李 繁
(海南省農(nóng)墾總醫(yī)院麻醉科,海南 ???571100)
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不同劑量氯胺酮對(duì)羅庫溴銨靜脈注射痛反應(yīng)及心血管反應(yīng)的影響
李繁
(海南省農(nóng)墾總醫(yī)院麻醉科,海南 ???571100)
[摘要]目的探討不同劑量氯胺酮對(duì)羅庫溴銨靜脈注射痛反應(yīng)及心血管反應(yīng)的影響。方法選擇全身麻醉氣管插管手術(shù)患者160例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為4組,A組預(yù)注生理鹽水2 mL,B組預(yù)注0.1 mg/kg氯胺酮2 mL,C組預(yù)注0.2 mg/kg氯胺酮2 mL,D組預(yù)注0.3 mg/kg氯胺酮2 mL,30 s后靜脈注射10 mg羅庫溴銨。記錄入室后10 min作為基礎(chǔ)值,誘導(dǎo)藥物注射完畢后0 min、1 min、2 min及插管后0 min、1 min、3 min的平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean artery pressure,MAP)、收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒張壓diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)。使用Chiarella法判定注射痛。結(jié)果4組間注射痛發(fā)生情況差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。C組及D組注射痛發(fā)生情況明顯低于A組,D組注射痛發(fā)生情況顯著低于B組(P<0.05)。4組MAP、SBP、DBP均呈先降低后升高的趨勢(shì),HR呈逐漸升高的趨勢(shì),且隨著藥物劑量的增大,變化幅度明顯減小,組間、時(shí)點(diǎn)間、組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間交互作用差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論預(yù)注氯胺酮可減緩羅庫溴銨的注射痛,并且與注射劑量相關(guān)。隨著劑量加大,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)更穩(wěn)定,不良反應(yīng)更小,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]疼痛;氯胺酮;羅庫溴銨
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.05.019
臨床麻醉中,全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)易出現(xiàn)心血管反應(yīng),使患者生理狀態(tài)紊亂,多發(fā)生心血管事件[1]。怎樣使患者安全度過誘導(dǎo)期是近年來學(xué)者研究的重點(diǎn)問題。目前靜脈麻醉藥中,氯胺酮為使心血管系統(tǒng)興奮的唯一靜脈全身麻醉藥,具有鎮(zhèn)痛效果完全的特點(diǎn),但容易使患者的心血管系統(tǒng)興奮,造成患者血壓升高、心率(heart rate,HR)加快,使術(shù)中應(yīng)激反應(yīng)加重[2]。羅庫溴銨為非去極化肌肉松弛劑,起效快,臨床使用廣泛;但由于靜脈注射痛現(xiàn)象,使麻醉誘導(dǎo)的患者意識(shí)消失后,出現(xiàn)注射側(cè)肢體彎曲或全身活動(dòng),容易出現(xiàn)靜脈套管針脫落,嚴(yán)重時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生誤吸或反流等情況[3]。羅庫溴銨的靜脈注射痛發(fā)生率高達(dá)50%~80%。研究表明,預(yù)注氯胺酮可有效緩解注射痛,一定劑量的氯胺酮可抑制由氣管插管出現(xiàn)的高血壓或心動(dòng)過速[4-5]。但目前尚未見文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)哪種劑量的氯胺酮既起到預(yù)防注射痛的作用,又可在誘導(dǎo)期使患者有平穩(wěn)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)。本研究探討預(yù)注不同劑量的氯胺酮預(yù)防羅庫溴銨注射痛,觀察其對(duì)心血管反應(yīng)的作用,旨在為臨床選擇合理預(yù)注劑量的氯胺酮提供參考?,F(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1一般資料選擇2013年2月—2014年2月我院全身麻醉下氣管插管并擇期進(jìn)行手術(shù)的患者160例。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有藥物過敏史;②出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)麻痹癥狀;③難以靜脈套管針置管;④不能簽署知情同意書,或難以進(jìn)行語言交流;⑤初診判斷為氣管插管困難;⑥伴有局部靜脈炎或血栓癥狀;⑦患者曾長時(shí)間使用鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛藥;⑧高血壓病史。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者隨機(jī)分為4組各40例。A組:男性21例,女性19例,年齡36~55歲,平均(42.8±4.5)歲;ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)21例、Ⅱ級(jí)19例;體質(zhì)量45~71 kg,平均(58.7±5.3) kg。B組:男性19例,女性21例,年齡37~54歲,平均(42.2±4.7)歲;ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)20例、Ⅱ級(jí)20例;體質(zhì)量47~70 kg,平均(58.6±5.5) kg。C組:男性20例,女性20例,年齡37~55歲,平均(42.9±4.7)歲;ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)20例、Ⅱ級(jí)20例;體質(zhì)量46~71 kg,平均(58.9±5.3) kg。D組:男性17例,女性23例,年齡37~55歲,平均(43.1±4.6)歲,ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)20例、Ⅱ級(jí)20例;體質(zhì)量46~72 kg,平均(58.6±4.9) kg。4組一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。具有可比性。
