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記憶障礙遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)訓(xùn)練模式的療效

2016-06-07 08:09:24高明明惲?xí)云?/span>張慧麗郭華珍王科英牛秀蓮喬穎欣

高明明,惲?xí)云?,張慧麗,郭華珍,王科英,牛秀蓮,喬穎欣

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記憶障礙遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)訓(xùn)練模式的療效

高明明1,2,惲?xí)云?,2,張慧麗1,2,郭華珍1,2,王科英3,牛秀蓮4,喬穎欣5

[摘要]目的觀察記憶障礙遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)訓(xùn)練模式的療效。方法2010年8月~2015年4月,將符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的記憶障礙患者81例隨機(jī)分為對照組(n=26)、儀器組(n=33)和遠(yuǎn)程組(n=22)。所有入組患者均服用改善腦血管藥物。儀器組和遠(yuǎn)程組分別采用認(rèn)知康復(fù)系統(tǒng)或其遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)版進(jìn)行以記憶康復(fù)為主的訓(xùn)練,共6周。訓(xùn)練前后采用韋氏記憶量表、Rivermead行為記憶測驗(yàn)第2版和Rey聽覺詞語學(xué)習(xí)測驗(yàn)進(jìn)行評定。結(jié)果訓(xùn)練后,儀器組和遠(yuǎn)程組各項(xiàng)成績較治療前明顯提高(t>3.795,P<0.01),遠(yuǎn)程組與儀器組間無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。對照組兩次評定成績無顯著性差異(t<0.771,P>0.05)。結(jié)論記憶障礙康復(fù)訓(xùn)練可明顯改善患者的記憶能力,遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)可以達(dá)到與本地訓(xùn)練相近的療效。

[關(guān)鍵詞]記憶障礙;認(rèn)知康復(fù);遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)

[本文著錄格式]高明明,惲?xí)云?,張慧麗,?記憶障礙遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)訓(xùn)練模式的療效[J].中國康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2016,22(5): 518-522.

作者單位:1.首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京市100068;2.中國康復(fù)研究中心北京博愛醫(yī)院康復(fù)評定科,北京市100068;3.黑龍江省大慶油田總醫(yī)院康復(fù)科,黑龍江大慶市163001;4.上海市殘疾人康復(fù)職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中心,上海市200127;5.黑龍江省海員總醫(yī)院康復(fù)科,黑龍江哈爾濱市150020。

獲得性腦損傷(acquired brain injury,ABI)已經(jīng)成為發(fā)達(dá)國家重要的致殘因素[1]。世界衛(wèi)生組織預(yù)測,到2020年,ABI的兩大主要疾病腦外傷和腦卒中將會被列為人類最為關(guān)注的五大病因[2];其所導(dǎo)致的運(yùn)動功能障礙及認(rèn)知障礙等,嚴(yán)重影響患者日后的生活。

近10年來,遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療發(fā)展迅速,全世界許多國家的衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)都已開始應(yīng)用信息通信技術(shù)為身處偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的患者提供健康服務(wù)[3-4]。所謂遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù),是指應(yīng)用計算機(jī)技術(shù)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)以及多媒體信息技術(shù),為功能障礙與殘疾者提供康復(fù)服務(wù),支持其獨(dú)立生活[5]。遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)已涉足認(rèn)知、語言康復(fù)[6-11],吞咽康復(fù)[12],運(yùn)動療法[13-24]、作業(yè)療法等領(lǐng)域?;诨ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)使患者得以在基層醫(yī)院、社區(qū)、家中獲得康復(fù)指導(dǎo),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)康復(fù)的連續(xù)性和可移動性[25-26]。

針對ABI患者,Jelcic等[27]、Poon等[28]應(yīng)用遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)技術(shù)分別對早期阿爾茨海默病患者及存在記憶障礙的社區(qū)老年人進(jìn)行認(rèn)知康復(fù),取得了與傳統(tǒng)面對面療法相近的療效。Ng等[29]與Williamson等[30]將遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)技術(shù)分別應(yīng)用于腦外傷患者執(zhí)行功能及面孔識別障礙的治療。

Azad等[31]與Barton等[32]分別報道了遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療與視頻遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療為醫(yī)療資源匱乏的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)提供便利服務(wù)的情況,并提倡持續(xù)發(fā)展該項(xiàng)技術(shù)。Solana等介紹一種名為“Guttmann神經(jīng)私人助理教練(GNPT)”的遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)平臺[33];Tost等研發(fā)一種基于虛擬環(huán)境的認(rèn)知遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)分散式系統(tǒng)[34],均取得較好療效。

國內(nèi)報道相對較少,主要集中于應(yīng)用遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)技術(shù)對腦梗死患者進(jìn)行家庭運(yùn)動康復(fù)指導(dǎo)[35]及對出院后的腦卒中患者進(jìn)行電話隨訪[36]等。在香港,治療師和患者/家屬間可通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)評估與訓(xùn)練[37-39]。

