徐晨玨

伴隨著近幾年江蘇省英語(yǔ)高考卷的出爐，我們不難看出，英語(yǔ)這門學(xué)科對(duì)學(xué)生的要求越來(lái)越高，尤其是在閱讀理解這一方面。2013、2014年的閱讀普遍反映文章長(zhǎng)且難，2015年的文章學(xué)生都能看得懂，但在完成題目上卻并非易事。因此，學(xué)生單單掌握較多的詞匯是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，同等重要的是對(duì)篇章的理解，尤其是對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的處理。接下來(lái)，我們將結(jié)合題目，向大家介紹幾種常見但卻非常實(shí)用的長(zhǎng)難句解題的技巧。對(duì)于長(zhǎng)難句的處理，最重要的就是分清主干和分支。那么，如何做到呢？

一、抓住標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，巧妙剔除成分

首先，先來(lái)觀察一組句子：

（1）Using the latest laser-scan machine，researchers from English

Heritage—an organization that advise the government about maintaining historic sites in Britain—carefully studied every inch of every stone in the structure， and found something that no one else had noticed.

（2）Brent Weiss， owner of Uncle Dans，an outdoor-gear retailer with locations in Chicago，Evanston and Highland Park，said he was more selective about the workers that he hires.

在第一句中，“an organization that advise the government about maintain historic sites in Britain”是對(duì)前面English Heritage的具體解釋說(shuō)明，因此，在抓住句子主干的時(shí)候可以忽略。而這部分是由破折號(hào)來(lái)連接的；同理，在第二句中，“owner of...in Chicago，Evanston and Highland Park”也是對(duì)前面Brent Weiss的解釋，也可以刪去，而這部分則是由逗號(hào)來(lái)連接的。通過(guò)這兩個(gè)例子，我們可以看出：在長(zhǎng)難句中，為了抓住句子的主干，有時(shí)候我們可以通過(guò)特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如：逗號(hào)用來(lái)隔開同位語(yǔ)，破折號(hào)用來(lái)隔開插入語(yǔ)等）來(lái)省略一些部分。

例1.For Wade，Miami Heat guard，breaking the cycle of “babies having babies” —one that he says ran in his family and his African-American community—was at first a priority（優(yōu)先考慮的事） and then a challenge.

Q：What did Wade think of the cycle of“babies having babies”？

A.He wished he could get away from it.

B.He thought it was reasonable in African-American community.

C.He thought it was a challenge to adapt to it.

D.He wanted to follow the tradition that ran in his family.

【解題】把破折號(hào)后面的成分“one...community”忽略，由此句子主干是breaking the cycle was at first a priority and then a challenge，得知：打破對(duì)于他而言是優(yōu)先考慮的事情，因此選擇A。

二、找尋修飾部分，分清主干分支

再來(lái)看一個(gè)句子：

Speaking on a radio talk show this morning，Dr. Chow said the separation of poultry（家禽） from humans policy，which will be determined after a decision whether to set up a central slaughtering（屠宰） house or several regional ones，would be based on the demand for live chickens.

在這句話里，為了快速抓住句子的主干，我們可以忽略speaking on a radio talk show this morning，which will be determined after a decision whether to set up a central slaughtering house or several regional ones，從而得出句子的主干：Dr. Chow said the separation of poultry from humans policy would be based on the demand for live chickens。了解了忽略部分在句中所起的作用后，我們得出如下結(jié)論：起到修飾作用的成分一般都可以忽略，如：從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)等。但要注意的是，一般只忽略在句中作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的成分。

尤其值得一提的是，把主干和修飾成分分開后，我們能對(duì)句子表達(dá)的意思有更清楚的了解。如：

With no proven treatment to rely on，doctors have used a variety of medicines approved for other disease in the hopes that they would help brain injury patients.

運(yùn)用上面的方法忽略一些修飾成分后，得出的主干是：doctors have used a variety of medicines. 進(jìn)一步通過(guò)對(duì)修飾成分的分析和了解后，我們知道：還沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)治療方法的證實(shí)（with no proven treatment to rely on），這些藥品只在其他疾病上得到批準(zhǔn)（approved for other disease），他們希望通過(guò)這些藥物能夠?qū)Υ竽X受傷的病人有所幫助（help brain injury patients）。

例2.It is just this kind of confusion where the parents have gone in the modern family education，and where the parents will guide their children to go that “Where are we going，Dad？” shows us.

Is the following statement True or False？

The programme shows us the confusion where the parents and children will go to play.

【解題】把句中兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的從句刪去以后，得出的句子主干是：It is just this kind of confusion that “where are we going，dad” shows us。然后具體再看修飾成分，得知：這種困惑是在現(xiàn)代家庭教育中父母對(duì)于孩子的引導(dǎo)程度和方向如何。因此，答案為False。

例3.Reading for fun matters because children who are keen on reading can expect lifelong pleasure and loving books is an excellent indicator of future educational success.

