潘厚軍,張鑾媯,梁慧麗,李瑩瑩,王英英,林 強(qiáng),石存斌,吳淑勤*
(1.中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院 珠江水產(chǎn)研究所,廣東 廣州 510380;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部漁用藥物創(chuàng)制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東 廣州510380)
應(yīng)用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)評(píng)估苯甲酸鈉的生物毒性
潘厚軍1,2,張鑾媯1,2,梁慧麗1,2,李瑩瑩1,2,王英英1,2,林強(qiáng)1,2,石存斌1,2,吳淑勤*1,2
(1.中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院 珠江水產(chǎn)研究所,廣東 廣州 510380;2.農(nóng)業(yè)部漁用藥物創(chuàng)制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣東 廣州510380)
應(yīng)用2株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)(Tetrahymena thermophila)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株評(píng)估了食品防腐劑苯甲酸鈉(sodium benzoate,SB)的生物毒性,探討嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)在食品安全監(jiān)測(cè)中的應(yīng)用。在SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0%,0.01%,0.05%,0.1%,0.25%,0.5%,作用6 h,觀察嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的細(xì)胞形態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。結(jié)果表明:SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.01%和0.05%時(shí),兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)在Neff培養(yǎng)基中的活動(dòng)均明顯降低,細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生皺縮,細(xì)胞變??;SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.1%~0.5%時(shí),兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞形態(tài)明顯由橢圓形變成圓形,細(xì)胞膜出現(xiàn)孔洞,甚至出現(xiàn)破裂死亡細(xì)胞,質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越高,細(xì)胞膜損傷越大,凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)量越多。嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)培養(yǎng)于Neff培養(yǎng)基中,分別添加終質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0%,0.000 1%,0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,0.05%的SB,測(cè)定添加SB后嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)曲線及SB作用24 h的SOD活力,評(píng)估SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的種群數(shù)量和SOD活力的影響。結(jié)果表明:隨著SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增加、嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的種群增長(zhǎng)速度降低,而0.05%SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)具有殺滅作用,但0.000 1%SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)種群的增長(zhǎng)有一定的促進(jìn)作用。嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的SOD活力基本上隨著SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增加而降低,然而低質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB可使SOD活力在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)增強(qiáng)。
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng);苯甲酸鈉;生物毒性;SOD活力
苯甲酸鈉(sodium benzoate,SB)加于碳酸飲料、泡菜、醬油、食醋等食品中,有防止變質(zhì)發(fā)酸、延長(zhǎng)保質(zhì)期的效果。多年來(lái)世界上大多數(shù)國(guó)家允許用SB作為食品防腐劑,SB的最大允許質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在0.15%~0.25%之間[1],美國(guó)規(guī)定SB的最大允許量為0.1%;中國(guó)2014年的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《GB2760-20114食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 食品添加劑使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》,SB可在蜜餞涼果、調(diào)味料、膠基糖果等中使用、根據(jù)食品種類(lèi)的不同,最大允許為0.5~2.0 g/kg(以苯甲酸計(jì),相當(dāng)于0.05%~0.20%[2]。
近年來(lái),隨著人們對(duì)自身健康和食品安全關(guān)注度的提高,食品添加劑SB是否安全也受到了人們的質(zhì)疑。過(guò)去的研究認(rèn)為SB無(wú)毒,但近年的研究表明,SB能致小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞變性[4]、精子畸形;大鼠白細(xì)胞減少、肝細(xì)胞明顯損害;血清白蛋白構(gòu)象變化,血清白蛋白損傷[5];小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞形態(tài)、細(xì)胞膜發(fā)生明顯變化;碳酸飲料中的SB與其他人工色素共同食用可能會(huì)加劇兒童多動(dòng)癥[6]。對(duì)SB毒性的顧慮使得它的應(yīng)用受限,有些國(guó)家如日本已經(jīng)停止生產(chǎn)SB,并對(duì)它的使用作出限制。我國(guó)《GB2760-2014食品安全國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 食品添加劑使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》規(guī)定:在肉制品中,食品防腐劑苯甲酸和苯甲酸鈉不得使用[2]。
