閆躍
英語中的部分副詞可以充當句子中的主語或介詞賓語,從而在句法上具備了名詞的某種用法。這種“副詞名用”的結構有別于主語和賓語通常由名詞擔任的傳統(tǒng)認知,本文對該類常見副詞作了梳理和分類。
[副詞用作主語]
在某些有限的語境中,一些在句子中通常起狀語作用的副詞可充當主語,相當于一個名詞,有的甚至已經(jīng)兼具名詞詞性,表示時間、地點或方式。
Now is the time/moment to tell them the truth. 現(xiàn)在是告訴他們真相的時候了。
Today will be fine. (= It/The weather will be fine today.) 今天天氣將會不錯。
Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient. 明天是最合適的時間。
Here was where the accident took place. 正是在這里發(fā)生的那次事故。
Home is where your family and friends are. 家是親屬與友人之所在。
Together is how mountains are moved. Together is how small people make a big difference. 團結一致可移山。團結能使小人物有大不同。
Carefully/Slowly/Gently/Easy does it. 小心就行/慢慢來/慢點吧/悠著點。(注意:該結構句首的作主語的方式副詞不能用介詞短語替換,謂語部分的does it的形式也不可改變。比如:不可說With care does it或Carefully did it。)
起主語作用的副詞看作單數(shù),并且根據(jù)句子所要表達的含義,某些作主語的副詞可以拓展為一個名詞短語或非限定動詞結構,如:
Out on the lake will be splendid. (=A trip out on the lake will be splendid.) 到湖上去一定棒極了。
Slowly is exactly how he speaks. (=Speaking slowly is exactly how he speaks.) 慢條斯理(地講話)恰恰是他講話的方式。
[副詞用作介詞賓語]
“副詞名用”的典型情況是副詞用作介詞的賓語。英語中有相當一部分表示時間和地點的副詞可以用作特定介詞的賓語,再由二者構成的介詞短語充當句子中的狀語或表語成分。
1. 時間副詞用作介詞賓語
Sonia should be home by/before now. Do you think shes had an accident? 索尼亞這個時候應該到家了,你說她會不會出什么事了?
Thats enough talk for now. Take a break and well try again after lunch. 暫時說到這里。休息一下,我們午飯后再繼續(xù)。
I hope we will have finished by/before then. 我希望到那時/還不到那時我們就已經(jīng)做完了。
She had a sort of breakdown some years ago, and since then she has been very shy. 幾年前她精神崩潰,從此一直很怕見人。
Three days from now/today Hinton will be executed. 三天后欣頓將被處死。
Where so many people fail is in their inability to look beyond yesterday and today. 那么多人之所以失敗,是因為他們的眼光只局限于昨天和今天。
He didnt receive the recognition he deserved until late in life. 他直到晚年才獲得他應得的榮譽。
有時,時間副詞前面會有一個狀語,再由二者作為一個整體充當介詞賓語。如:
My parents met during the war but didnt marry till five years afterwards. 我父母在戰(zhàn)爭期間相識,但他們5年之后才結婚。
He was until quite/very recently the most powerful banker in the city. 直到最近他一直是這座城市里最有勢力的銀行家。
時間副詞用作介詞賓語的常見結構還有:from long ago很久之前,(up) till now/until now/up to now 到目前為止,until/till then直到那時,from now on/as of now從現(xiàn)在開始,from then on從那時開始,for long 長久地、長期地,at once立刻、同時。
例1 If you Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldnt contact B. didnt contact
C. werent to contact D. hadnt contacted
解析 D??疾榛旌蠒r態(tài)的虛擬語氣,條件句與過去事實相反,故用過去完成時態(tài),而A、B、C項皆為表示與將來相反時if條件句中的謂語形式。其中,until recently屬于“介詞+副詞”構成的介詞短語,表示“直到近來”。
例2 —Hi, Jack! When did you arrive in Berlin?
—Last weekend. I a different culture since then.
A. was experiencing
B. will be experiencing
C. have been experiencing
D. had been experiencing
解析 C??疾闀r態(tài),根據(jù)句末的時間狀語可知,此處表示的是一個從過去持續(xù)至現(xiàn)在的連續(xù)性動作,所以用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。其中,since then屬于“介詞+副詞”構成的介詞短語,表示“自從那時”。
例3 He said in his letter that he was going to visit China and he had had the idea .
A. long before; before long
B. before long; long before
C. before long; soon
D. before long; before long
解析 B。兩個空缺處均缺少狀語。前一句是將來時,所以用“不久之后”,后一句是過去完成時,所以用“很久以前”。其中,before long屬于“介詞+副詞”構成的介詞短語,表示“不久之后”。
2. 地點副詞用作介詞賓語
The house was near a park but there was a road in between. 房子在一處公園附近,但兩者之間隔著一條馬路。
From where shall we start and up to where shall we go? 我們要從何處動身,到何處去?
You can have the meeting anywhere but/except downstairs/upstairs. 除了樓下/樓上,你們在哪兒開會都行。
I know theres a mouse in/under there somewhere. 我知道在那里/在那下面的什么地方有只老鼠。
能接here/there作賓語的常見介詞還有:along, down, near, (a)round, through和up等。另外,用作介詞賓語的地點副詞常與表示動作起點或來源的from搭配。如:
The new manager came from above. 新來的經(jīng)理是從上級公司來的。
They are all students returning from abroad. 他們都是海歸學子。
Most applications came from overseas. 申請大部分來自海外。
Working in collusion, one from within and the other from without, they created pandemonium. 他們里應外合,把時局搞得烏煙瘴氣。
有時,地點副詞前面會有一個狀語,再由二者作為一個整體充當介詞賓語。如:
They are all neighbors from round about. 他們都是周圍的街坊鄰里。
地點副詞用作介詞賓語的常見結構還有:from afar從遠處,from downstairs/upstairs從樓下/樓上,from inside/outside從里面/外面,from below/beneath從下面,from indoors/outdoors從室內/室外。
例4 Our house is about a mile from the railway station and there are not many houses .
A. in between B. far apart
C. among them D. from each other
解析 A。空缺的位置缺少狀語。句意:我們的房子離火車站大約一英里,而且在它們之間沒有許多房子。其中,in between屬于“介詞+副詞”構成的介詞短語,表示“在……之間”。
例5 I truly believe beauty comes from within.
A. that B. where C. what D. why
解析 A。賓語從句部分不缺少任何成分,因此用that。句意:我真的相信美麗源自內心。其中,from within屬于“介詞+副詞”構成的介詞短語,表示“從內心、從里面”。