張莉,王震宇,王光霞,王慶
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超聲內(nèi)鏡對ERCP術(shù)前不明原因膽總管擴(kuò)張的應(yīng)用探討
張莉1,王震宇1,王光霞1,王慶1
目的探討超聲內(nèi)鏡(EUS)在逆行膽胰管造影術(shù)(ERCP)前對不明原因膽總管擴(kuò)張的診斷價值。方法60例不明原因膽總管擴(kuò)張患者,經(jīng)腹部超聲(TUS)、CT和(或)磁共振胰膽管造影(MRCP)檢查提示膽總管擴(kuò)張、可疑膽胰病變但原因不明,ERCP術(shù)前行EUS檢查診斷,并以ERCP、手術(shù)病理及隨訪確診的結(jié)果為最終診斷。結(jié)果經(jīng)ERCP確診為膽總管下端結(jié)石者39例,EUS診斷38例,另1例EUS診為膽總管下端腫瘤。ERCP及手術(shù)病理確診為膽總管下端腫瘤10例、膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤2例、壺腹部腫瘤2例;EUS診斷結(jié)果分別為11例、0例及3例,其中1例確診為膽總管下端結(jié)石者EUS提示為膽總管下端腫瘤,2例確診為膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤患者EUS將其中1例診斷為炎性狹窄,另1例診斷為壺腹部腫瘤。術(shù)后隨訪確診為十二指腸乳頭炎性狹窄7例,EUS診斷結(jié)果為8例,其中1例術(shù)后隨訪并經(jīng)ERCP病理確診為膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤。診斷正確率95%(57/60)。結(jié)論EUS對不明原因膽總管擴(kuò)張的定位及定性診斷均有很高的診斷價值,特別是能提高膽總管下端結(jié)石確診率,高于MRCP檢查,并能指導(dǎo)選擇性地進(jìn)行ERCP,提高治療效果,減少風(fēng)險。
膽胰管造影術(shù),內(nèi)窺鏡逆行;超聲內(nèi)鏡;膽總管擴(kuò)張
膽胰系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)使得膽胰結(jié)合部病變的術(shù)前鑒別診斷變得困難,目前診斷主要依賴于影像學(xué)檢查。經(jīng)腹部超聲(transabdominal ultrasound,TUS)是一種快速、非侵入性的檢查方式,但常常因氣體、脂肪組織等干擾使膽道下端圖像較難判定;電子計算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)具有非侵入性的優(yōu)勢,但存在X線輻射問題;且TUS和CT判斷膽管擴(kuò)張原因的特異度不高。逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)被認(rèn)為是診斷膽道系統(tǒng)疾病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但其具有侵入性,且存在術(shù)后發(fā)生胰腺炎等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的潛在風(fēng)險[1]。磁共振胰膽管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)可較準(zhǔn)確地反映膽道系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài),但受膽道充盈的影響,僅對膽道異常圖像敏感,亦無法提供組織學(xué)診斷,存在一定的局限性[2]。在TUS、CT、MRCP等未明確診斷情況下,盲目地進(jìn)行ERCP或者手術(shù)治療,更易對患者造成傷害。超聲內(nèi)鏡(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)可提高對膽胰結(jié)合部病變的檢出率及診斷率,且有可能獲得組織病理學(xué)診斷結(jié)果,確定病變侵及的深度、惡性病變的遠(yuǎn)處分期情況,從而提高術(shù)前膽管擴(kuò)張微小病變的診斷率,減少相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[3]。本研究旨在就可疑膽胰病變且膽總管擴(kuò)張原因不明患者的EUS診斷的相關(guān)資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,探討EUS對此類患者的臨床診斷價值。
1.1研究對象選取2014年9月—2015年9月就診于我院內(nèi)鏡中心,經(jīng)腹部超聲、CT和(或)MRCP檢查初步診斷為可疑膽胰病變但原因不明的膽總管擴(kuò)張患者60例,男36例,女24例,年齡為(61.7±12.1)歲。多數(shù)患者因右上腹痛就診,均有不同程度的血、尿膽紅素增高,部分伴惡心,伴或不伴皮膚鞏膜黃染。
1.2方法EUS采用富士超聲內(nèi)鏡系統(tǒng)SU-7000及環(huán)陣掃描超聲電子內(nèi)鏡(EG-530UR,頻率為5~12 MHz),應(yīng)用直接接觸法或水囊法加脫氣水充盈法[4]。ERCP采用富士高清數(shù)字化電子內(nèi)鏡系統(tǒng)EPX-4450HD及ED-530XT電子十二指腸鏡,行ERCP確定疾病類型并治療。以ERCP、手術(shù)病理及隨訪確診的結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),考察EUS診斷的差異。
