吳 昱,岳 彬
(滄州市中心醫(yī)院兒內(nèi)一科,河北 滄州 061000)
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滄州地區(qū)兒童乳糖酶缺乏現(xiàn)狀與體格發(fā)育關(guān)系的研究
吳昱,岳彬
(滄州市中心醫(yī)院兒內(nèi)一科,河北 滄州 061000)
[摘要]目的探討滄州地區(qū)兒童乳糖酶缺乏的現(xiàn)狀及其與體格發(fā)育的關(guān)系。方法選取2015年1月至2016年2月來(lái)滄州市中心醫(yī)院門診體檢的210名3~14歲兒童為研究對(duì)象,按年齡段分為3~5歲組(125例,男性32例,女性93例)、6~10歲組(49例,男性38例,女性11例)以及11~14歲組(36例,男性24例,女性12例)。乳糖酶采用JY-po-color Gal尿半乳糖測(cè)定方法,分析不同年齡段乳糖酶缺乏的檢出率,并對(duì)同年齡段組間的骨密度和骨鈣蛋白進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果在210名兒童中乳糖酶缺乏檢出率3~5歲組為52.0%,6~10歲組為65.3%,10~14歲組為83.3%,不同年齡組間檢出率存在顯著性差異,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)檢出率呈逐漸升高趨勢(shì)(χ2=32.984,P<0.05);農(nóng)村兒童乳糖酶缺乏檢出率顯著高于城市兒童(χ2=29.621,P<0.05);不同性別間兒童乳糖酶缺乏檢出率未見(jiàn)顯著性差異(χ2=0.144,P>0.05)。乳糖缺乏與正常兒童每日飲奶量、飲奶率比較均有顯著性差異(t值分別為15.845、11.363,均P<0.05)。與同年齡組乳糖酶正常兒童相比,乳糖酶缺乏者的骨鈣蛋白和骨密度均顯著降低(χ2值分別為4.354、5.041、4.861;2.836、3.845、2.983,均P<0.05)。結(jié)論乳糖酶缺乏癥會(huì)造成兒童規(guī)避飲奶或飲奶后出現(xiàn)腹瀉、腹痛等癥狀,造成奶制品中營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)流失,對(duì)兒童生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育帶來(lái)不良影響。
[關(guān)鍵詞]滄州;兒童;乳糖酶缺乏;體格發(fā)育
牛奶是兒童斷母乳后的重要食物,幾乎含有除膳食纖維外人體所需要的全部營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。乳糖是牛奶和奶制品中一種特有的雙糖,進(jìn)入機(jī)體內(nèi)可被水解為半乳糖及葡萄糖而被吸收。腸道乳糖酶活性低下或含量減少稱為乳糖酶缺乏(laetasedefieieney,LD)[1]。正常人群中普遍存在LD,此時(shí)會(huì)造成乳糖代謝障礙,可產(chǎn)生多種氣體及短鏈脂肪酸,引發(fā)乳糖不耐受反應(yīng),如腹脹、腹鳴、排氣增多等表現(xiàn),是嬰幼兒難治性腹瀉病因之一,對(duì)患兒生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育帶來(lái)影響[2]。本研究通過(guò)觀察滄州地區(qū)健康體檢兒童飲奶后尿半乳糖檢測(cè)結(jié)果及有無(wú)腹部癥狀,以了解該地兒童乳糖酶缺乏情況,并對(duì)乳糖酶缺乏與兒童體格發(fā)育關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析。
1.1一般資料
選取2015年1月至2016年2月來(lái)滄州市中心醫(yī)院門診體檢的210名3~14歲兒童為研究對(duì)象,所有對(duì)象均無(wú)明顯急性胃腸道癥狀。排除1周內(nèi)有服藥史及胃腸道疾病史。將210名兒童按年齡段分為3~5歲組(125例,男性32例,女性93例)、6~10歲組(49例,男性38例,女性11例)及11~14歲組(36例,男性24例,女性12例)。
1.2方法
通過(guò)自制問(wèn)卷調(diào)查了解兒童基本情況、健康狀況、既往病史、飲奶種類和數(shù)量及飲奶后有無(wú)胃腸道不適癥狀,比較不同年齡段兒童飲奶量。按兒童體重給予飲用市售純牛奶10mL/kg(最多250mL),收集飲用牛奶后2~3小時(shí)尿液樣本,采用JY-po-color Gal尿半乳糖測(cè)定方法,分析不同年齡段乳糖酶缺乏的檢出率,并對(duì)同年齡段組間的骨密度和骨鈣蛋白進(jìn)行比較。試劑盒由北京中生金域診斷技術(shù)有限公司提供。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1兒童飲奶量情況
隨著年齡段的增長(zhǎng),農(nóng)村和城市兒童每日飲奶量均顯著下降(均P<0.05);且城市兒童飲奶量均顯著高于農(nóng)村兒童(均P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
Table 1 Comparison of daily average milk intake among children in Cangzhou ±S)
2.2兒童乳糖酶缺乏情況
在210名兒童中,乳糖酶缺乏檢出人數(shù)127名,占60.5%;3~5歲年齡組檢出率為52.0%,6~10歲年齡組檢出率為65.3%,10~14歲年齡組檢出率為83.3%;不同年齡組間檢出率存在顯著性差異,隨年齡增長(zhǎng)檢出率呈逐漸升高趨勢(shì)(P<0.05);農(nóng)村兒童檢出率顯著高于城市兒童(P<0.05);不同性別間兒童乳糖酶缺乏檢出率未見(jiàn)顯著性差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.3乳糖缺乏和正常兒童每日飲奶量及飲奶率情況
