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十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)輔助診斷過(guò)敏性紫癜的價(jià)值及臨床局限性

2016-08-01 12:13石杰如唐子斐馮佳燕
中國(guó)循證兒科雜志 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:中重度紫癜胃鏡

宋 瑛 石杰如 唐子斐 馮佳燕 陳 蓮 黃 瑛

·論著·

十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)輔助診斷過(guò)敏性紫癜的價(jià)值及臨床局限性

宋 瑛1,4石杰如2,4唐子斐2馮佳燕3陳 蓮3黃 瑛2

目的 探討十二指腸降部免疫熒光試驗(yàn)與黏膜病變程度在過(guò)敏性紫癜(HSP)輔助診斷中的價(jià)值和臨床局限性。方法 收集2014年4月至2015年12月復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院消化科以腹痛為主要癥狀初診的HSP或懷疑HSP,且輔助診斷至少有胃鏡檢查并行十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)的患兒,從病史中查閱紫癜的記錄情況,采集HSP患兒行胃鏡檢查時(shí)十二指腸黏膜病變程度及其組織熒光試驗(yàn)結(jié)果;本文以胃鏡直視下充血、水腫為輕度病變,糜爛和潰瘍?yōu)橹兄囟炔∽?;本文以典型皮膚紫癜出現(xiàn)在胃鏡檢查前為早出紫癜,之后為晚出紫癜;根據(jù)免疫熒光試驗(yàn)結(jié)果分為陰性和陽(yáng)性。結(jié)果 符合本文納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的54例HSP患兒進(jìn)入本文分析,男31例,女23例;平均(8.1±2.7)歲;門(mén)診病例14例,住院病例40例;早出紫癜36例(76.7%),晚出紫癜18例。十二指腸降部黏膜均受累,免疫熒光陽(yáng)性31例(57.4%),陰性23例(其中弱陽(yáng)性6例)。十二指腸降部黏膜輕度病變14例(25.3%),重度病變40例(其中糜爛19例,潰瘍21例)。免疫熒光陰性的HSP患兒中黏膜中重度病變的比例明顯多于陽(yáng)性,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[91.3%(21/23)vs61.3%(19/31),P=0.013];早出紫癜的HSP患兒黏膜輕度病變免疫熒光陽(yáng)性比例(10/31,32.2%)多于陰性(2/23,8.7%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.039);不論免疫熒光結(jié)果陽(yáng)性與否:早或晚出紫癜HSP患兒黏膜病變輕度與中重度比例差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義、晚出紫癜的HSP患兒黏膜輕度病變的比例差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義、早出或晚出紫癜的HSP患兒黏膜中重病變的比例差異亦均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 十二指腸降部黏膜較皮膚組織免疫熒光試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性率低,可能與取活檢處黏膜的病變嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),不排除與取活檢的部位、數(shù)量、深度及器械等多種因素有關(guān)。

過(guò)敏性紫癜; 胃鏡; 兒童; 免疫熒光

2010年歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟/歐洲兒科風(fēng)濕病學(xué)會(huì)制定了過(guò)敏性紫癜(HSP)最新的診斷及分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]。明顯皮膚紫癜作為診斷HSP的首要條件,其他4項(xiàng)作必要的輔助條件之一,彌漫性腹痛、任何部位活檢提示IgA沉積、急性關(guān)節(jié)炎/關(guān)節(jié)痛、血尿或蛋白尿等腎臟受損表現(xiàn)[1]?;谄つw的免疫熒光試驗(yàn)診斷的敏感度和特異度分別為81%~86%和83%~84%[2,3],但皮膚活檢需要全身麻醉下進(jìn)行,腎臟穿刺也只有在考慮腎臟受累時(shí)才進(jìn)行,兩者都存在創(chuàng)傷大及出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。兒童HSP累及關(guān)節(jié)病變不多,累及消化道占51%~74%[4- 7],其中以腹痛為主要臨床癥狀占42%[8],所以常在伴有腹痛疑似HPS或HSP患者中行胃鏡檢查,雖然大部分研究肯定了胃鏡在HSP診斷中潛在價(jià)值[9,10],但目前并沒(méi)有把胃鏡檢查結(jié)果納入到HSP診斷依據(jù)中,可能與十二指腸黏膜的類(lèi)似病變也存在于克羅恩病、卓- 艾綜合征、小腸結(jié)腸耶爾森菌感染、嗜酸細(xì)胞性胃腸炎、白塞氏綜合征和輻射或藥物誘發(fā)的損傷等,臨床上行胃鏡檢查時(shí)常從十二指腸降部黏膜取組織標(biāo)本行免疫熒光試驗(yàn)[11],然而很少有關(guān)注胃鏡下十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)及其病變程度在HSP輔助診斷中的價(jià)值研究。