1.2方法入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)護(hù)患者,選取手背靜脈,置入靜脈套管針20號(hào)建立靜脈通道后,輸注復(fù)方乳酸鈉500 mL,對(duì)側(cè)上肢施行橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管術(shù)。密切觀察患者的血氧飽和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、心電圖、有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈壓。同時(shí)由另一麻醉師準(zhǔn)備待用藥物。A組靜脈注射生理鹽水2 mL,B組靜脈注射0.1 mg/kg氯胺酮2 mL,C組靜脈注射0.2 mg/kg氯胺酮2 mL,D組靜脈注射0.3 mg/kg氯胺酮2 mL。30 s后靜脈注射10 mg羅庫溴銨,于10 s內(nèi)注射完全。完成疼痛評(píng)估后,靜脈注射4 μg/kg芬太尼、0.05 mg/kg咪達(dá)唑侖、0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯及40 mg羅庫溴銨,以行麻醉誘導(dǎo)?;颊呔赏粴夤懿骞懿僮魇炀毜馁Y深麻醉醫(yī)師完成。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)記錄入室后10 min作為基礎(chǔ)值,誘導(dǎo)藥物注射完畢后0 min、1 min、2 min及插管后0 min、1 min、3 min的平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean artery pressure,MAP)、收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒張壓diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、HR。注射完畢羅庫溴銨后,使用Chiarella法由另一位研究者(不了解所注射藥物成分)評(píng)估注射部位疼痛:0分,無不適發(fā)生;1分,疼痛輕微,稍有不適或者稍見疼痛;2分,疼痛中等,詢問時(shí)告知不適或者疼痛;3分,疼痛嚴(yán)重,主動(dòng)告知疼痛較重或不適;4分,疼痛極重,疼痛劇烈,手臂肢體縮回,面部痛苦扭曲,大哭并主動(dòng)告知極度疼痛。術(shù)后24 h對(duì)患者注射部位炎癥、紅腫、血栓等炎癥進(jìn)行隨訪。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法應(yīng)用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)量資料比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)資料的方差分析;等級(jí)資料比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.14組注射痛發(fā)生情況比較隨著氯胺酮?jiǎng)┝考哟?,患者的注射痛顯著減輕,4組間注射痛發(fā)生情況差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);C組及D組注射痛發(fā)生情況明顯低于A組, D組注射痛發(fā)生情況顯著低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.24組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)MAP、SBP、DBP、HR比較4組MAP、SBP、DBP值均呈先降低后升高的趨勢(shì),HR呈逐漸升高的趨勢(shì);且隨著藥物劑量的增大,變化幅度明顯減小,組間、時(shí)點(diǎn)間、組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間交互作用差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
表1 4組注射痛發(fā)生情況比較
*P<0.05與A組比較#P<0.05與B組比較(秩和檢驗(yàn))
表24組不同時(shí)點(diǎn)MAP、SBP、DBP、HR比較
組別MAP(mmHg)基礎(chǔ)值注射后0min注射后1min注射后2min插管后0min插管后1min插管后3minA組82.4±7.179.9±7.279.2±6.976.2±6.882.8±7.189.4±7.295.8±7.3B組82.5±7.378.9±6.975.1±6.872.9±6.779.8±6.685.9±6.989.6±6.7C組82.3±7.277.5±7.074.6±6.672.6±6.377.5±6.983.8±6.688.9±6.9D組82.4±7.176.8±6.874.1±6.771.9±6.172.1±6.475.9±6.283.2±6.2組間F=8.241 P=0.041時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=7.259 P=0.044組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=5.614 P=0.047組別SBP(mmHg)基礎(chǔ)值注射后0min注射后1min注射后2min插管后0min插管后1min插管后3minA組130.5±13.2115.8±13.5110.8±13.6115.8±13.1131.8±13.1135.4±13.2136.4±12.5B組130.2±12.9110.4±13.5110.8±13.4111.7±13.4115.7±13.2118.5±13.4121.5±13.3C組128.7±13.2106.8±13.2105.5±13.8115.1±13.2108.5±13.5114.2±13.1118.5±13.2D組129.5±12.890.5±13.395.5±12.598.2±13.099.4±12.4100.5±12.5101.3±11.9組間F=6.657 P=0.042時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=5.251 P=0.043組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=4.582 P=0.047組別DBP(mmHg)基礎(chǔ)值注射后0min注射后1min注射后2min插管后0min插管后1min插管后3minA組73.1±7.155.7±6.868.5±6.966.5±6.875.8±6.876.8±6.877.6±6.7B組73.6±7.255.4±6.865.7±6.664.8±6.771.5±6.972.5±6.573.5±6.7C組72.5±6.951.8±6.964.8±6.763.8±6.968.5±6.769.5±6.770.5±6.8D組73.5±7.345.7±6.458.5±6.661.8±6.562.4±6.661.8±6.665.4±6.5組間F=7.854 P=0.040時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=6.572 P=0.042組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=5.875 P=0.048組別HR(次/min)基礎(chǔ)值注射后0min注射后1min注射后2min插管后0min插管后1min插管后3minA組66.2±6.566.5±6.366.8±6.267.7±6.478.2±6.585.5±6.798.2±6.8B組65.9±6.666.6±6.566.9±6.466.7±6.272.4±6.576.3±6.582.4±6.2C組67.2±6.767.8±6.168.2±6.767.5±6.471.5±6.472.8±6.374.8±6.2D組66.8±6.967.2±6.267.2±6.566.8±6.167.5±5.968.5±5.870.5±5.9組間F=8.752 P=0.038時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=7.661 P=0.042組間·時(shí)點(diǎn)間F=6.284 P=0.048
