白雪峰 李瑞斌 萬智恒 白慶陽(yáng)
三種膽腸吻合術(shù)在晚期壺腹周圍癌姑息性治療的對(duì)比性研究
白雪峰 李瑞斌 萬智恒 白慶陽(yáng)
目的 對(duì)比膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合、膽囊空腸襻式吻合與膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合三種不同的手術(shù)方式在晚期壺腹周圍癌姑息性治療中的療效。方法 回顧性分析包頭醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院2009年1月~2015年6月確診的63例壺腹周圍癌晚期,由于各種原因造成梗阻性黃疸不能行根治術(shù)患者,分為3組,一組行膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合(膽囊空腸組),一組行膽囊空腸襻式吻合(襻式吻合組),一組行膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合(膽管空腸組)。觀察其相應(yīng)指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 63例患者均手術(shù)順利完成。3組患者術(shù)后住院時(shí)間[膽囊空腸組:(17.85±4.75)d,膽管空腸組:(20.64±4.71)d,襻式吻合組:(20.07±3.90)d]、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間[膽囊空腸組:(23.92±5.53)h,膽管空腸組:(23.41±7.27)h,襻式吻合組:(26.47±8.59)h]、術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間[膽囊空腸組:(71.12±9.81)h,襻式吻合組:(67.00±9.89)h,膽管空腸組:(67.32±8.99)h]、術(shù)后減黃效果[膽囊空腸組術(shù)前、術(shù)后1、3、7 d膽紅素水平為(227.18±40.10)μmol/L、(178.13±27.40)μmol/L、(116.88±20.49)μmol/L、(72.26±12.10)μmol/L;襻式吻合組分別為(220.87±49.62)μmol/L、(173.28±32.03)μmol/L、(121.89±34.92)μmol/L、(74.31±13.01)μmol/L;膽管空腸組分別為:(233.49±53.93)μmol/L、(172.64±31.61)μmol/L、(123.81±22.73)μmol/L、(73.00±9.51)μmol/L]、及術(shù)后生存率差異(膽囊空腸組中位生存期8.05 m、襻式吻合組中位生存期8.9 m、膽管空腸組中位生存期7.9 m)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。手術(shù)時(shí)間[膽囊空腸組(124.12±11.35)h、襻式吻合組(125.53±10.51)h、膽管空腸組(134.55±9.54)h],術(shù)中出血量[(膽囊空腸組(244.62±28.74)mL、膽管空腸組(269.55±28.70)mL、襻式吻合組(234.00±23.54)mL]膽囊空腸組與襻式吻合組均低于膽管空腸組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。膽囊空腸組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(3.8%)均低于襻式吻合組(33.3%)及膽管空腸組(45.5%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合手術(shù)時(shí)間短、手術(shù)操作相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥低、減黃效果好,對(duì)于一般情況較差,膽囊管通暢,無膽道結(jié)石、膽道畸形患者可作為其首選術(shù)式,對(duì)于基層醫(yī)院及經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)城市的醫(yī)院具有很大的推廣價(jià)值。
晚期壺腹周圍癌;膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合;膽囊空腸襻式吻合;膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合
肝胰壺腹是指膽總管在穿經(jīng)十二指腸壁時(shí)與胰管匯合,匯合后略膨大的部位,簡(jiǎn)稱壺腹。由于其具有很強(qiáng)的隱匿性,早期很難被診斷。往往患者就診時(shí)已處于晚期[1]。目前胰十二指腸切除術(shù)仍為其首選治療方法,早期診斷、早期手術(shù)以及規(guī)范的淋巴結(jié)清掃是進(jìn)一步改善壺腹周圍癌預(yù)后的關(guān)鍵所在[2]。姑息治療可達(dá)到解除梗阻,緩解癥狀延患者生存時(shí)間的目的長(zhǎng)[3]。姑息性膽汁引流就成為處理晚期惡性梗阻性黃疸患者的首要選擇[4]。目前經(jīng)典的膽腸吻合為膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合,其引流效果及患者遠(yuǎn)期生活質(zhì)量已被普遍認(rèn)可[5],但其存在手術(shù)復(fù)雜,手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),術(shù)后膽漏、出血、吻合口狹窄發(fā)生率高等缺點(diǎn)[6]。膽囊空腸吻合雖然存在一些弊端[7],但因膽囊容易暴露,手術(shù)操作簡(jiǎn)單等優(yōu)點(diǎn),仍作為晚期壺腹周圍癌姑息性治療的一個(gè)重要手段應(yīng)用于臨床[8]。本文將回顧性分析63例壺腹周圍癌晚期,由于各方面原因造成梗阻性黃疸不能行根治術(shù)患者分別行膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合,膽囊空腸襻式吻合及經(jīng)典膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合三種術(shù)式,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料 63例晚期壺腹周圍癌患者分別行三種姑息手術(shù)方法,26例行膽囊空腸Rou-Y吻合(膽囊空腸組),其中男15例、女11例,年齡(64.85±9.46)歲。