2.1診斷結(jié)果比較經(jīng)ERCP確診為膽總管下端結(jié)石者39例,EUS診斷38例,另1例EUS提示下端有中等回聲團(tuán),后方不伴聲影,診斷為膽總管下端腫瘤。ERCP及手術(shù)病理確診為膽總管下端腫瘤10例、膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤2例、壺腹部腫瘤2例;EUS診斷結(jié)果分別為11例、0例及3例,其中1例最終確診為膽總管下端結(jié)石者EUS誤診為膽總管下端腫瘤,2例最終確診為膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤患者EUS將其中1例診斷為炎性狹窄,另1例診斷為壺腹部腫瘤。術(shù)后隨訪確診為十二指腸乳頭炎性狹窄7例,EUS診斷結(jié)果為8例,其中1例術(shù)后隨訪并經(jīng)ERCP病理確診為膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤。診斷正確率為95%(57/60),見表1。
Tab.1 Comparison of the diagnostic results between EUS and gold standard表1 EUS與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷結(jié)果比較
2.2典型病例
例1男,56歲。主因右上腹不適半個月余,于2015年2月25日入本院。患者半個月前出現(xiàn)右上腹不適、納差,無皮膚鞏膜黃染、腹部無壓痛、反跳痛,3 d前于外院CT提示膽總管下端小結(jié)節(jié),膽囊增大:保守治療,無明顯好轉(zhuǎn)。既往體健。本院TUS提示膽總管擴(kuò)張(下端氣體干擾顯示不清)伴膽囊炎、膽囊內(nèi)膽汁淤積。查MRCP提示膽總管輕度擴(kuò)張,膽囊增大伴膽汁淤積,見圖1A;血清膽紅素輕度增高。2015年2月28日行EUS提示膽總管下端有中等回聲團(tuán),后方聲影不明顯,考慮為膽總管下端腫瘤,見圖1B;遂行ERCP插管造影下端充盈缺損影,見圖1C;經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡乳頭括約肌切開術(shù)(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)后見一透亮結(jié)石排出,見圖1D。最終診斷為膽總管下端小結(jié)石?;颊逧RCP 1周后行腹腔鏡膽囊切除,治愈出院。
例2女,66歲。主因右上腹痛伴皮膚鞏膜黃染1個月,于2015年7月10日入本院?;颊?個月前出現(xiàn)右上腹痛伴皮膚鞏膜黃染,小便色黃,腹部輕壓痛、無反跳痛及肌緊張。入院檢查:TUS提示膽總管輕度擴(kuò)張,下段氣體干擾顯示不清,疑診斷為膽囊結(jié)石;CT提示膽管下端小結(jié)節(jié),疑診斷為膽囊結(jié)石,見圖2A;MRCP提示膽總管下端狹窄,疑診斷為膽囊結(jié)石,見圖2B;血清總膽紅素增高(49 μmol/L),直接膽紅素增高(36 μmol/L),血腫瘤標(biāo)志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)均在正常范圍。2015年7 月16日行EUS提示膽管下端側(cè)生性中低回聲團(tuán),見圖2C;行ERCP中EST后可見壺腹背側(cè)黏膜充血,見圖2D。2015年7月24日病理檢測結(jié)果最終確診為腺癌,后行手術(shù)治療。
A:MRCP顯示膽管擴(kuò)張;B:EUS示膽總管下端中強(qiáng)回聲,不伴聲影;C:ERCPX線下下端密度減低影;D:ERCP鏡下見小結(jié)石排出Fig. 1 Pictures showingendoscopic diagnosis and treatment process of small stones at the lower common bile duct圖1 膽總管下端小結(jié)石診治過程
A:CT顯示膽管下端小結(jié)節(jié);B:MRCP示膽總管擴(kuò)張伴下端狹窄;C:EUS顯示膽總管下端側(cè)生性中低回聲團(tuán);D:ERCP中EST后病理證實為壺腹部腺癌Fig. 2 Pictures showingendoscopic diagnosis and treatment process of periampullary adenocarcinoma圖2 壺腹部占位的診治過程
