江節(jié)明
英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里都有名詞。最大的不同點(diǎn)在于英語(yǔ)里的名詞在表示復(fù)數(shù)和所有格時(shí),詞形要發(fā)生變化,而漢語(yǔ)則不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。例如,漢語(yǔ)里說“一本書”和“五本書”,這個(gè)“書”字沒有變化,而英語(yǔ)里的book卻發(fā)生了詞形變化:a book,five books。漢語(yǔ)里的所屬關(guān)系是通過助詞“的”來表示,詞形也同樣不會(huì)變化,而英語(yǔ)里名詞的詞形卻要變化,即一般在名詞后加“s”表示。了解名詞的這些特點(diǎn),我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)時(shí)就要格外注意名詞的復(fù)數(shù)和所有格的用法。
一、名詞的分類
英語(yǔ)的名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。專有名詞表示個(gè)人、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、地方、國(guó)家等的專有名稱,首字母一般大寫,如:Obama, the Youth League, the Childrens Palace, Beijing, China, Asia等。普通名詞的分類見表1:
二、可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)
名詞分為可數(shù)(有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式)和不可數(shù)名詞(只有單數(shù)形式)。名詞由單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)有兩種情況:規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。
1. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化(見表2)
2. 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化(見表3)
注:
①表示年代中的數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,加-s或-s。如the 1980s或1980s二十世紀(jì)八十年代
②英語(yǔ)中有些名詞通常用其復(fù)數(shù)形式,如glasses眼鏡,trousers褲子,shorts短褲,jeans牛仔褲,scissors剪刀,compasses圓規(guī),socks襪子,stockings長(zhǎng)統(tǒng)襪,gloves手套,findings調(diào)查結(jié)果,arms武器,ashes灰燼,contents目錄,congratulations祝賀,thanks感謝,fireworks焰火,remains殘余部分,clothes衣服, stairs樓梯,goods貨物,crossroads十字路口,exports出口貨物,folks家人。
三、不可數(shù)名詞
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞通常為不可數(shù)名詞。
1. 不可數(shù)名詞的用法特點(diǎn)。
(1)沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
I have just had some bread.我剛吃了一些面包。
(2)前面不能用不定冠詞。如:
I like music.我喜歡音樂。
(3)前面不能用數(shù)詞或few, many, a number of修飾,但可用little, much, some, a lot of, a great deal of修飾。如:
She has a lot of power and influenc.她很有權(quán)勢(shì)。
(4)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如:
Physics is a difficult subject for me.特理學(xué)對(duì)我來說是一門難學(xué)的科目。
(5)表示數(shù)量時(shí),可借助單位詞,用a piece of之類的結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。如:
a piece of news 一條新聞
three pieces of bread三塊面包
two glass of milk兩杯牛奶
2. 有些物質(zhì)名詞可用復(fù)數(shù)形式,但意義不同。如:
3. 有些抽象名詞可用作個(gè)體名詞,但意義不同。如:
4. 英語(yǔ)里有不少同義成對(duì)名詞,一個(gè)可數(shù),另一個(gè)不可數(shù)。如:
四、名詞所有格
1. 名詞所有格的構(gòu)成
名詞所有格表示所有關(guān)系,一般由“名詞+s”構(gòu)成。-s詞尾的加法有以下幾種情況:
2. 名詞所有格的用法
(1)有生命的名詞的所有格通常用s來表示,但表示時(shí)間、距離、金額、天體、國(guó)家或城市等的名詞也用s表示。如:
tomorrows lessons明天的功課
a few hours ride騎車幾個(gè)小時(shí)的路程
the earths atmosphere地球大氣層
Harvards Department of Linguistics哈佛大學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)系
(2)無生命的物的名詞所有格,一般用of表示,但表示人的名詞有時(shí)也用of表示,尤其是較長(zhǎng)的名詞時(shí)。如:
the cover of the book那本書的封面
a mans voice=the voice of a man人的聲音
in the opinion of most people在大多數(shù)人看來