以往研究多數(shù)為滿意度調(diào)查或電話隨訪,只有少數(shù)研究進(jìn)行療效觀察,且僅限于與面對面治療做比較。本研究應(yīng)用遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行多中心前瞻性記憶障礙康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,旨在觀察記憶障礙遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的療效。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料

選擇2010年8月~2015年4月,在中國康復(fù)研究中心神經(jīng)康復(fù)科、黑龍江省大慶油田總醫(yī)院康復(fù)科、上海市殘疾人康復(fù)職業(yè)培訓(xùn)中心、黑龍江省海員總醫(yī)院康復(fù)科收治的住院及門診ABI所致記憶障礙患者。

入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥16歲;②生命體征平穩(wěn),病情穩(wěn)定,疾病癥狀不再進(jìn)展持續(xù)48 h以上;③由知情者確認(rèn)患者有記憶力減退主訴;④簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)評分≥16分;蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評定(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)評分≥11分;⑤服用改善腦血管藥物;⑥簽署知情同意書。

排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①言語篩查不能完成兩步指令;②注意力維持時間<5 min;③卒中后抑郁;④長期服用降低認(rèn)知功能藥物;⑤并發(fā)其他神經(jīng)及精神疾病。

根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共入選98例。研究過程中,因病情加重或出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥終止訓(xùn)練7例,因費(fèi)用問題中途退出5例,因患者家庭發(fā)生重大變故中途退出4例,因訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度過大無法繼續(xù)配合1例,實(shí)際完成試驗(yàn)者81例。以隨機(jī)區(qū)組化法分為對照組(n=26)、儀器組(n=33)和遠(yuǎn)程組(n=22)。三組間性別及年齡無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。見表1。

表1 各組一般資料比較

1.2方法

儀器組采用“認(rèn)知康復(fù)診療系統(tǒng)”,遠(yuǎn)程組采用“認(rèn)知康復(fù)診療系統(tǒng)遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)版”(http://www.jizhiyiliao.com/),每次訓(xùn)練30 min,每天1次,每周5 d,共6周。兩組訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容相同,除少量知覺、注意等輔助訓(xùn)練外,主要進(jìn)行記憶功能康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,包括漢字、詞語、段落、空間、圖片、人像人名等記憶及相關(guān)日常生活活動能力(activities of daily living,ADL)訓(xùn)練等。訓(xùn)練方法綜合應(yīng)用無錯性學(xué)習(xí)、聯(lián)想、重復(fù)、取消提示及間隔提取技術(shù)等[40]。對照組研究期內(nèi)不進(jìn)行康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,待觀察期結(jié)束再行康復(fù)。

所有患者均服用改善腦血管藥物,并參加常規(guī)運(yùn)動功能康復(fù)。

1.3認(rèn)知功能評定

包括瞬時、短時及長時記憶的評定。瞬時記憶評定采用修訂版韋氏記憶量表中的瞬時記憶測驗(yàn);短時記憶測驗(yàn)采用韋氏記憶量表中的圖片回憶(權(quán)重0.25)、Rivermead行為記憶測驗(yàn)第2版中的圖片再認(rèn)(權(quán)重0.15)、故事即刻回憶(權(quán)重0.30)及聽覺詞語學(xué)習(xí)測驗(yàn)(取自Rey聽覺詞語學(xué)習(xí)測驗(yàn),權(quán)重0.30);長時記憶評定采用Rivermead行為記憶測驗(yàn)第2版的故事延遲回憶(權(quán)重0.30)和人像延遲回憶(權(quán)重0.30)以及定向力(權(quán)重0.40)。

各量表計算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分,根據(jù)權(quán)重?fù)Q算成記憶評分。記憶總分=瞬時記憶評分×0.2+短時記憶評分×0.4+長時記憶評分×0.4。

在訓(xùn)練前及6周訓(xùn)練結(jié)束時分別進(jìn)行評定。采用成績提高百分比判定療效:≥40A為顯效,20A~<40A為有效,<20A為無效。

1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析

采用SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。所有數(shù)據(jù)均符合正態(tài)分布,以表示。組間比較應(yīng)用多樣本方差分析(ANOVA)及Post Hoc兩兩比較,組內(nèi)訓(xùn)練前后比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn);性別構(gòu)成比采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。療效比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)。顯著性水平α=0.05。

2 結(jié)果

組內(nèi)比較,儀器組和遠(yuǎn)程組瞬時、短時、長時記憶及總分明顯提高(P<0.01)。對照組兩次成績無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。組間比較,瞬時記憶、短時記憶、長時記憶及總分治療前無顯著性差異,治療后有顯著性差異(P<0.05)。兩兩比較,儀器組和遠(yuǎn)程組高于對照組(P<0.05),儀器組與遠(yuǎn)程組間無顯著性差異(P>0.05)。見表2~表5。

療效比較,儀器組及遠(yuǎn)程組總有效率顯著高于對照組(P<0.001)。見表6。

表2 各組訓(xùn)練前后瞬時記憶評分比較

表3 各組訓(xùn)練前后短時記憶評分比較

表4 各組訓(xùn)練前后長時記憶評分比較

表5 各組訓(xùn)練前后記憶總分比較

表6 各組臨床療效比較(n)