乳糖缺乏者每日飲奶量平均為(83.8±21.9)mL,飲奶率為(1.8±0.6)次/日;正常者每日飲奶量平均為(142.3±31.6)mL,飲奶率為(2.9±0.8)次/日。乳糖缺乏與正常兒童每日飲奶量、飲奶率比較有顯著性差異(t值分別為15.845、11.363,均P<0.05)。
2.4乳糖酶缺乏與兒童骨代謝之間的關(guān)系
與同年齡組乳糖酶正常兒童相比,乳糖酶缺乏者的骨鈣蛋白和骨密度均顯著降低(均P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
表2不同區(qū)域、性別、年齡兒童乳糖酶缺乏的檢出率比較結(jié)果[n(%)]
Table 2 Comparison of the detection rate of lactase deficiency among different regions, genders, and age groups [n(%)]
分組例數(shù)(n)陽(yáng)性χ2P區(qū)域29.621<0.001 農(nóng)村7654(71.1) 城市13443(32.1)性別2.1390.144 男9462(66.0) 女11665(56.0)年齡(歲)32.984<0.001 3~512565(52.0) 6~104932(65.3) 10~143630(83.3)
表3 乳糖酶缺乏與兒童骨代謝之間關(guān)系比較結(jié)果±S)
3.1我國(guó)學(xué)齡前兒童乳糖酶缺乏情況
隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和生活水平的提高,每天喝1杯牛奶己被人們所接受。然而由于乳糖酶缺乏癥的高發(fā)病率造成了許多兒童飲用牛奶或使用奶制品后出現(xiàn)腹瀉、消化不良、腹痛、腹脹等消化道癥狀,造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的流失,牛奶的利用率下降,甚至很多人為此規(guī)避牛奶及奶制品,造成許多營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題[3]。尤其對(duì)兒童而言,乳糖酶缺乏會(huì)給其體格發(fā)育帶來(lái)嚴(yán)重的影響。有報(bào)道顯示,不同民族中學(xué)生的乳糖缺乏發(fā)生率不同,藏族中學(xué)生乳糖酶缺乏發(fā)生率為70%,而漢族中學(xué)生則為96.7%,二者存在顯著性差異[4]。乳糖酶缺乏的發(fā)生亦隨年齡的不同而存在差異。據(jù)報(bào)道,隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),我國(guó)兒童乳糖酶缺乏的發(fā)生率逐漸升高,二者呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系[5]。在調(diào)查北京、上海、廣州和哈爾濱年齡為3~13歲的1 168名兒童后,得到7~13歲兒童乳糖酶缺乏發(fā)生率為88%,而3~5歲者為38%,存在明顯差異性。兒童乳糖酶的消失或降低多發(fā)生于7~8歲[6]。據(jù)報(bào)道上海地區(qū)0~6歲兒童乳糖吸收不良的發(fā)生率為47.4%,乳糖不耐受發(fā)生率16.5%,其發(fā)生率隨著兒童年齡增加而上升,且乳糖酶的缺乏與兒童體格發(fā)育及營(yíng)養(yǎng)性疾病的發(fā)生有一定的關(guān)系[7]。以上結(jié)果均提示,我國(guó)學(xué)齡兒童多數(shù)存在乳糖酶缺乏。本研究中,210名兒童乳糖酶缺乏檢出人數(shù)為127名,占60.5%;3~5歲年齡組檢出率為52.0%,6~10歲年齡組檢出率為65.3%,10~14歲年齡組檢出率為83.3%;不同年齡組間檢出率存在顯著性差異,且隨年齡增長(zhǎng)檢出率呈逐漸升高趨勢(shì)(P<0.05);農(nóng)村兒童檢出率顯著高于城市兒童(P<0.05),與之前報(bào)道相一致。
3.2乳糖酶缺乏的危害性
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳糖缺乏兒童每日平均飲奶量和飲奶率均低于正常兒童,兩組比較均有顯著性差異(均P<0.05)。乳糖酶缺乏與兒童骨代謝及體格發(fā)育有相關(guān)性。本研究顯示,與同年齡組乳糖酶正常兒童相比,乳糖酶缺乏者的骨鈣蛋白與骨密度均顯著降低(均P<0.05)。乳糖不耐受癥兒童會(huì)刻意避免飲用牛奶及奶制品,從而影響了兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)及鈣的攝取。乳糖酶缺乏兒童雖然不會(huì)刻意避免飲奶及奶制品,但乳糖酶缺乏導(dǎo)致牛奶營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分不能充分消化吸收,乳糖在腸管內(nèi)堆積,引起腸道排空加快,滲透壓增加,進(jìn)一步影響其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化吸收,造成鈣、鋅、鐵等重要元素吸收障礙,對(duì)兒童營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況及體格發(fā)育帶來(lái)不良影響。
綜上所述,乳糖酶缺乏癥會(huì)造成兒童規(guī)避飲奶,或飲奶后出現(xiàn)腹瀉、腹痛等癥狀,造成營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)流失,不利于兒童的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。因此,早期診斷兒童乳糖酶缺乏,及早進(jìn)行有效干預(yù),采用適當(dāng)?shù)娘嬆谭椒?,?duì)我國(guó)兒童的體格健康發(fā)展具有重要意義。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:潘凱麗]
[收稿日期]2016-03-18