注意:
①名詞所有格在表示商店、家宅等地點(diǎn)或?qū)W院、教堂名稱時(shí),名詞常省略。如:
at the doctors(office)在醫(yī)院
at the barbers(shop)在理發(fā)店
at the grocers(shop)在食品店
at my uncles(home)在我叔叔家
at the tailors(shop)在裁縫店
at Lucys(home)在露希家
St. Pauls(Cathedral)圣保羅大教堂
Queens(College)女王學(xué)院
②復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格作定語(yǔ)時(shí),有時(shí)可以省略撇號(hào):“”。如:
a teachers (=teachers) college師范學(xué)院。
③表示節(jié)日的名稱。
Valentines Day 情人節(jié) April Fools Day愚人節(jié)
Womens Day 婦女節(jié) Childrens Day 兒童節(jié)
Mothers Day 母親節(jié) Fathers Day父親節(jié)
Teachers Day 教師節(jié) New Years Day元旦
④雙重所有格
of+-s結(jié)構(gòu)叫作雙重所有格,如a friend of my uncles(我叔叔的一個(gè)朋友)中的of my uncles,表示部分;that large house of Mr. Browns布朗先生的那棟大房子,表示感情色彩。
注意:雙重所有格與of所有格在含義上是不同的。試比較以下兩句:
He is a friend of my fathers. 他是我父親的一個(gè)朋友。
(相當(dāng)于He is one of my fathers friends. 強(qiáng)調(diào)我父親的朋友不止一個(gè))
He is a friend of my father. 他是我父親的朋友。
(相當(dāng)于He is friendly to my father. 強(qiáng)調(diào)他對(duì)我父親很友好)
五、名詞的用法
1. 作主語(yǔ)。
The book is interesting.這本書很有趣。
2. 作賓語(yǔ)。
I bought a book yesterday.我昨天買了一本書。
3. 作表語(yǔ)。
This is a book.這是一本書。
4. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
We call the activity hiking.我們把這種活動(dòng)叫做徒步旅行。
5. 作同位語(yǔ)。
Peter, my English teacher, is kind to us.彼特,我的英語(yǔ)老師,對(duì)我們很友善。
6. 作定語(yǔ)。
He works in a car factory.他在一家汽車廠工作。
注:
(1)有時(shí),名詞所有格與名詞作定語(yǔ)無區(qū)別。試比較:
(2)英語(yǔ)里名詞作定語(yǔ)非常普遍。如:
coffee cup咖啡杯 orange juice橘汁
eye drops眼藥水 credit card信用卡
information desk 問訊處 identity card身份證
family name姓 news agency新聞社
school report成績(jī)單 seat belt安全帶
heart disease心臟病 colour screen彩屏
cell phone手機(jī) shoe store鞋店
time table時(shí)刻表 emergency room急診室
gold medal 金牌 time zone時(shí)區(qū)
press conference記者招待會(huì) power plant發(fā)電廠
weather forecast天氣預(yù)報(bào) welcome speech歡迎詞
video camera 錄像機(jī) satellite TV衛(wèi)星電視
telephone directory電話號(hào)碼簿
以上名詞作定語(yǔ)用的都是單數(shù)形式,而且很多已變成了復(fù)合名詞。只有少數(shù)名詞作定語(yǔ)需要用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
sports meet運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) courses committee課程委員會(huì)
goods train(火車)貨車 entertainments guide娛樂指南
clothes shop服裝店 telecommunications industry電信業(yè)
知識(shí)運(yùn)用
一、寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1. month ________ 2. photo ________ 3. leaf ________
4. tomato ________ 5. toy 6. analysis _______
7. box 8. study ________ 9. watch ________
10. belief ________
二、翻譯下列短語(yǔ)。
1. 女士們,先生們 ______________________
2. 十四個(gè)德國(guó)人 ______________________
3. 一則忠告 ______________________
4. 一碗米飯 ______________________
5. 一瓶牛奶 ______________________
6. 一件家具 ______________________
7. 一塊蛋糕 ______________________
8. 在理發(fā)店 ______________________
9. 兒童節(jié) ______________________
10. 身份證 ______________________
三、用名詞的正確形式填空。
1. __________(fail)is the mother of success.