3 討論

上世紀(jì)中后期,許多國家開始應(yīng)用遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)系統(tǒng)為患者服務(wù),服務(wù)對象包括早期阿爾茨海默病患者、社區(qū)老年人、腦外傷患者等。我國雖起步較晚,但隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的廣泛普及,國內(nèi)城鎮(zhèn)大部分區(qū)域已為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)所覆蓋,為推廣遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)提供了可能性。2007年,惲?xí)云降染吞岢鰳?gòu)建基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的認(rèn)知遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)治療系統(tǒng)的理念并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研發(fā)[41]。2015年,How與臨床醫(yī)生合作探討創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷患者的遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)[42]。本研究應(yīng)用“認(rèn)知康復(fù)診療系統(tǒng)(遠(yuǎn)程康復(fù)版)”,實(shí)現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙評定診斷基礎(chǔ)上的在線康復(fù)。上海、大慶、哈爾濱等地醫(yī)院參加本項(xiàng)研究,可為國內(nèi)推廣遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)提供示范。

本研究顯示,在訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容相同的條件下,遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)訓(xùn)練也可顯著改善患者的記憶功能,療效與本地儀器訓(xùn)練模式相近。遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)的優(yōu)勢之一在于患者可不受時間、場所限制,并可一天內(nèi)多次進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練。多個認(rèn)知康復(fù)療效機(jī)制的研究證實(shí),大量反復(fù)訓(xùn)練和刺激,可增加全腦及局部腦區(qū)的血供;促進(jìn)和激活神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可塑性改變;改善腦區(qū)異常激活模式;相關(guān)認(rèn)知功能腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)區(qū)域間的功能與結(jié)構(gòu)連接增強(qiáng)或發(fā)生重組[43-44]。本研究中,遠(yuǎn)程組與儀器組訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度相同,療效相近;若充分發(fā)揮遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)的優(yōu)勢,患者的認(rèn)知功能有可能得到進(jìn)一步提升。

本研究通過多中心、前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究,證明遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的有效性。遠(yuǎn)程認(rèn)知康復(fù)模式及其訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)作為一種新興、便捷的康復(fù)手段,可作為面對面康復(fù)訓(xùn)練的補(bǔ)充訓(xùn)練模式,使更多患者受益,適宜在認(rèn)知康復(fù)領(lǐng)域推廣。

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CITED AS:Gao MM,Yun XP,Zhang HL,et al.Efficacy of telerehabilitation mode on memory disorders[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2016,22(5):518-522.

Efficacy of Telerehabilitation Mode on Memory Disorders

GAO Ming-ming1,2,YUN Xiao-ping1,2,ZHANG Hui-li1,2,GUO Hua-zhen1,2,WANG Ke-ying3,NIU Xiu-lian4,QIAO Ying-xin5
1.Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine,Beijing 100068,China;2.Department of Rehabilitation Evaluation,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital,China Rehabilitation Research Center,Beijing 100068,China;3.Department of Rehabilitation,Daqing Oilfield General Hospital,Daqing,Heilongjiang 163001,China;4.Shanghai Rehabilitation& Vocational Training Center for the Disabled,Shanghai 200127,China;5.Department of Rehabilitation,Haiyuan Hospital,Harbin,Heilongjiang 150020,China

Correspondence to YUN Xiao-ping.E-mail:xiaoping_yun@163.com

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of telerehabilitation on memory disorders.Methods From August,2010 to April,2015,81 patients with memory disorders were randomized into control group(n=26),computer-assisted training group(n=33)and telerehabilitation training group(n=22).All the patients accepted medicine to facilitate the recovery of memory.Besides,the computer-assisted training group and the telerehabilitation training group accepted memory-based training programs with cognitive rehabilitation system locally or on network respectively,for six weeks.They were evaluated with Wechsler Memory Scale,Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test-2nd Edition and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test before and after training.Results Both computer-assisted and telerehabilitation training groups improved in all the assessment after training(t>4.059,P<0.001).There was no significant difference between them(P>0.05).There was no significant improvement in the control group after training(t<0.771,P>0.05).Conclusion Memory rehabilitation training can significantly improve memory abilities,similar with locally or telerehabilitation system.

Key words:memory disorders;cognitive rehabilitation;telerehabilitation

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2016.05.007

[中圖分類號]R749.1

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A

[文章編號]1006-9771(2016)05-0518-05

基金項(xiàng)目:科技部科技支撐計劃項(xiàng)目(No.2008BAH26B04)。

作者簡介:高明明(1982-),女,河北承德市人,碩士研究生,主要研究方向:高級腦功能障礙的康復(fù)。通訊作者:惲?xí)云?,女,教授,主任醫(yī)師。E-mail:xiaoping_yun@163.com。

收稿日期:(2016-03-11修回日期:2016-04-29)

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