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]吳昱(1977-),男,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事兒童消化系統(tǒng)疾病及兒童內(nèi)分泌疾病的研究。
[通訊作者]岳彬,主任醫(yī)師。
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2016.07.003
[中圖分類號(hào)]R725.8
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1673-5293(2016)07-0796-03
Correlation between children’s lactase deficiency and their physical development in Cangzhou district
WU Yu, YUE Bin
(First Medical Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Cangzhou 061000, China)
[Abstract]Objective To explore the correlation between children’s lactase deficiency (LD) and their physical development in Cangzhou district. Methods A total of 210 children aged from 3 to 14 were chosen as research objects. All these children received physical examination at Cangzhou Central Hospital from January 2015 to February 2016. They were divided into 3-5 year-old group (125 cases including 32 males and 93 females), 6-10 year-old group (49 cases, including 38 males and 11 females) and 11-14 years old group (36 cases including 24 males and 12 females). As for LD patients, JY-po-color Gal of urinary galactose method was adopted and the detection rate of LD at different age groups was analyzed. Besides, comparison of bone mineral density and osteocalcin of patients within same age group was conducted. Results Among 210 children, the detection rate of LD in 3-5 year-old group, 6-10 year-old age group and 10-14 year-old group was 52.0%, 65.3% and 83.3%, respectively. Significant differences were identified in the detection rate among different age groups. With the increase of age, the detection rate increased (χ2=32.984, P<0.05). The detection rate of LD was significantly higher in children living in rural areas than that of the children in urban areas (χ2=29.621, P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the detection rate of LD between children of different genders (χ2=0.144,P>0.05). Remarkable differences were noticed between children with LD and healthy children in the volume and frequency of daily milk intake (t value was 15.845 and 11.363, respectively, both P<0.05). The osteocalcin and bone mineral density of LD children were significantly lower than those of healthy children (χ2 value was 4.354, 5.041, 4.861; 2.836, 3.845 and 2.983, respectively, all P<0.05).Conclusion Lactase deficiency will make children avoid drinking milk or cause symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain after drinking milk. Consequently, it will lead to the loss of nutrient substance in diary product and bring adverse effects to children’s physical development.
[Key words]Cangzhou; children; lactase deficiency (LD); physical development