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)(Tetrahymena thermophila),早期也稱(chēng)為 梨型四膜蟲(chóng)的一 個(gè)品種(Tetrahymena pyriformi,variety 1)[7],作為單細(xì)胞、可運(yùn)動(dòng)的、在自然水體中常見(jiàn)、可大量人工純化培養(yǎng)、個(gè)體相對(duì)大的纖毛類(lèi)原生動(dòng)物[7](約50 μm長(zhǎng),20 μm寬),不僅世代周期短(1.5~3 h繁殖一代),而且對(duì)許多毒物的響應(yīng)比其他高等生物更為敏感、直接,是較理想的生物毒性試驗(yàn)對(duì)象。王正方等[8]研究了三聚氰胺對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)和交配的影響,結(jié)果表明三聚氰胺可以對(duì)四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生破壞作用,認(rèn)為四膜蟲(chóng)生物測(cè)定法相對(duì)于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)具有耗時(shí)短、成本低、操作簡(jiǎn)便的優(yōu)勢(shì),在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)中可成為一種優(yōu)良的替代模型。
作者選用兩株不同交配型的嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株,通過(guò)研究苯甲酸鈉(SB)對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量、細(xì)胞形態(tài)、超氧化物歧化酶活性的影響,評(píng)估SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的生物毒性,分析SB作為食品添加劑的安全性,同時(shí)為嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)在食品安全監(jiān)測(cè)中的應(yīng)用提供依據(jù)。
1.1材料與試劑
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株:美國(guó)康奈爾大學(xué)贈(zèng)送;Neff培養(yǎng)基:酵母提取物2.5 g,多價(jià)蛋白胨2.5 g,D-葡萄糖5.0 g,0.9 g/dL三氯化鐵存儲(chǔ)液1 mL,蒸餾水1 000 mL,121℃滅菌30 min,4℃保存;苯甲酸鈉:分析純,上海穗試公司廣州化學(xué)試劑廠;超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)WST-1法測(cè)定試劑盒:南京建成科技有限公司。
1.2儀器與設(shè)備
Elipse Ti-S倒置顯微鏡:日本Nikon公司;ZWY-200D恒溫培養(yǎng)振蕩器:上海智城分析儀器制造有限公司;IC 1000 Countstar自動(dòng)細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)儀:上海睿鈺生物科技有限公司;Infinite M200 PRO多功能酶標(biāo)儀:瑞士Tecan公司。
1.3方法
1.3.1苯甲酸鈉作用下,嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)形態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)的觀察嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株以5%的接種體積分?jǐn)?shù)接種于200 mL Neff培養(yǎng)基中,30℃、150 r/min搖床培養(yǎng),取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期、經(jīng)IC 1000 Countstar自動(dòng)細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)儀計(jì)數(shù)、用Neff培養(yǎng)基稀釋調(diào)整為20×104個(gè)/mL的四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞500 μL,接種于10 mL已滅菌的Neff培養(yǎng)基,加入終質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0%、0.01%、0.05%、0.1%、0.25%、0.5%的SB,于30℃、150 r/min的搖床中培養(yǎng)6 h,取樣 200 μL于24孔板,在倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。
1.3.2苯甲酸鈉對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)的影響參考黃衛(wèi)紅[10]等的檢測(cè)方法,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期、且密度為20×104個(gè)/mL的四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞10 mL,接種于200 mL已滅菌的Neff培養(yǎng)基,30℃、150 r/min搖床培養(yǎng)24 h,四膜蟲(chóng)進(jìn)入對(duì)數(shù)期,然后分別加入一定體積的10g/L SB(溶于Neff培養(yǎng)基),使培養(yǎng)體系中SB的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為0%、0.000 1%、0.001%、0.005%、0.01%、0.05%,每個(gè)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)設(shè)置3個(gè)重復(fù)。于30℃、150 r/min搖床培養(yǎng),0、6、24、30、48、72 h取樣,之后間隔24 h,即96、120、144…216 h取樣,對(duì)四膜蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)各取樣3個(gè),計(jì)算平均值。兩株四膜蟲(chóng)均進(jìn)行3次重復(fù)試驗(yàn)。以取樣時(shí)間為橫座標(biāo),四膜蟲(chóng)個(gè)數(shù)為縱座標(biāo),繪制四膜蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)曲線圖,分析SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)生長(zhǎng)的影響。
1.3.3在苯甲酸鈉的作用下,嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的測(cè)定采用SOD WST-1法測(cè)定試劑盒,參考試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)中培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞SOD的測(cè)定方法稍加修改。取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期、且密度為20×104個(gè)/mL的四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞10 mL,接種于200 mL已滅菌的 Neff培養(yǎng)基,加入終濃度為 0%,0.000 1%,0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,0.05%的SB,30℃、150 r/min搖床培養(yǎng)6 h,以10 000 r/min離心5 min,倒去上清液,加200 μL生理鹽水,用玻璃勻漿器研磨3~5 min,取研磨充分的樣品20 μL,加入酶工作液20 μL,底物應(yīng)用液200 μL,混勻,37℃孵育20 min,450 nm處酶標(biāo)儀讀數(shù)。同時(shí)設(shè)置對(duì)照孔(不加樣本溶液,用雙蒸餾水代替),對(duì)照空白孔(不加樣本溶液、酶工作液,用雙蒸水、酶稀釋液代替),測(cè)定空白孔(不加酶工作液,用酶稀釋液代替)。而后按照試劑盒提供的方法進(jìn)行SOD活力的計(jì)算。SOD酶活性以單位蛋白酶活性(U/mg)表示,待測(cè)樣本蛋白質(zhì)濃度用考馬斯亮蘭法測(cè)定。