15例行膽囊空腸襻式吻合(襻式吻合組),其中男6例,女9例,年齡(65.93±10.77)歲。22例行經(jīng)典膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合(膽管空腸組),其中男9例,女13例,年齡(66.36±9.36)歲,3組患者一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性。術(shù)前均行彩超,腹部CT,MRCP,腫瘤標(biāo)記物,等相關(guān)檢查,術(shù)中經(jīng)探查,快速冰凍及術(shù)后常規(guī)病理證實(shí)為壺腹周圍癌。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
1.2.1 膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合 術(shù)中探查膽囊管通暢,膽囊無結(jié)石、腫塊后,距Treitz韌帶15 cm橫斷空腸,閉合遠(yuǎn)端空腸,提起其遠(yuǎn)端,經(jīng)橫結(jié)腸前與膽囊行膽囊空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合,空腸近斷端距離吻合口45~50 cm處行空腸空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合。
1.2.2 膽囊空腸襻式吻合術(shù) 吻合時(shí)不需要橫斷空腸,找到曲氏韌帶,提起空腸在距曲氏韌帶20~30 cm處(此段空腸長(zhǎng)度以膽腸吻合口無張力的基礎(chǔ)上放長(zhǎng)5 cm為原則)與膽囊行側(cè)側(cè)吻合,然后將距膽腸吻合口約35~40 cm的膽汁引流空腸袢與距曲氏韌帶約15 cm的空腸再行空腸空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合。
1.2.3 膽管空腸Roux-Y吻合 常規(guī)切除膽囊,游離膽總管,Treitz韌帶15 cm切斷空腸,遠(yuǎn)斷端閉合,上提遠(yuǎn)端空腸經(jīng)橫結(jié)腸前方與膽總管或肝總管行端側(cè)或側(cè)側(cè)吻合,空腸近斷端距離吻合口45~50 cm處行空腸空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合。
1.3 注意事項(xiàng) 行膽囊空腸吻合應(yīng)確定膽囊管通暢,膽囊無殘余結(jié)石,膽囊管無低位匯入。膽囊管Hartmann處有Heister瓣,此瓣為螺旋瓣,約(5.5±0.3)個(gè),神經(jīng)離斷后易致狹窄。所以在行膽囊空腸吻合時(shí)應(yīng)注意:(1)充分游離膽囊管,明確其以合適的角度匯入,避免有低匯入情況。(2)用止血鉗經(jīng)膽囊切開處深入膽囊頸部,鈍性撐開膽囊頸部膽囊管,破壞Heister瓣結(jié)構(gòu)使其失去功能,成為一個(gè)通暢的肌性管道,這樣可避免術(shù)后膽囊管狹窄,使膽汁通暢引流。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo) 比較3組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間、術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后減黃效果、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后反流性膽管炎發(fā)生率。
1.5 隨訪 所有患者均通過電話或門診復(fù)查隨訪,所有患者均獲隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間6~19個(gè)月
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 22.0進(jìn)行處理,組間均數(shù)分析采用單因素方差分析進(jìn)行,各組間均數(shù)兩兩比較采用LSD-T檢驗(yàn),組間率的比較采用行×列表進(jìn)行分析,α=0.05。率之間兩兩比較采用卡方分割法進(jìn)行分析,α=0.0125。生存率采用logrank檢驗(yàn),α=0.05。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3組患者術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后下地時(shí)間、術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間,術(shù)后減緩效果差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表1。3組患者術(shù)前膽紅素水平,術(shù)后1、3、7 d膽紅素水平差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,由此可見3組患者減黃效果差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表2。手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量方面膽囊空腸組與襻式吻合組均低于膽管空腸組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。膽囊空腸組術(shù)后膽漏、吻合口狹窄、反流性膽管炎等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均低于襻式吻合組及膽管空腸組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。3組術(shù)后生存期差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表5。
表1 3組術(shù)后臨床指標(biāo)比較(x±s)