1 方法

1.1 研究設(shè)計(jì) 本文為病例系列報(bào)告?;趶?fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院(我院)胃鏡室操作流程,胃鏡下常規(guī)鉗取胃竇、胃體和病變部位的黏膜送檢病理。本文僅收集HSP患兒胃鏡十二指腸降部黏膜病變程度評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果及其組織熒光試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,考察作為HSP輔助診斷的價(jià)值和臨床的局限性。

1.2 HSP的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 明顯皮膚紫癜伴有如下任何一條:①?gòu)浡愿雇矗虎谌魏尾课换顧z提示IgA沉積;③急性關(guān)節(jié)炎/關(guān)節(jié)痛;④血尿或蛋白尿等腎臟受損表現(xiàn)[1]。

1.3 我院HSP診斷流程 以腹痛為主要癥狀就診伴典型皮膚紫癜的可直接確診HSP,同時(shí)行胃鏡檢查了解黏膜病變程度并排除其他疾病,取十二指腸降部黏膜組織行免疫熒光檢查;以腹痛就診雖無(wú)皮膚紫癜,但臨床高度疑似診斷者,亦行胃鏡檢查并取十二指腸降部黏膜組織行免疫熒光檢查,對(duì)癥治療并隨訪至皮膚紫癜出現(xiàn)。若胃鏡下高度懷疑HSP,對(duì)癥治療效果不好,即使沒(méi)有皮膚紫癜,也可考慮診斷性治療,并隨訪到紫癜出現(xiàn)。

1.4 十二指腸降部黏膜病變程度判斷 回顧性收集納入分析病例的胃鏡影像學(xué)資料,出于研究的目的在不知曉臨床資料的情況下由2名2年以上胃鏡操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的胃鏡醫(yī)生共同判斷黏膜正常、充血、水腫、糜爛和潰瘍。本文以胃鏡直視下充血、水腫判斷為輕度病變,糜爛和潰瘍判斷為中重度病變。

1.5 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 2014年4月至2015年12月于我院消化科以腹痛為主要癥狀初診的HSP或懷疑HSP的患兒;②輔助診斷至少有胃鏡檢查并行十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn);③懷疑HSP的患兒隨訪至紫癜出現(xiàn)確診HSP。

1.6 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 診斷HSP同時(shí),伴以下任意疾病診斷,如細(xì)菌性腸炎、血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤、炎癥性腸病、川崎病、白塞氏病及系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡。

1.7 截取資料及其原則 從納入分析的病歷中截取來(lái)我院初診時(shí)年齡、性別、主訴時(shí)的腹痛癥狀,從病史中查閱紫癜的記錄情況,本文以典型皮膚紫癜出現(xiàn)在胃鏡檢查前為早出紫癜,之后為晚出紫癜。根據(jù)十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)報(bào)告的結(jié)果分為陰性、弱陽(yáng)性及陽(yáng)性,其中弱陽(yáng)性歸為陰性。

1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。研究對(duì)象一般特征資料采用描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法進(jìn)行。分類(lèi)變量資料兩組間比較采用Pearson卡方檢驗(yàn),單格子頻數(shù)小于5者采用Fisher精確概率法檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 一般情況 符合本文納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的54例HSP患兒進(jìn)入本文分析,男31例,女23例;年齡3歲5個(gè)月至15歲3個(gè)月,平均(8.1±2.7)歲;門(mén)診病例14例,住院病例40例;早出紫癜36例(76.7%),晚出紫癜18例(自胃鏡檢查后1~23 d,中位數(shù)9.5 d)。