臨床中術(shù)前TUS、CT、MRCP等影像學(xué)檢查膽總管擴(kuò)張原因不明時,是否需要行有創(chuàng)的ERCP診療或手術(shù)治療已成為臨床棘手問題。EUS對微小病變比TUS、CT、MRI的病變檢出率高,且不受腸氣干擾,可在胃腸道腔內(nèi)近距離觀察膽胰結(jié)合部病變。Del Pozo等[5]研究顯示,與ERCP、MRCP比較,EUS不僅能顯示膽管、胰管形態(tài)、病變的范圍,還能觀察膽管及管腔外病變情況,是消化道及膽胰疾病診斷和分期的重要影像工具。另有研究顯示,EUS對膽總管結(jié)石診斷的敏感性、特異性、準(zhǔn)確率分別為94%~100%、80%~99%、93%~99%[6-8]。EUS的優(yōu)點為侵入創(chuàng)傷性小、安全,可探測到常規(guī)TUS不能觀察到的膽泥,對直徑<5 mm小結(jié)石的敏感性高于CT、MRCP[9]。在英國國民健康服務(wù)(national health service,UK NHS)中,MRCP被認(rèn)為是診斷膽總管結(jié)石的最經(jīng)濟(jì)的診斷方式,但對于被B超和CT漏診的細(xì)小結(jié)石,治療性ERCP在EUS檢查后可有選擇性地進(jìn)行,從而避免十二指腸乳頭的切開及可能并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[7]。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會消化內(nèi)鏡分會2010年制定了ERCP診治指南,也明確了EUS在治療性ERCP中的應(yīng)用價值[1]。但由于膽管結(jié)石成分構(gòu)成、膽汁濃稠程度及所處位置的影響,對于回聲不強(qiáng)、聲影不明顯的中等回聲團(tuán),EUS的診斷存在一定的局限。本組中EUS診斷膽總管結(jié)石38例,而經(jīng)ERCP確診為膽總管下端結(jié)石并行EST和取石術(shù)者為39例,其中1例患者EUS提示下端中等回聲團(tuán),后方不伴聲影,診斷為膽總管下端腫瘤,后行ERCP診斷,行EST后在大量墨綠色膽汁涌出過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)1枚透亮結(jié)石。
通常情況下,CT對肝內(nèi)、肝門區(qū)病變的診斷準(zhǔn)確性優(yōu)于EUS,對膽管內(nèi)較小腫瘤顯示較ERCP、MRCP差;對低位及壺腹部膽胰系腫瘤的顯示需要薄層掃描,對由炎癥或腫瘤所致膽管同軸型增厚定性較為困難。MRCP檢查能直接客觀地反映生理狀態(tài)下膽胰管大小,可顯示近、遠(yuǎn)側(cè)梗阻及多發(fā)梗阻,但圖像重建后小病變易被掩蓋,對壺腹部改變顯示較差;ERCP檢查能清晰顯示肝內(nèi)外膽管全貌,并能在內(nèi)鏡下對十二指腸乳頭區(qū)黏膜進(jìn)行直接觀察和活檢[2]。EUS對膽管下端腫瘤診斷的陰性預(yù)測值高達(dá)100%;對于直徑>3 cm病變的診斷敏感性可高達(dá)100%,而且大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報道對于直徑2~3 cm或更小的占位性病變的診斷敏感性EUS明顯高于CT、MRCP[4,10-12]。李生等[10]研究顯示,對于膽管下端狹窄、壺腹癌等病變,可以通過EUS從不同的角度掃查來觀察病變的整體形態(tài),有利于得出較為準(zhǔn)確的臨床診斷,可使部分患者避免行風(fēng)險較高的ERCP。EUS對胰腺癌診斷準(zhǔn)確性也明顯高于其他檢查方法[11]。對于十二指腸乳頭、壺腹部腫瘤,EUS還可以通過內(nèi)鏡圖像進(jìn)行直觀地觀察,診斷準(zhǔn)確率優(yōu)于其他影像學(xué)檢查[12]。本組病例2的術(shù)前影像學(xué)診斷均無病變提示,僅僅提示膽總管擴(kuò)張,因此無法做出下一步治療的計劃,而通過術(shù)前EUS的診斷,行ERCP并局部活檢最終確診為腺癌。
目前,EUS對于壺腹、膽管下端病變的診斷病例數(shù)量尚少,區(qū)分壺腹、膽管下端良惡性病變的能力并不強(qiáng)。本例ERCP中病理診斷的2例膽管乳頭狀瘤患者,EUS并未能準(zhǔn)確診斷,1例EUS提示壺腹部低回聲團(tuán),診斷為壺腹部腫瘤;而另1例患者EUS診斷為炎性狹窄,術(shù)后6個月患者還出現(xiàn)梗阻性黃疸,復(fù)查MRCP、ERCP病理后最終確診為膽管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤。因此,EUS的定位及定性診斷仍需提高。膽管遠(yuǎn)端炎性狹窄臨床無法通過單純的影像學(xué)檢查確診,EUS雖然可以比較明確地定位膽管狹窄的部位和程度,但準(zhǔn)確性并不高,將EUS聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于診斷過程中,可以大大提高臨床診斷的敏感性和特異性[13]。本組經(jīng)隨訪最終確診7例為乳頭炎性狹窄。研究認(rèn)為,雖然乳頭炎性狹窄無特異EUS表現(xiàn),但EUS對非腫瘤性疾病,如炎癥性狹窄、局限性胰頭炎等診斷結(jié)果較為準(zhǔn)確[14]。
綜上所述,EUS對不明原因膽總管擴(kuò)張的定位及定性診斷均有很高的診斷價值,特別是能提高膽總管下端結(jié)石的確診率,高于腹部B超、CT和(或)MRCP檢查,并能指導(dǎo)選擇性地進(jìn)行ERCP,提高治療效果,減少風(fēng)險。
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(2016-03-28收稿2016-04-26修回)
(本文編輯陸榮展)
The application of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of unexplained bile duct expansion before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ZHANG Li1,WANG Zhenyu1,WANG Guangxia2,WANG Qing1