1.4數(shù)據(jù)處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果采用Excel 2003和SPSS 18.0求出平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差(Mean±SD),并進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(ANOVA),各試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組之間的兩兩比較采用最小顯著差數(shù)法(LSD),取顯著性水平為 0.05(p<0.05)。每個(gè)試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
2.1苯甲酸鈉作用下,嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)形態(tài)的變化
在24孔板中,倒置顯微鏡下觀察嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2和B2086.2在 0.01%~0.5%SB的Neff培養(yǎng)基中作用6 h后,與未加SB的對(duì)照組比較,觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化。
未加SB的對(duì)照組嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞呈橢圓長(zhǎng)梨狀,在Neff培養(yǎng)基中,快速泳動(dòng)。在SB中,兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞均出現(xiàn)不同程度的損傷,SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越高對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的毒性越大,細(xì)胞損傷越大,甚至導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞直接破裂致死。Cu428.2株(圖1)在SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.01%時(shí)其結(jié)構(gòu)無(wú)明顯變化,但在培養(yǎng)基中的運(yùn)動(dòng)速率比對(duì)照組明顯下降。在0.05%時(shí),約30%細(xì)胞發(fā)生了皺縮,運(yùn)動(dòng)速率進(jìn)一步下降。在0.1%~0.5%SB中,Cu428.2株細(xì)胞停止了游動(dòng)和纖毛的擺動(dòng),只能見(jiàn)無(wú)規(guī)則的布朗運(yùn)動(dòng);且細(xì)胞明顯變圓且發(fā)生了不同程度的損害,細(xì)胞內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)模糊,嚴(yán)重時(shí)細(xì)胞破裂。B2086.2株(圖2)在SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.01%和0.05%時(shí),約10%的細(xì)胞形態(tài)和大小發(fā)生了輕微的變化,其運(yùn)動(dòng)速率較對(duì)照組有所下降。當(dāng)SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.1%時(shí),約80%細(xì)胞明顯變小皺縮,質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.25%和0.5%時(shí),細(xì)胞變圓破裂,活力喪失。SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越高,對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的結(jié)構(gòu)損害越大。表明SB已經(jīng)透過(guò)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的細(xì)胞膜作用于其細(xì)胞內(nèi)容物,使其失去原有的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。
圖1 嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株在不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)SB中作用6 h的細(xì)胞形態(tài)Fig.1 Cell morphology of Tetrahymena thermophila Cu428.2 in different concentration of SB
圖2 嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2株在不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)SB中作用6 h的細(xì)胞形態(tài)Fig.2 Cell morphology of Tetrahymena thermophila B2086.2 in different concentration of SB
2.2苯甲酸鈉對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株數(shù)量的影響
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株在0%,0.000 1%,0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,0.05%SB中的Neff培養(yǎng)基生長(zhǎng)情況見(jiàn)圖3-4。SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.05%時(shí),對(duì)這兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)均有一定的抑制甚至殺滅作用,其他質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)種群數(shù)量無(wú)殺滅作用。雖然B2086.2株在0.05%種群數(shù)量在短時(shí)間內(nèi)有所增長(zhǎng),由6h的0.53×104個(gè)/mL增長(zhǎng)到24 h的2.33×104個(gè)/mL,但隨后下降,144 h死亡;在同樣質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和時(shí)間內(nèi),Cu428.2株種群數(shù)量無(wú)增長(zhǎng),且明顯減少,72 h死亡。其中0.001%、0.005%和0.01% SB,兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的種群增長(zhǎng)速度低于對(duì)照組,且衰亡時(shí)間比對(duì)照組的短。而0.000 1%SB組,在78~144 h間,Cu428.2株和B2086.2株增長(zhǎng)速度均超過(guò)對(duì)照組,其他時(shí)間與對(duì)照組相比無(wú)顯著性差異。結(jié)果表明:一定質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的生長(zhǎng)繁殖有一定的抑制甚至殺滅作用,而低質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB對(duì)四膜蟲(chóng)種群的增長(zhǎng)有一定的促進(jìn)作用。