2.2 胃鏡與病理檢查結(jié)果 54例HSP患兒胃鏡下黏膜病變累及胃底2例、胃體12例、胃竇27例、十二指腸球部23例,54例均有累及十二指腸降部。十二指腸降部黏膜輕度病變14例,重度病變40例(其中糜爛19例,潰瘍21例)。胃鏡下黏膜表現(xiàn)為黏膜的廣泛充血水腫紅斑(圖1A)、糜爛(圖1B),散在出血點(diǎn)、出血斑及淺表不規(guī)則潰瘍(圖1C)。54例HSP患兒均行十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn),陽(yáng)性31例(57.4%),陰性23例(其中弱陽(yáng)性6例);病理切片均未發(fā)現(xiàn)典型的血管炎表現(xiàn),圖2A~C顯示,免疫熒光陽(yáng)性者可見(jiàn)小血管壁及周?chē)G色熒光帶。

圖1 胃鏡下HSP十二指腸降部黏膜特征性改變

注 A:十二指腸黏膜充血水腫,B:十二指腸黏膜糜爛,C:十二指腸黏膜潰瘍

圖2 十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光陽(yáng)性區(qū)域主要分布圖

注 A:100倍光鏡,十二指腸黏膜降部免疫熒光陽(yáng)性區(qū)域主要分布在黏膜淺層小血管處;B、C:200倍光鏡,十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光分布在小血管及其周?chē)纬删G色熒光帶

2.3 HSP患兒十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)及其病變程度 十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光陰性的HSP患兒23例中黏膜中重度病變21例(91.3%),十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光陽(yáng)性的HSP患兒31例中黏膜中重度病變19例(61.3%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.013)。表1顯示,早或晚出紫癜HSP患兒,不論十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光結(jié)果陽(yáng)性還是陰性,黏膜病變輕度與中重度比例差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;早出紫癜的HSP患兒黏膜輕度病變十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光陽(yáng)性比例(10/31,32.2%)多于陰性(2/23,8.7%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.039);不論十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光結(jié)果陽(yáng)性與否:早或晚出紫癜HSP患兒黏膜病變輕度與中重度比例差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義、晚出紫癜的HSP患兒黏膜輕度病變的比例差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義、早出或晚出紫癜的HSP患兒黏膜中重病變的比例差異亦均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

表1 HSP患兒十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光試驗(yàn)及其 黏膜病變程度(n)

黏膜病變程度輕度病變(n=14)中重度病變(n=40)χp免疫熒光+(n=31)早出紫癜1)1013晚出紫癜2)260.8540.355免疫熒光-(n=23)早出紫癜1)211晚出紫癜2)0101.6850.194χ14.2410.186p10.0390.667χ21.5413.685p20.2140.055

注χ1和P1為早出紫癜患兒中黏膜輕度病變?cè)诿庖邿晒庠囼?yàn)陰性中的比例高于免疫熒光試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性;χ2和P2為晚出紫癜患兒中黏膜中重度病變?cè)诿庖邿晒庠囼?yàn)陽(yáng)性和陰性中的比例無(wú)明顯差異

3 討論

目前臨床上對(duì)HSP的診斷所遵循的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中皮膚紫癜是核心癥狀[1],但是有12%~19%的患兒在病初甚至在整個(gè)疾病過(guò)程中始終不出現(xiàn)紫癜[4,12,13],在沒(méi)有關(guān)節(jié)及腎臟病變等的輔助診斷條件的情況下,臨床上有腹痛癥狀的患 兒常規(guī)行胃鏡檢查。HSP患兒上消化道主要累及十二指腸降部,存在典型皮膚紫癜但同時(shí)伴有腹痛的患兒胃鏡檢查一方面可以直觀地觀察到十二指腸降部黏膜病變的特點(diǎn),另一方面對(duì)僅有腹痛癥狀,但又高度懷疑HSP的患兒,通過(guò)胃鏡下觀察消化道黏膜病變的特點(diǎn),對(duì)HSP的診斷提供幫助并與其他疾病進(jìn)行鑒別。

HSP的發(fā)病機(jī)制是由IgA為主的免疫復(fù)合物沉積于小血管壁繼而激活補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)而引起的自身免疫性小血管炎[1],沉積在組織血管壁的免疫復(fù)合物是本病發(fā)病的關(guān)鍵因素,可以通過(guò)組織免疫熒光手段進(jìn)行檢測(cè)[2],較早的研究報(bào)道皮膚組織免疫熒光陽(yáng)性率高達(dá)93%~100%[14- 16],且與HSP有強(qiáng)烈的相關(guān)性[17- 19]。

