孫 龍, 段宏偉
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬浦東醫(yī)院麻醉科,上?!?01399
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·綜述·
全身麻醉藥與術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展
孫龍, 段宏偉*
復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬浦東醫(yī)院麻醉科,上海201399
[摘要]術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction, POCD)是手術(shù)和麻醉后出現(xiàn)的一種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,在老年患者中發(fā)病率較高。但是,POCD的確切機(jī)制目前仍不明確。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明,全身麻醉藥物作為術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙的影響因素之一,可對(duì)老年患者的認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生廣泛的影響。因此,對(duì)于麻醉藥物影響認(rèn)知功能機(jī)制的探討,對(duì)麻醉醫(yī)師合理使用麻醉藥物有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞]術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙;全身麻醉藥;研究進(jìn)展
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD ) 是指術(shù)前無(wú)精神性疾病的患者術(shù)中受多種因素的影響,術(shù)后出現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可逆性功能紊亂,包括記憶、學(xué)習(xí)、理解、注意等能力的下降甚至性格的改變。這種認(rèn)知功能損害在術(shù)后數(shù)天至數(shù)周開(kāi)始表現(xiàn),且可持續(xù)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。POCD可能的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素包括特殊手術(shù)、高齡、麻醉方式、術(shù)后疼痛、長(zhǎng)期飲酒等[1]。近年來(lái),麻醉藥物特別是全麻藥物對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響越來(lái)越受到重視。本文對(duì)常見(jiàn)全麻藥物與POCD的關(guān)系及其可能的機(jī)制作一綜述。
1POCD的發(fā)生率和影響因素
國(guó)內(nèi)外報(bào)道的POCD發(fā)病率不一,可能與不同研究中患者年齡、手術(shù)方式、腫瘤侵襲程度及POCD的診斷和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等存在差異有關(guān)。研究[2]報(bào)道,冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)后7 d和3個(gè)月POCD的發(fā)生率分別為37.6%和20.8%;Logistic回歸分析表明,高齡、術(shù)中血紅蛋白濃度下降和全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(SIRS)評(píng)分高是冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)患者POCD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。近期關(guān)于非冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋心臟手術(shù)的研究[3]顯示,年齡、七氟烷濃度、手術(shù)、麻醉、主動(dòng)脈鉗閉、體外循環(huán)、復(fù)溫的時(shí)程與POCD有關(guān),其中年齡、七氟烷濃度、主動(dòng)脈鉗閉時(shí)程是POCD發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于POCD的國(guó)際性研究[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),1 218例老年非心臟大手術(shù)患者術(shù)后7 d和3個(gè)月POCD的發(fā)生率分別為25.8%和9.9%;高齡、麻醉持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、受教育程度低、二次手術(shù)、術(shù)后感染以及呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥是術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能障礙的危險(xiǎn)因素,但只有高齡是術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期認(rèn)知功能障礙的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。
2全麻藥物與POCD
2.1丙泊酚與POCD丙泊酚是臨床麻醉中較為常用的脂溶性靜脈麻醉藥, 主要通過(guò)增強(qiáng)γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受體而發(fā)揮麻醉作用,具有持續(xù)輸注無(wú)蓄積、蘇醒迅速、術(shù)后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率較低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。一項(xiàng)meta分析[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),在非心臟手術(shù)后早期(3~7 d),丙泊酚麻醉導(dǎo)致的POCD發(fā)生率低于吸入麻醉;但另有臨床試驗(yàn)[6-7]表明,丙泊酚導(dǎo)致的早期POCD發(fā)生率高于吸入麻醉。一項(xiàng)前瞻性臨床研究[8]顯示,全麻過(guò)程中丙泊酚維持催眠狀態(tài)的劑量隨術(shù)前認(rèn)知功能狀態(tài)的降低而減少,認(rèn)為大腦膽堿能神經(jīng)受損可導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能衰退,并影響老年患者神經(jīng)中樞對(duì)丙泊酚的敏感性。目前認(rèn)為,丙泊酚可能通過(guò)GABAA受體、乙酰膽堿、5-羥色胺、突觸可塑性等影響POCD的發(fā)生。