1 Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment Center,2 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Center,Tianjin Nankai Hospital,Tianjin 300100,China Corresponding Author E-mail:13312129889@163.com
Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)for unexplained bile duct expansion in patients before retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP). Methods Sixty patients with unknown causes of bile duct dilatation were included in this study. Patients were examined by abdominal ultrasound(TUS),CT and(or)magnetic resonance imaging(MRCP)suggesting the dilatation of common bile duct,suspecting biliary pancreatic disease with unknown cause. EUS diagnosis was performed before ERCP surgery. The final diagnosis was confirmed by ERCP,pathology and follow-up diagnosis. Results Thirty-nine patients were diagnosed as distal bile duct stone by ERCP,38 were diagnosed by EUS,and one case was diagnosed as common bile duct bottom tumors by EUS. There were 10 cases were diagnosed as common bile duct bottom tumors by ERCP and surgical pathology,2 cases were diagnosed as biliary papillomatosis,2 cases were diagnosed as periampullary carcinoma. There were 11,0 and 3 cases were diagnosed by EUS. One case was diagnosed as distal bile duct stone,which was diagnosed as common bile duct bottom tumor by EUS. Two cases were diagnosed as papillary tumor of the bile duct,one of which was diagnosed as inflammatory stenosis,another one was diagnosed as periampullary carcinoma by EUS. Results of postoperative follow-up confirmed that 7 cases were duodenal papilla inflammatory stenosis. Eight cases were diagnosed by EUS,one of them was followed up and pathologically diagnosed as biliary papillomatosis by ERCP. The diagnostic accuray was 95%(57/60). Conclusion EUS has higher value in the diagnosis of unexplained bile duct expansion,which especially can improve the diagnostic rate of distal bile duct stone compared with that of MRCPdetection,and can guide selectively ERCP,improve the therapeutic effect,and reduce its risk.
cholangiopancreatography,endoscopic retrograde;endoscopic ultrasonography;common bile duct expansion
R445.1
A
10.11958/20160220
1天津市,天津市南開醫(yī)院內(nèi)鏡診斷和治療中心(郵編300100),2超聲診斷中心
張莉(1980),女,主治醫(yī)師,天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)博士研究生,主要從事消化內(nèi)鏡診療
E-mail:13312129889@163.com