本研究十二指腸降部黏膜組織免疫熒光陽(yáng)性率僅為57.4%,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于皮膚組織的免疫熒光陽(yáng)性率。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光陰性的患兒,其胃鏡下黏膜為中重度病變的比例越高,同樣也在早發(fā)紫癜中十二指腸降部黏膜免疫熒光陰性的患兒,其胃鏡下黏膜為中重度病變的比例也越高??赡芘c以下因素有關(guān):①HSP患者體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的循環(huán)免疫復(fù)合物主要沉積在具有環(huán)形或攀形結(jié)構(gòu)的小血管處,而消化道黏膜微循環(huán)冗長(zhǎng)且僅在絨毛的小血管處形成攀狀結(jié)構(gòu),故決定了免疫復(fù)合物主要沉積在小腸絨毛的小血管中,而較少沉積在黏膜下層的小靜脈和小動(dòng)脈內(nèi)。這一特點(diǎn)也使病變常局限在黏膜表層,胃鏡下黏膜輕度病變者免疫熒光試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性率高,黏膜中重度表現(xiàn)為糜爛和淺表性潰瘍[2,11,20]反而陽(yáng)性率低。②對(duì)于黏膜中重度病變的患兒來(lái)說(shuō),能夠體現(xiàn)免疫復(fù)合物沉積的所需要血管壁結(jié)構(gòu)遭到破壞且沉積的免疫復(fù)合物很大程度上也已被降解清除[21- 24];③內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)生在胃鏡鉗取黏膜組織時(shí)一般會(huì)選取有病理意義的典型病變部位,典型病變部位由于黏膜病變較重可能鉗取不到有病理意義的組織;④限于內(nèi)鏡下活檢鉗的尺寸很難取到黏膜下層,不能觀察到小動(dòng)脈、小靜脈的病理變化[21,22]。本研究的結(jié)果提示,黏膜免疫熒光陽(yáng)性率低應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎看待,黏膜免疫熒光結(jié)果的陰性可能為假象,臨床工作中需要結(jié)合患兒的臨床特點(diǎn)、胃鏡下十二指腸黏膜的病變嚴(yán)重程度等多方面因素考慮。

由于消化道黏膜血管解剖結(jié)構(gòu)方面的特點(diǎn)加之取材方面的主觀客觀因素,可能導(dǎo)致了十二指腸黏膜免疫熒光的總陽(yáng)性率低于皮膚,黏膜病變程度越重免疫熒光陽(yáng)性率越低。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,HSP患者非紫癜部位的皮膚組織免疫熒光也可呈陽(yáng)性[25],由此提示高度懷疑HSP時(shí),需要消化道黏膜取活檢行免疫熒光檢測(cè)時(shí),可考慮在病變部位或相對(duì)正常部位多點(diǎn)取活檢,并盡可能取得深達(dá)黏膜下層的組織。

關(guān)于胃鏡下黏膜病變程度的劃分未見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,本研究以輕度(充血、水腫)和中重度(糜爛、潰瘍)劃分胃鏡下十二指腸黏膜病變程度,結(jié)合黏膜免疫熒光檢查可在一定程度上提高對(duì)HSP累及消化道黏膜的識(shí)別力。由于胃鏡檢查方便、快捷、安全性高,可在發(fā)病早期通過(guò)胃鏡直觀的觀察并評(píng)估黏膜病變的范圍及嚴(yán)重程度,而且早于免疫熒光試驗(yàn),而且可以省去行免疫熒光試驗(yàn)的費(fèi)用。鑒于此,亟需建立內(nèi)鏡下黏膜病變?cè)u(píng)估方法。

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[13] Kato S, Ozawa KN, Naganuma H, et al. Immunoglobulin A enteropathy: a possible variant of Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura. Dig Dis Sci, 2004, 49(11- 12): 1777- 1781

[14] Giangiacomo J, Tsai CC. Dermal and glomerular deposition of IgA in anaphylactoid purpura. Am J Dis Child, 1977, 131(9): 981- 983

[15] Asamer H, Wohlfarth B, Schabel F, et al. Dittrich P.Clinical and immunological aspects of the Schoenlein- Henoch syndrome. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1974, 104(34): 1188- 1192