圖3 嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株在不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的苯甲酸鈉下的生長(zhǎng)曲線Fig.3 Growth curve of Tetrahymena thermophila Cu428.2 in different concentration of SB
圖4 嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2株在不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的苯甲酸鈉下的生長(zhǎng)曲線Fig.4 Growth curve of Tetrahymena thermophila B2086.2 in different concentration of SB
2.3苯甲酸鈉對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影響
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株和B2086.2株在各質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)組SB中SOD活力結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖3-4。隨著SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增加,SOD活力均為先增加后降低,然而兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)SOD活力最高的濃度組有所差異,Cu428.2株達(dá)到最高的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為 0.005%,而B(niǎo)2086.2株達(dá)到最高的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)組為 0.001%。Cu428.2株的SOD活力最高組比對(duì)照組多95.44%,B2086.2株的 SOD活力最高組比對(duì)照多 38%,Cu428.2株0.01%和0.05%與對(duì)照組無(wú)顯著性差異,而B(niǎo)2086.2株0.01%和0.05%與對(duì)照組SOD活力顯著降低。
圖3 不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)苯甲酸鈉下溫育24 h后四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2的SOD活力Fig.3 SOD activity of Tetrahymena thermophila Cu428.2 in different concentrations of sodium benzoate after incubation 24 h
圖4 不同質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)苯甲酸鈉孵育24 h后四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2 的SOD活力Fig.4 SOD activity of Tetrahymena thermophila B2086.2 in different concentrations of sodium benzoate after incubation 24 h
3.1采用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)評(píng)估苯甲酸鈉生物毒性的可行性
苯甲酸鈉對(duì)污染食品細(xì)菌的殺滅、抑制效應(yīng)是其防腐作用的基礎(chǔ),但研究表明其對(duì)其他動(dòng)植物細(xì)胞亦具有損傷作用。前人如呂娜等[11]進(jìn)行了SB的毒理學(xué)研究,認(rèn)為SB可引起小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞染色體斷裂[4]和精子畸形[12];陳剛等[13]證明了SB對(duì)蠶豆根尖細(xì)胞有明顯的遺傳毒性;Khasnavis等[14]認(rèn)為SB能上調(diào)在星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)元中的主導(dǎo)柏金森病的DJ-1蛋白(缺乏DJ-1蛋白的突變體能引起家族式的柏金森病);劉俊等[15]進(jìn)行的苯甲酸鈉對(duì)草履蟲(chóng)的急性毒性作用。作者應(yīng)用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)評(píng)估SB的生物毒性,結(jié)果表明SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越高,對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的毒性越大。在國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)食品衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,0.1% 是果汁、醬油等食品中準(zhǔn)許使用的用量[2],本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,0.1%SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)Cu428.2株具有殺滅作用,引起約80%的B2086.2株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞皺縮。劉俊等[15]進(jìn)行的苯甲酸鈉對(duì)草履蟲(chóng)的急性毒性作用,1 h最小致死劑量為8 g/L(相當(dāng)于0.8%)。劉俊等[15]和本研究結(jié)果分別表明:SB對(duì)單細(xì)胞原生動(dòng)物草履蟲(chóng)和嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)毒性較大。結(jié)果雖有差異,但在考慮物種的不同、作用時(shí)間、培養(yǎng)液等不同因素的情況下,具有可比性。
在高質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)下,SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)具有可視的毒性效應(yīng)。在倒置顯微鏡下,可清楚地觀察到隨著SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增加,嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)運(yùn)動(dòng)減少甚至停止、形態(tài)發(fā)生改變甚至破裂,質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越大,細(xì)胞損傷越大。但在低質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB中(SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)小于0.05%)基本上觀察不到改變,這并不排除SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞有肉眼觀察不到的影響,有待借助于更精密的儀器如電子顯微鏡、流式細(xì)胞儀等進(jìn)行分析。胡明鉛等[1]采用原子力顯微鏡分析了SB對(duì)小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞形態(tài)及膜結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)在SB作用下,淋巴細(xì)胞膜表面粗糙度增加,甚至整體細(xì)胞破壞性斷裂,對(duì)其細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)造成不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損壞。作者和胡明鉛等[1]分別試驗(yàn)了SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)和小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞的影響,采用的細(xì)胞分別屬于原生動(dòng)物和哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞,在本研究中,SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的作用與胡明鉛等實(shí)驗(yàn)的SB對(duì)小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞的結(jié)果相似。
