Cre6和 Cre7來自小麥的野生近緣屬-山羊草屬(Aegilopsspp.)[6,21]。我國有研究表明,太空6號(hào)對(duì)Ha鄭州群體和須水群體的抗性均由2對(duì)主效基因+多基因控制[22-23];中育6號(hào)對(duì)Ha須水群體的抗性由2對(duì)主效基因+多基因控制[23],而對(duì)Ha滎陽群體的抗性由1對(duì)主效基因控制[24]。遺憾的是,我國小麥品種的抗性相關(guān)基因均未得到鑒定。
Ha具有明顯的生理分化現(xiàn)象,存在多個(gè)致病型[6,21,25],我國的致病類型均不同于國外報(bào)道的14個(gè)Ha致病型,而不同地區(qū)群體間亦存在差異[26-28]。目前在我國已有2個(gè)新致病型被命名,河南鄭州群體被命名為Ha43,與國外報(bào)道的Ha13最相似[29];北京大興群體和青海湟源群體被命名為Ha91,前者與Ha81相似,后者更與Ha41接近[30]。鑒于我國Ha致病類型和小麥品種的獨(dú)特性,有必要建立更有針對(duì)性的Ha致病型鑒定體系,并在此基礎(chǔ)上開展更系統(tǒng)的致病型鑒定監(jiān)測(cè)、小麥品種抗性評(píng)價(jià)、抗性基因篩選定位和抗病品種選育等工作,才能增強(qiáng)Ha可持續(xù)治理策略中抗性基因合理布局的科學(xué)性和有效性。此外,無芒小麥品種濟(jì)南17抗雌蟲形成的機(jī)制何在以及其他無芒小麥品種是否也具有類似抗性,均需進(jìn)一步研究。
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Comparison of Infection Characteristics ofHeteroderaavenaeon Two Wheat Cultivars
LIU Ruyue1,ZHAO Honghai1,PENG Deliang2
(1.College of Crop Protection and Agronomy,Qingdao Agricultural University/Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province,Qingdao,Shandong 266109,China; 2.State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Institute of Plant Protection,CAAS,Beijing 100193,China)
In order to detect the response differences between bearded wheat cultivar Lumai 21 and beardless wheat cultivar Jinan 17 to the infection by Pingdu population ofHeteroderaavenae(Ha),a field plot trial was carried out in wheat growing season of 2014-2015. The population densities and dynamics of the different developmental stages of Ha were ascertained through the periodical sampling from the plots and the microscopic examination of the juveniles,white females and cysts extracted from soil and the juveniles stained in wheat root. The results showed that there were basically no differences in the quantities of the 2nd stage juvenile emerged into soil and invaded into root between Lumai 21 and Jinan 17. The occurrence quantities of the 3rd stage juvenile and 4th stage juvenile were both greater on Jinan 17,being 1.6 and 1.5 times of those on Lumai 21,respectively. The occurrence quantity of Ha white female was obviously smaller on Jinan 17,less than 1/3 of that on Lumai 21. The reproduction factor (Pf/Pi) was 0.6 on Jinan 17,only being 1/3 of that on Lumai 21. Using the reproduction factor as the evaluation index of resistance,Jinan 17 was resistant to Pingdu population of Ha,but Lumai 21 was susceptible. Based on the results,it could moreover be proposed that Jinan 17 was of neither hatch inhibiting nor penetration inhibiting,of which the resistance might belong to reproducing-resistant (female forming-resistant) type.
Heteroderaavenae; Infection process; Wheat resistance; Lumai 21; Jinan 17
時(shí)間:2016-05-10
2015-11-03
2016-02-19
國家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201503114,200903040);青島農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)大學(xué)生科研創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(2014-194); 山東省"泰山學(xué)者"建設(shè)工程專項(xiàng)
E-mail:2505336883@qq.com
趙洪海(E-mail:hhzhao@qau.edu.cn)
S512.1;S433.8
A
1009-1041(2016)05-0674-06
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1359.S.20160510.1625.040.html