[16] Tsai CC, Giangiacomo J, Zuckner J. Letter: dermal IgA deposits in Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura and Berger's nephritis. Lancet, 1975, 1(7902): 342- 343

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[18] Piette WW, Stone MS. A cutaneous sign of IgA- associated small dermal vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis in adults (Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura). Arch Dermatol, 1989, 125(1): 53- 56

[19] Egan CA, Taylor TB, Meyer LJ, et al. IgA1 is the major IgA subclass in cutaneous blood vessels in Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura. Br J Dermatol, 1999, 141(5): 859- 862

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(本文編輯:張崇凡,孫晉楓)

ThevalueandlimitationofmucosalimmunofluorescenceofduodenaldescendingtoassistdiagnosisofHenoch-Sch?nleinpurpura

SONGYing1,4,SHIJie-ru2,4,TANGZi-fei2,FENGJia-yan3,CHENLian3,HUANGYing2

(1DepartmentofPediatrics,F(xiàn)irstPeople'sHospitalofKunshan,Kunshan215300,China; 2DepartmentofDigestive,ChildrenHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai201102,China; 3DepartmentofPathology,ChildrenHospitalofFudanUniversity,Shanghai201102,China; 4hasequalcontributiontothestudy)

Corresponding Author:HUANG Ying,E- mail:yhuang815@163.com

ObjectiveTo study the value of immunofluorescence test and the severity of mucosal lesions of the duodenum descending portion in the diagnosis of Henoch-Sch?nlein purpura.MethodsTo collect the situation of purpura from the medical history and the degree of mucosal lesions and the immunofluorescence results of duodenum under endoscopic examination. The hyperemia and edema of mucosal were defined as mild lesions, the erosion and ulcer were defined as moderate to severe lesions observed under the endoscopy. The typical skin purpura appeared before the examination of gastroscopy was named as early onset purpura, and after that was named as later onset purpura. According to the results of immunofluorescence test was divided into negative and positive.ResultsThe newly diagnosed Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura or suspected Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura patients with the main symptom of abdominal pain were collected who were treated in Department of Gastroenterology of Children's Hospital of Fudan University from April 2014 to December 2015. Fifity- four cases who finished the gastroscopic examination and immunofluorescence test of duodenum portion mucosal were enrolled in the study. Thirty- one cases were males and 23 cases were females; the average age was 8.1±2.7 years; 14 cases were outpatient patients, 40 cases were hospitalized patients; 36 patients (76.7%) were with early onset purpura, 18 cases were with later onset purpura. Duodenal mucosal lesions manifested as congestion and edema in 14 cases, manifested as erosion and ulcers in 40 cases (including erosion in 19 cases and ulcers in 21 cases). Thirty- one cases (57.4%) were immunofluorescence positive of duodenal mucosa and negative in 23 cases. The frequency of moderate to severe mucosal lesions was significantly higher in patients with duodenal mucosal immunofluorescence-negative Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura than that in positive ones (91.3%vs61.3%,P=0.013). The frequency of mild mucosal lesions in patients with immunofluorescence positive of duodenal mucosa was higher than that with negative on the basis of all the patients with early onset purpura, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=4.241,P=0.039). There was no significant difference of the degree of mucosal lesions of duodenal portion between early or later onset purpura regardless of the result of immunofluorescence positive or negative of duodenal descending portion mucosal. There was no significant difference in the proportion of mucosal mild lesions with later onset purpura between immunofluorescence positive and negative of duodenal descending portion mucosal. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of moderate to severe lesions between patients with early onset purpura and patients with later onset purpura regardless of the result of immunofluorescence positive or negative of duodenal descending portion mucosal.ConclusionClinical diagnosis of Henoch- Sch?nlein purpura with negative results of mucosal immunofluorescence should be cautious. It may be mainly associated with the severity of the lesion and can't rule out the biopsy factors, such as location, quantity, depth and equipment.

Henoch-Sch?nlein Purpura; Gastroscopy; Children; Immunofluorescence

1江蘇省昆山市第一人民醫(yī)院兒內(nèi)科 昆山,215300;2復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院消化科 上海,201102;3復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬兒科醫(yī)院病理科 上海,201102;4 共同第一作者

黃瑛,E-mail: yhuang815@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2016.06.010

2016-12-02

2016-12-20)

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