表2 3組膽紅素水平比較(x±s,μmol/L)
表3 3組術(shù)中臨床指標(biāo)比較(x±s)
表4 3組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較(n)
表5 3組術(shù)后生存情況
三種手術(shù)方式切口位置及類型相似,術(shù)前均需行腸道準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)中均需切開空腸進(jìn)行吻合,雖襻式吻合組未直接橫斷空腸,但其仍需進(jìn)行空腸與空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合,所以三種手術(shù)方法在患者術(shù)后下地時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間及術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間上差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,膽管空腸吻合的術(shù)后減黃效果優(yōu)于膽囊空腸吻合[9],其原因在于膽囊管的迂曲,變異,術(shù)中破壞Heister瓣神經(jīng)[10],造成膽囊管痙攣及腫瘤的侵犯等,本研究中膽囊空腸Roux-Y及膽囊空腸襻式吻合術(shù),術(shù)中均常規(guī)探查無膽道畸形及膽囊管并行、低匯入情況,且術(shù)中機(jī)械性破壞膽囊管肌性結(jié)構(gòu),以保證膽囊管的通暢。術(shù)后減黃效果與膽總管空腸吻合無明顯差異。
膽囊空腸組及襻式吻合組手術(shù)由于膽囊位置淺,容易暴露且基底部寬大,與空腸吻合時(shí)難度較小,且吻合口可靠[11]。膽管空腸吻合常規(guī)切除膽囊,需解剖肝十二指腸韌帶,游離并橫斷膽總管,且對(duì)膽總管寬度要求較高且位置深,吻合難度較大,其手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后膽漏及吻合口狹窄發(fā)生率等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率顯著高于前兩組。本研究中膽囊空腸組在手術(shù)時(shí)間方面與襻式吻合組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。膽囊空腸組術(shù)中需橫斷空腸,行Roux-Y吻合,而襻式吻合組無需橫斷空腸,手術(shù)步驟方面明顯較膽囊空腸組簡(jiǎn)單,但是由于現(xiàn)在腸道吻合器及閉合器在臨床普及應(yīng)用,使空腸Roux-Y吻合更加簡(jiǎn)便易行且吻合口較傳統(tǒng)吻合更加可靠,極大縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間。膽囊空腸組及膽管空腸組均運(yùn)用經(jīng)典的Roux-Y吻合術(shù)式,由于膽汁引流橋袢的建立,其反流性膽管炎發(fā)生率顯著低于襻式吻合組。近年來有學(xué)者提出改良襻式吻合術(shù),該術(shù)式是在膽管空腸襻式吻合術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,用一根線,結(jié)扎空腸與空腸側(cè)側(cè)吻合近端,防止腸道反流[12],有報(bào)道提出其術(shù)后膽道感染率及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間下降[13]。但術(shù)中結(jié)扎力度的把握、術(shù)后腸粘膜的損害、術(shù)后結(jié)扎處的血運(yùn)及遠(yuǎn)期的影響仍待進(jìn)一步研究。膽管空腸吻合組由于進(jìn)行膽管空腸吻合,其位置深,膽管不易暴露,吻合難度大,對(duì)術(shù)者要求較高,其術(shù)后膽漏及吻合口狹窄發(fā)生率高于其他2組。由于3組手術(shù)均為姑息的減黃改道手術(shù),未從根本上解除腫瘤本身,所以3組在術(shù)后生存率上差異無無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
綜上所述,膽囊空腸Roux-Y吻合其療效確切,患者恢復(fù)時(shí)間快,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少,且減黃效果及術(shù)后生存率方面與其他2組無明顯差異,所以在晚期壺腹周圍癌患者姑息性治療中仍有不可替代的作用,尤其可作為膽囊無結(jié)石,膽囊管無畸形及低匯入患者的首選術(shù)式。
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Objective the curative effects of gallbladder jejunum Roux-Y anastomosis, gallbladder jejunum loop-type anatomosis and bile duct jejunum Roux-Y anastomosis, three kinds of various operation methods, in palliative treatment of advanced periampullary carcinoma were compared. Methods 63 cases of patients with advanced periampullary carcinoma who diagnosed in NO.1 Hospital of Baotou Medical College from January 2009 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. There were some patients with obstructive jaundice who was not able to carry out radical operation due to various reasons. They were divided into 3 groups, gallbladder jejeunum Roux-Y anastomosis (gallbladder jejunum group), gallbladder jejunum loop-type anatomosis (loop-type anatomosis group) and bile duct jejunum Roux-Y anastomosis (bile duct jejunum group). The corresponding indicators were observed. Results operations of 63 cases of patients were all completed successfully. The hospital stay of patients in 3 groups [gallbladder jejunum group: (17.85±4.76)d, bile duct jejunum group: (20.64±4.71)d, loop-type anatomosis group: (20.07±3.90)d], postoperative ambulation time [gallbladder jejunum group: (23.92±5.53)h, bile duct jejunum group: (23.41±7.27)h, loop-type anatomosis group: (26.47±8.59)h], postoperative gastrointestinal function recovery time [gallbladder jejunum group: (71.12±9.8)h, loop-type anatomosis group: (67.00±9.89)h, bile duct jejunum group: (67.32±8.99)h], postoperative effect of reducing jaundice [bilirubin levels of gallbladder jejunum group at 1, 3, 7 days before and after operation were (227.18±40.10)μmol/L, (178.13±27.40)μmol/L, (116.88±20.49)μmol/L, (72.26±12.10)μmol/L; levels of loop-type anatomosis group were (220.87±49.62)μmol/L, (173.28±32.03)μmol/L, (121.89±34.92)μmol/L, (74.31±13.01)μmol/L, respectively; levels of bile duct jejunum group were (233.49±53.93)μmol/L, (172.64± 31.61)μmol/L, (123.81±22.73)μmol/L, (73.00±9.510)μmol/L], and differencesof postoperative survival rates (median survival time of gallbladder jejunum group was 8.05m, loop-type anatomosis group7.9m, bile duct jejunum 8.9m) were not statistically signif i cant. Operation time [gallbladder jejunum group: (124.1±11.35)h, loop-type anatomosis group: (125.53±10.51) h, bile duct jejunum group: (134.55±9.54)h), intraoperative blood loss [gallbladder jejunum group: (244.62±28.74)mL, bile duct jejunum group: (269.55±28.70)mL, loop-type anatomosis group: (234.00±23.54)mL); gallbladder jejunum group and loop-type anatomosis group were both lower than bile duct jejunum group(P<0.05), and the differences were statistically signif i cant. Postoperative complication occurrence rates of allbladder jejunum group (3.8%) were lower than those of loop-type anatomosis group(33.3%) and bile duct anatomosis group (45.5%) (P<0.05), and the differences were statistically signif i cant. Conclusion the operation time of gallbladder jejunum Roux-Y anatomosis is short, with relatively easy operative procedures, low postoperative complication occurrence and good effect of reducing jaundice. For patients whose general situation is poor, with smooth gallbladder duct and bile duct malformation, without calculus of bile duct, it can be regarded as preferred operative method, which is of great promotional value for grassroots hospitals and hospitals in underdeveloped cities.
Advanced peri-ampullar carcinoma; Roux-Y cholecystojejunostomy; Loop type cholecystojejunostomy; Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2016.24.002
內(nèi)蒙古 014000 包頭醫(yī)學(xué)院 (白雪峰 李瑞斌 萬智恒 白慶陽(yáng))
萬智恒 E-mail:15849472388@163.com