作者還探討了SD對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的影響。SOD是生物體內(nèi)極其重要的抗氧化酶,能清除超氧陰離子自由基(O2-),O2-具有非常大的破壞作用,能夠引起細(xì)胞的死亡和器官的衰老,SOD被認(rèn)為是防衛(wèi)O2-傷害的第一步,它可以將O2-轉(zhuǎn)化為毒性較低的H2O2,并在其他酶的作用下最終轉(zhuǎn)化為H2O和O2,保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受損傷[16]。姚瑩等[17]研究納米ZnO對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的生態(tài)毒性,認(rèn)為SOD活力下降,則對(duì)超氧陰離子自由基的清除能力下降,SOD活性降低是納米ZnO對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)生毒性的重要原因。研究結(jié)果顯示,SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.01%及0.05%組,嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2株SOD活力有一定的抑制作用,但Cu 428.2株SOD活力無(wú)顯著的抑制作用,表明SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2 株SOD活力影響更大。在低質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB作用下,SOD活性比對(duì)照組高,分析原因是因?yàn)榈唾|(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的應(yīng)激作用,在短時(shí)間內(nèi)激發(fā)了細(xì)胞的SOD酶活性。當(dāng)SB達(dá)到一定的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),則SOD活性降低。與李雙菁等[18]pb2+對(duì)水絲蚓,王朝暉等[19]氯氰菊酯對(duì)斜生柵藻的作用,吳紅松等[20]檢測(cè)三聚氰胺對(duì)鯉魚(yú)組織的影響,SOD活性結(jié)果均為低質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)促進(jìn)、高質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)抑制相似。
綜上所述,在高質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)下,SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞具有顯微鏡下可視的毒性效應(yīng),高于0.001%質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的種群生長(zhǎng)具有顯著影響,SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.01%及0.05%組對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2株SOD活力有一定的抑制作用,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與前人采用小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、草履蟲(chóng)等具有一定的可比性,表明采用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)評(píng)估SB的生物毒性是可行的。
3.2應(yīng)用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)建立SD生物毒性評(píng)估體系的前景
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)遺傳背景清晰,大核基因組已全部獲悉[22],為研究遺傳代謝提供了基礎(chǔ),不僅在細(xì)胞和分子生物學(xué)上應(yīng)用獲得重要成果,在形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)、行為學(xué)、生態(tài)毒理方面也獲得了大量研究數(shù)據(jù)。作為一種淡水中常見(jiàn)的單細(xì)胞真核原生動(dòng)物,實(shí)驗(yàn)室培養(yǎng)成熟、經(jīng)濟(jì),具有細(xì)胞大、利于觀察、生化指標(biāo)研究成熟等許多優(yōu)良的特征,使其成為環(huán)境和藥學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)的理想材料[23]。目前使用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)為材料研究的對(duì)象包括六氯笨、含氮雜環(huán)化合物、有機(jī)磷殺蟲(chóng)劑、重金屬、納米ZnO等大量特定單一成份的有機(jī)物、無(wú)機(jī)物[10,17,24],及江河水質(zhì)等混合物[25-26],嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)在食品衛(wèi)生安全、藥物使用安全、生態(tài)環(huán)境污染中作為檢測(cè)生物,發(fā)揮或即將發(fā)揮重要作用。本研究結(jié)果表明,采用嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行SD毒性的評(píng)估,可從細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化、種群生長(zhǎng)影響、SOD活性變化等多方面進(jìn)行,與采用小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞相比,生物毒性評(píng)估的結(jié)果具有可比性,而操作更為經(jīng)濟(jì)、簡(jiǎn)便。
嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)具有不同的交配型,1953年Nanney教授首次對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)的交配型進(jìn)行描述,鑒定出了7種交配型[27]。不同交配型的嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞可以進(jìn)行有性繁殖,本研究所用的Cu428.2和B2086.2屬于兩株不同交配型的蟲(chóng)株,采用兩株不同交配型嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)進(jìn)行研究,有利于更多了解SB作用的普遍性,為將來(lái)研究SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)有性繁殖的影響提供研究基礎(chǔ)。SB質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.1%作用6 h后,兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)細(xì)胞均發(fā)生了明顯的形態(tài)學(xué)變化,0.05%SB對(duì)兩株嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)均具有抑制甚至殺滅作用,但B2086.2株更明顯,SOD活力的變化因而評(píng)估SB對(duì)SOD活力的影響,選擇嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)B2086.2株更為敏感。