Q：Reading for fun is important because book-loving children

__________.

A.take greater advantage of the project

B.show the potential to enjoy a long life

C.are likely to do well in their education

D.would make excellent future researchers

【解題】通過(guò)原因狀語(yǔ)從句because可以看出孩子熱愛(ài)讀書（keen on reading，loving books），以及熱愛(ài)讀書可以暗示未來(lái)教育方面的成功（an indicator of future educational success），故選擇C。

例4.The problem with that discovery，according to the researchers，is that someone whos had an epileptic seizure（癲癇發(fā)作） and then appears to recover should be monitored and not left alone.

【解題】把句中的修飾成分with that discover， according to the researchers， whos had an epileptic seizure and then appears to recover去掉以后，留下的句子主干為The problem is that someone should be monitored and not left alone。結(jié)合對(duì)于主干和分支的理解后，不難看出：這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題在于，曾經(jīng)有過(guò)癲癇病，但后來(lái)似乎恢復(fù)的人，也應(yīng)該被監(jiān)控，而不是留著不管。因此，人們進(jìn)一步改善設(shè)備的原因是：it failed to detect an epileptic patient who tends to be cured。

三、利用句中動(dòng)詞，有效分解長(zhǎng)句

如果句子過(guò)長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)也非常復(fù)雜，無(wú)法快速找出修飾成分的時(shí)候，可以利用句中出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞把一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句分成若干個(gè)短句，以便于對(duì)句子有更好的理解。如：

This is a fact overlooked by most journalistic critics of television drama， who tend（unlike film critics） to give all the credit or blame for success or failure of a production to the writer and actors， ignoring the contribution， for good or ill， of the director.

如果只是單純地找出主干，則句子被簡(jiǎn)化成This is a fact，所要表達(dá)的意思便無(wú)法清楚地呈現(xiàn)。因此，為了對(duì)句子有全面的了解，我們可以首先找出句中的動(dòng)詞：overlook， tend， ignore，其次根據(jù)這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞將句子拆分為：

（1）This is a fact.

（2） The fact is overlooked by most journalistic critics.

（3） The critics tend to give all the credit or blame for success or failure of a production to the writer and actors.

（4） The critics ignore the contribution of the director.

由此可知，一個(gè)節(jié)目失敗了，一些評(píng)論家經(jīng)常會(huì)指責(zé)錯(cuò)了人，他們只會(huì)一味地歸咎于作家或演員，而忽略了導(dǎo)演的作用。

例5.The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs，providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling.

What does the bill concern？

A.The reprocessing of the huge amounts of electronic waste in the state.

B.The regulations on dumping dangerous substances into landfills.

C.The funding of local initiatives to reuse waste electronic devices.

D.The sales of the second-hand electronic devices to foreign countries.

【解題】根據(jù)句中的動(dòng)詞go， set up， provide， reuse， reward， encourage，把句子分解為以下幾個(gè)小句子：

（1）The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs.

（2）Programs provide grants to non-profit agencies.

（3）Agencies reuse the tubes.

（4）Programs reward manufacturers.

（5）Manufacturers encourage recycling.

從對(duì)各個(gè)小分句的理解中可以看出：法案提供的費(fèi)用主要用于那些能夠?qū)Ξa(chǎn)品進(jìn)行循環(huán)再利用的組織或生產(chǎn)商，因此正確答案為A。

四、掌握固定搭配，劃分句子層次

如：Mo Yans prize winning not only marks a happy ending for Chinese literatures long desire for global recognition， but also is an important acknowledgement， on the part of its Western audience， that one needs to look beyond newspaper headlines and financial markets to understand the complex phenomenon in China.

同樣，在這個(gè)句子中，通過(guò)尋找出not only ... but also，我們可以找出句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：莫言的獲獎(jiǎng)不僅標(biāo)志著中國(guó)長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)渴望世界認(rèn)可它的文學(xué)作品的愿望得到了實(shí)現(xiàn)，而且就西方讀者而言，這也是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)可。通過(guò)這個(gè)固定搭配，得知莫言的獲獎(jiǎng)對(duì)中國(guó)和世界都有著重要的影響。

例6.Without taxation，it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us；______ the workers in government officers who look after our health， our food， our food，our water，and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves；nor the ministers and members of parliament who govern the country for us.

A.neither B.nor

C.never D.not

【解題】首先由句中的分號(hào)得知句子之間可能是并列關(guān)系，其次由第一句的not be possible得知后面的情況也是不可能的，所以符合neither...nor的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，故選擇B。

當(dāng)然，解析長(zhǎng)難句還有許多其他的方法，本文只是簡(jiǎn)單介紹了幾種常見的方法，即從標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、區(qū)分主干和修飾成分以及固定搭配等方面來(lái)分析理解長(zhǎng)難句。為了精確而有效地理解長(zhǎng)難句所包含的意思，更重要的是在掌握基本技巧的基礎(chǔ)上，能夠聯(lián)系上下文，站在主旨的高度來(lái)分析句子所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。這樣才能保證不管是在理解還是解題上，都能做到正確無(wú)誤。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

李雪梅.高中生英語(yǔ)閱讀理解障礙及其對(duì)策研究[D].東北師范大學(xué)，2008.

編輯 李建軍