2.3術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果術(shù)后24 h隨訪,B、C、D組患者均未出現(xiàn)靜脈注射部位紅腫、脹痛等癥狀。A組患者出現(xiàn)靜脈炎癥狀29例(72.5%)。
氯胺酮是N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)受體的非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗劑,可激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及血管內(nèi)皮的NMDA 受體,通過抑制NMDA 受體的活性,調(diào)節(jié)脊髓神經(jīng)元的傳導(dǎo),降低中樞敏感化引起的痛覺過敏[6]。研究表明,與局部麻醉藥相同,氯胺酮可作用于鈉通道,抑制沖動(dòng)傳遞,起到鎮(zhèn)痛作用[7]。本研究結(jié)果表明,不同劑量的氯胺酮可預(yù)防靜脈注射羅庫溴銨的注射痛,隨著劑量增加,注射痛發(fā)生情況越低。預(yù)注利多卡因并未抑制氣管插管前循環(huán)狀態(tài)。羅庫溴銨靜脈注射痛主要由于藥液為酸性(pH≈4),藥液分子進(jìn)入周圍組織可刺激肥大細(xì)胞,使其釋放組胺類物質(zhì)及胰蛋白酶,產(chǎn)生痛覺[8],通過阻滯脊髓至網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)傳入痛覺信號(hào)及結(jié)合阿片受體,出現(xiàn)鎮(zhèn)痛及麻醉作用[9],心肺抑制作用小,鎮(zhèn)痛作用強(qiáng)。研究表明,低劑量氯胺酮(0.1 mg/kg) 可超前鎮(zhèn)痛,減少阿片類藥物用量;單次靜脈給藥0.3 mg/kg可以有效短暫鎮(zhèn)痛[10]。
綜上所述,預(yù)注氯胺酮可減緩羅庫溴銨的注射痛,并且與注射劑量相關(guān)。隨著劑量加大,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)更穩(wěn)定,不良反應(yīng)更小。臨床上可以考慮不同劑量的氯胺酮與羅庫溴銨聯(lián)用,以減緩?fù)锤屑靶难茏兓?。但鑒于本研究尚未全面觀察各種劑量氯胺酮的影響,加之缺乏足夠的臨床數(shù)據(jù)支持,因此,若要得到更準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)論,仍需進(jìn)一步探討。
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(本文編輯:趙麗潔)
[收稿日期]2015-11-18;[修回日期]2015-12-13
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]李繁(1983-),女,海南海口人,海南省農(nóng)墾總醫(yī)院
[中圖分類號(hào)]R441.1
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1007-3205(2016)05-0571-04
Effects of different doses of ketamine on rocuronium induced injection pain and cardiovascular responses
LI Fan
(Department of Anesthesiology, Land Reclamation General Hospital,Hainan Province, Haikou 571100, China)
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different doses of ketamine on rocuronium induced injection pain and hemodynamic response during anesthesia induction. MethodsOne hundred and sixty cases of tracheal intubation patients were randomly divided into four groups: normal saline 2 mL(group A), injection 0.1 mg/kg ketamine 2 mL(group B), 0.2 mg/kg ketamine 2 mL(group C), 0.3 mg/kg ketamine 2 mL(group D). After pretreatment with experimental drug by double blinded methods, 10 mg of rocuronium was then administered 30 s later. The pain severity was scored according to the scale of fourpoint chiarella. Hemodynamic parameters were then collected at baseline at 0 min, 1 min, 2 min following injection of all anesthetics, as well as at 0 min, 1 min, 3 min after tracheal intubation. ResultsThere was significant difference in the incidence of injection pain between the 4 groups(P<0.01). The incidence of injection pain in group C and group D was significantly lower than that in group A(P<0.05). The incidence of injection pain in group D was significantly lower than that in group B(P<0.05). The 4 groups of patients with MAP, SBP, DBP were first decreased and then increased. HR showed a gradually increasing trend. And with the increase of the dosage of the drug, the change range was significantly decreased. There were significant differences in the interaction between the groups, the time point and the time between groups(P<0.05). ConclusionPretreatment with ketamine can relieve the injection pain induced by rocuronium dosage-dependently. With the increase of the dose, hemodynamics was more stable, side reactions was less. It is worthy of clinical application.
[Key words]pain; ketamine; rocuronium
醫(yī)師,醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)士,從事臨床麻醉學(xué)研究。