2.3氯胺酮與POCD氯胺酮是目前唯一具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛的靜脈麻醉藥,且對(duì)呼吸、循環(huán)影響小,常應(yīng)用于小兒麻醉及輔助麻醉。氯胺酮作為N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸( N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA) 受體的非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗劑,可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制影響學(xué)習(xí)和記憶功能。有關(guān)氯胺酮對(duì)認(rèn)知功能影響的基礎(chǔ)研究較為多見(jiàn)。研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),氯胺酮對(duì)酒精引起的小鼠記憶功能損害有協(xié)同作用,認(rèn)為其可能通過(guò)抑制乙酰膽堿和5-羥色胺的功能發(fā)揮作用。Liu等[12]在大鼠的水迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),給予麻醉劑量氯胺酮的大鼠的記憶固化功能?chē)?yán)重受損;Western 印跡發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠海馬中糖原合成酶3-β水平下降、β-連環(huán)蛋白水平升高,提示糖原合成酶3-β/β-連環(huán)蛋白信號(hào)通路可能參與記憶受損過(guò)程,而給予糖原合成酶3-β特異性拮抗劑SB216763后, 氯胺酮誘導(dǎo)的記憶損傷減輕,進(jìn)一步證明了該結(jié)論。
2.4芬太尼、瑞芬太尼與POCD芬太尼和瑞芬太尼是常用的麻醉性短效鎮(zhèn)痛藥,通過(guò)激動(dòng)μ型阿片受體起效,選擇性抑制興奮性沖動(dòng)的傳遞,從而緩解或消除痛覺(jué)和伴隨的行為心理反應(yīng)。新近研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),瑞芬太尼能干擾大腦皮質(zhì)的聯(lián)絡(luò),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能的損害,且這種作用與其鎮(zhèn)痛作用無(wú)關(guān)。Silbert等[15]指出,小劑量芬太尼(10 μg/kg)與大劑量芬太尼(50 μg/kg)對(duì)心臟搭橋術(shù)后3個(gè)月及12個(gè)月認(rèn)知功能的影響差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但小劑量芬太尼增加了術(shù)后1周POCD的發(fā)生率,可能是因?yàn)榇髣┝康姆姨峥奢^強(qiáng)地緩解術(shù)中的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。相比芬太尼,瑞芬太尼具有起效快、易清除、鎮(zhèn)痛效果更明顯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。研究[16]顯示,給予瑞芬太尼與芬太尼麻醉維持均不能避免老年患者POCD的發(fā)生,但給予瑞芬太尼麻醉維持的患者能在更短時(shí)間內(nèi)恢復(fù)認(rèn)知功能,術(shù)后意識(shí)、語(yǔ)言恢復(fù)更快,其可能的原因?yàn)槿鸱姨彷^芬太尼作用時(shí)間短、消除快、代謝不受肝腎功能的影響。
2.5右美托咪定與POCD右美托咪定作為1種高度選擇性α2腎上腺受體激動(dòng)劑,可用于輔助全麻,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、輔助鎮(zhèn)痛、抗焦慮的作用,很少引起呼吸抑制,且對(duì)認(rèn)知功能有益。臨床已證實(shí),右美托咪定相對(duì)其他鎮(zhèn)靜藥可降低譫妄的發(fā)生率,是老年危重患者較好的鎮(zhèn)靜選擇。關(guān)于右美托咪定與POCD關(guān)系的研究較多。最近研究[17]顯示,右美托咪定可明顯改善小鼠脾切除術(shù)后的認(rèn)知功能;通過(guò)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)、Western 印跡及免疫組化分析發(fā)現(xiàn),右美托咪定可降低POCD小鼠的海馬內(nèi)炎癥因子白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)及細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)因子caspase-3的水平,提示海馬內(nèi)的炎癥反應(yīng)與神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡可促進(jìn)POCD的發(fā)生,而選擇性α2腎上腺受體激動(dòng)劑對(duì)此有保護(hù)作用。Zhang 等[18]的臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹腔鏡下結(jié)直腸癌手術(shù)中,給予中劑量[0.5 μg/(kg·h)]和大劑量[(0.8 μg/(kg·h)]的右美托咪定較對(duì)照組和低劑量組[0.2 μg/(kg·h)]可明顯減少POCD的發(fā)生,提示右美托咪定的抗炎及腦保護(hù)功能呈劑量依賴性,右美托咪定到達(dá)一定的血藥濃度時(shí),才能更好地發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用。另有研究[19]顯示,術(shù)中給予右美托咪定可以抑制術(shù)中應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、降低血皮質(zhì)醇濃度,而血皮質(zhì)醇濃度升高與POCD的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),這可能是右美托咪定能夠預(yù)防POCD發(fā)生的機(jī)制之一。此外,右美托咪定還可通過(guò)抗神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡作用預(yù)防POCD的發(fā)生[20-21]。