本研究表明:苯甲酸鈉對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)具有較明顯的生物毒性,體現(xiàn)在細(xì)胞形態(tài)的變化和種群生長(zhǎng)和SOD的影響。與胡明鉛等[1]應(yīng)用原子力顯微鏡,從可視化角度分析的苯甲酸鈉對(duì)小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞的膜形態(tài)和超微結(jié)構(gòu)的影響相似。呂娜[4]、陳剛等[13]分別進(jìn)行了小鼠骨髓細(xì)胞和蠶豆根尖細(xì)胞的微核試驗(yàn),從染色體變化的角度分析SD對(duì)動(dòng)植物細(xì)胞的影響。作者結(jié)果與胡明鉛等SB對(duì)小鼠淋巴細(xì)胞的形態(tài)改變作用相似,而對(duì)染色體的作用仍將進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究。苯甲酸鈉(化學(xué)式:C6H5COONa)是苯甲酸的鈉鹽,親油性較大,易穿透細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入細(xì)胞內(nèi)。相關(guān)研究顯示,除了SOD影響胞內(nèi)代謝外,還有過(guò)氧化物酶[20]、脫氫酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷氨酸脫氫酶等[21],SB對(duì)嗜熱四膜蟲(chóng)這些酶活性是否有影響,仍待進(jìn)一步試驗(yàn)探討。
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Application Tetrahymena thermophila for Assessment Biotoxicity of Sodium Benzoate
PAN Houjun1,2,ZHANG Luangui1,2,LIANG Huili1,2,LI Yingying1,2,WANG Yingying1,2,LIN Qiang1,2,SHI Cunbin1,2,WU Shuqin1,2*
(1.Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Guangzhou 510380,China;2.Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development,Ministry of Agriculture,Guangzhou 510380,China)
For investigation the application of protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila on food safety detection,two strains of protozoan T.thermophila Cu428.2 and B2086.2 were used as substrate tostudy the biotoxicity of food preservative sodium benzoate(SB).Effect of SB on T.thermophila was assessed from changes in cell shape,movement style,population growth and superoxide dismutase (SOD)activity after adding SB to the culture of T.thermophila in Neff medium.Cell morphology and movement of T.thermophila were observed under inverted microscope at 6 h after adding 0%,0.01%,0.05%,0.1%,0.25%,0.5%SB to the culture.The results showed that in 0.01%and 0.05% SB,both strains of T.thermophila cells became shrunken and smaller,the speed of cell movement in the media was significantly slower than the control group.While in 0.1%~0.5%SB,cells morphology turned round from oval,holes appeared in the cell membrane,rupture and death cells were found.The higher the concentration of SB was,the greater damage of the cell membrane and the more the apoptotic cells appeared.Population growth curve and 24 h SOD activity of the two strains of T.thermophila cultured in Neff medium were determined in 0.000 1%,0.001%,0.005%,0.01%,0.05%SB compared to the control group.The results suggested with the increase of SB concentration,population growth rate of T.thermophila decreased and 0.05%SB even killed the original seeded cells,however 0.000 1%SB promoted the population growth.While as the SB concentration increased,the activity of T.thermophila SOD basically decreased,however,lower concentration of SB could enhanced the activity of SOD in a certain period of time.
Tetrahymena thermophila,sodium benzoate,biotoxicity,SOD activity
TS 207
A
1673—1689(2016)05—0517—08
2014-09-05
農(nóng)業(yè)部引進(jìn)國(guó)際先進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)技術(shù)948項(xiàng)目(2011-Z11;2008-G4),廣東省2013年魚(yú)病防治專(zhuān)項(xiàng);廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院科研基金面上培育項(xiàng)目(M2014015)。
潘厚軍(1968—),女,湖南寧鄉(xiāng)人,農(nóng)學(xué)碩士,研究員,主要從事水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物疾病方面的研究。E-mail:phj001@126.com
*
吳淑勤(1956—),女,福建廈門(mén)人,研究員,博士研究生導(dǎo)師,主要從事水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物疾病與水生實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物方面的研究。E-mail:gzwushuqin@163.com