2. __________(honest)is the best policy.
3. Today is __________(teacher)Day. Lets go and say hello to our former English teacher.
4. I checked __________(Bob and Mary)car carefully, and found there was nothing wrong.
5. The __________(roof)of the buildings in this seaside town were blown away in the hurricane.
6. I know five __________(woman writer)who are now writing stories for children.
7. Our school is only a five __________(minute)walk from the nearest subway.
8. They saw a group of __________(sheep)eating grass on the top of the hill.
9. The tank is full of__________(fish), which are swimming freely.
10. All scientists accept this __________(datum).
四、用適當(dāng)?shù)拿~填空,注意其正確的形式。
The late pop star Michael Jacksons mother Katherine said that __________(Michael) children will go to school for the first t__________, according to news r__________ on Tuesday.
__________(Michael)mother says that his __________ (child)will attend a private school starting in S__________ this year.
She broke her yearlong silence about her __________ (grandchild)education issue, but did not reveal which school they will attend, according to the n__________.
She has been taking c__________ of MJs three children since the pop singers d__________
last June.
五、短文改錯(cuò)(文中有10處名詞用錯(cuò),請(qǐng)更正)。
The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all mornings. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the polices that thiefs would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detective were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two man took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Custom House. While two detectives were keeping guards at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprises, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
1. ________________ 2. ________________
3. ________________ 4. ________________
5. ________________ 6. ________________
7. ________________ 8. ________________
9. ________________ 10. ________________
六、漢譯英。
1. 一年分為四季:春夏秋冬。(season)
___________________________________________
2. 中國(guó)的藝術(shù)贏得了國(guó)外很多人的欣賞。(appreciation)
___________________________________________
3. 在上下班高峰時(shí)刻坐公交車真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。(waste, rush hour)
___________________________________________
4. 你沒有必要送我去火車站,我可以打的去。(need, taxi)
___________________________________________
5. 艾滋病的控制與預(yù)防對(duì)中國(guó)以及整個(gè)世界都是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。(control, prevention, challenge)
___________________________________________
七、書面表達(dá)。
寫8-10句話簡(jiǎn)介自己,內(nèi)容包括姓名、出生年月、家庭成員、上學(xué)情況、所學(xué)學(xué)科以及興趣愛好等。(注意名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、專有名詞的大寫等)
參考答案:
一、1. months 2. photos 3. leaves 4. tomatoes 5. toys 6. analyses 7. boxes 8. studies 9. watches 10. beliefs
二、1. ladies and gentlemen 2. fourteen Germans 3. a piece of advice 4. a bowl of rice 5. a bottle of milk 6. a piece of furniture 7. a slice(piece)of cake 8. at the barbers(shop) 9. Childrens Day 10. identity card
三、1. Failure 2. Honesty 3. Teachers4. Bob and Marys 5. roofs 6. women writers 7. minutes 8. sheep 9. fish 10. data
四、1. Michaels 2. time 3. reports 4. Michaels 5. children 6. September 7. grandchildrens 8. newspaper(news) 9. care 10. death
五、1. morning 2. diamonds 3. hours 4. police 5. thieves 6. detectives 7. men 8. Customs 9. guard 10. surprise
六、1. A year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.
2. Chinese arts have won the appreciation of a lot of people outside China.
3. It is a waste of time taking a bus during the rush hour.
4. There is no need for you to send me to the railway station. I can take a taxi there.
5. AIDS control and prevention is a challenge to China as well as the whole world.
七、My name is Wang Hua. I was born in Beijing on July 22, 1998. There are three people in my family. They are my father, my mother and me. I study in Beijing No. 19 Middle School. At school I study Chinese, maths, physics, chemistry, English and some other subjects. My favourite subject is physics and I am going to be a physicist when I grow up. My hobbies are playing computer games and mountain climbing. In my spare time, I often do these games and sports.
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青