2.6異氟烷、七氟烷與POCD異氟烷和七氟烷均為常用的吸入麻醉藥,且均能影響老年患者術(shù)后早期的認(rèn)知功能。吸入麻醉藥對(duì)POCD的影響機(jī)制包括腦內(nèi)β 淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)積聚 、神經(jīng)炎癥、 神經(jīng)元內(nèi)鈣失衡等。Lin 等[22]的實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,異氟烷可增加大鼠海馬區(qū)域IL-1β的表達(dá),進(jìn)而損傷海馬細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致大鼠發(fā)生認(rèn)知功能障礙。近期1項(xiàng)關(guān)于成年大鼠主動(dòng)回避行為的研究[23]顯示,給予異氟烷麻醉后的大鼠出現(xiàn)明顯的空間記憶受損?;A(chǔ)研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),異氟烷麻醉可增加大鼠腦內(nèi)β位點(diǎn)APP裂解酶(β-site APP cleavage enzyme,BACE )和Aβ的表達(dá)水平,而Aβ在阿爾茨海默病的發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用。
關(guān)于七氟烷,有研究[25]表明,其與POCD的發(fā)生無(wú)關(guān)。研究[26]比較了安氟烷、異氟烷與七氟烷3種吸入麻醉藥對(duì)老年患者術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)安氟醚與異氟醚可降低老年患者術(shù)后簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)量表(MMSE)評(píng)分、增加S100β蛋白表達(dá)(腦損傷的早期診斷指標(biāo)之一),而七氟醚無(wú)這些影響。上述研究表明,七氟烷對(duì)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能的影響輕于異氟烷。Xu 等[27]指出,七氟烷可劑量相關(guān)性地改善體外循環(huán)過(guò)程中患者的認(rèn)知功能損傷,有利于維持大腦的氧供需平衡。七氟烷對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響還需進(jìn)一步研究。
2.7其他依托咪酯和非甾體類(lèi)抗炎藥等在全身麻醉中也較為常用,但其與POCD關(guān)系的研究相對(duì)較少。研究[28]顯示,注射依托咪酯后,老年大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元不發(fā)生明顯凋亡,提示依托咪酯對(duì)老年大鼠認(rèn)知功能無(wú)明顯影響。Kawano等[29]通過(guò)十二臂輻射迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),非甾體抗炎藥酪洛芬通過(guò)抗炎和緩解疼痛,可抑制老年大鼠術(shù)后記憶缺失的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
3小結(jié)
POCD作為麻醉的常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,可導(dǎo)致康復(fù)延遲、住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增加及其他并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,甚至增加術(shù)后死亡率。因此,POCD的防治具有重要意義,需要臨床醫(yī)師給予足夠的重視。由于神經(jīng)退行性病變的發(fā)病周期長(zhǎng),臨床研究大部分是回顧性研究,因此尚需要更多的大樣本、多中心的前瞻性臨床研究來(lái)揭示POCD的病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制。 在影響POCD的諸多因素中,全麻藥物不容忽視,需要麻醉醫(yī)師根據(jù)患者的實(shí)際情況謹(jǐn)慎合理地選擇藥物種類(lèi)和劑量,防患于未然。
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[本文編輯]姬靜芳
[收稿日期]2015-12-13[接受日期]2016-04-18
[作者簡(jiǎn)介]孫龍, 碩士生. E-mail: sun_long2@163.com *通信作者(Corresponding author). Tel: 021-68035952, E-mail: duanhongwei120@126.com
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R 614.2
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A
Research progress of the relationship between general anesthetics and postoperative cognitive dysfunction
SUN Long, DUAN Hong-wei*
Department of Anesthesiology, Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai201399, China
[Abstract]Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a kind of central nervous system complication after operation and anesthesia, and the incidence rate is high in elderly patients. However, the exact mechanism of POCD remains unclear. In recent years, more and more evidence show that as one of the influencing factors of POCD, the general anesthetics may have a broad impact on cognitive function in elderly patients. The exploration of the influencing mechanism of anesthetics on POCD may have important guiding significance on the anesthesiologists’ rational use of drugs.
[Key Words]postoperative cognitive dysfunction; general anesthetics; research progress