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乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌的磁共振特征與病理對(duì)照關(guān)系

2016-05-14 08:10張惠鋒楊慧芬杜芳郝亮
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2016年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:磁共振成像

張惠鋒 楊慧芬 杜芳 郝亮

[摘要] 目的 探討非腫塊的乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌(DCIS)的MRI表現(xiàn)與病理分級(jí)之間的相關(guān)性。 方法 回顧性分析我院2012年9月~2015年9月經(jīng)手術(shù)病理證實(shí)的DCIS 67例患者并與MRI影像表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行對(duì)照分析。 結(jié)果 在67例DCIS病例中,乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌的非腫塊樣強(qiáng)化以線樣(34.3%)和局灶(26.8%)強(qiáng)化為主,兩組的病理VanNuys分級(jí)以Ⅲ級(jí)為主,各占26.8%和17.9%。組內(nèi)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化特征以混雜(38.8%)和均勻(31.3%)強(qiáng)化為主,兩者病理分級(jí)分別以Ⅲ級(jí)(31.3%)和Ⅱ級(jí)(14.9%)為主,組內(nèi)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。曲線類型以平臺(tái)型21(31.3%)和廓清型(58.2%)為主,病理分級(jí)廓清型以Ⅲ級(jí)(58.2%)為主,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。 結(jié)論 非腫塊樣DCIS MRI的形態(tài)、強(qiáng)化特征和曲線類型與病理分級(jí)有密切相關(guān)性。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌;磁共振成像;BI-RADS;病理分級(jí)

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.9;R445.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2016)06-0084-04

Comparison between magnetic resonance and pathology in ductal carcinoma in situ patients

ZHANG Huifeng1 YANG Huifen2 DU Fang1 HAO Liang1

1.Department of Radiology,Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Hangzhou 310007,China;2.Department of Breast Surgery,Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Hangzhou 310007,China

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the correlation between characteristics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and pathological classification, ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) patients were observed. Methods Sixty seven DCIS patients verified by surgery pathology from September, 2012 to September, 2015 were retrospectively analysed, and were compared to characteristics of MRI image. Results In 67 cases, non-masslike enhancement lesions were observed mainly. 34.3% of linear ductal enhancement and 26.8% focal enhancement occupied among the non-masslike enhancement lesions, respectively. And the corresponding rate of pathological VanNuys classification was 26.8% and 17.9% respectively. Intra group statistical significance was approached. 38.8% of mixed reinforcement and 31.3% of homogeneous enhancement occupied in internal schedule of reinforcement. The Ⅲ pathology grade occupied 31.3% and Ⅱ grade accounted for 14.9%. Intra group statistical significance was approached in Ⅲ pathology grade, meanwhile,no significance was found in Ⅱ pathology grade. Platform 21 type(31.3%) and dissection(58.2%) type mainly showed in the dynamic enhancement curves, with Ⅲ pathology grade(58.2%) majorly found among dissection type. Statistical significance was approached. Conclusion Closely correlation between characteristics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) and pathological classification was approached in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients, in non-masslike enhancement lesions, internal schedule of reinforcement.

[Key words] DCIS;MRI;BI-RADS;Pathology grade

乳腺癌發(fā)病率有逐年上升的趨勢(shì)[1],乳腺癌最常見(jiàn)的病理類型為浸潤(rùn)性乳腺導(dǎo)管癌,它一般由于乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ,DCIS)未被及早發(fā)現(xiàn),逐步發(fā)展而成[2]。研究表明,病理學(xué)上,高級(jí)別的DCIS發(fā)展為浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌和局部復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)性顯著高于非高級(jí)別[3,4],因此如何早期發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌以及如何進(jìn)一步分析MRI表現(xiàn)與病理學(xué)分級(jí)的相關(guān)性成為臨床迫切解決的問(wèn)題。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析我院2012年9月~2015年9月經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)的單純性DCIS 67例,所有患者術(shù)前均行過(guò)乳腺M(fèi)R動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描檢查,患者均為女性,年齡35~75歲,平均(56.37±13.42)歲。臨床均未捫及腫塊,局部皮膚增厚8例,乳頭溢血性液6例,僅表現(xiàn)局部脹痛4例,其余49例均無(wú)明顯臨床癥狀。

1.2 設(shè)備與檢查方法

磁共振檢查采用Philip Intera 1.5T雙梯度超導(dǎo)磁共振成像系統(tǒng)?;颊吒┡P于專用乳腺八通道相控陣表面線圈上,使雙側(cè)乳房自然懸垂于線圈洞穴內(nèi)。掃描參數(shù):TSE-T1WI ,TR764 ms,TE7.2 ms,層厚3 mm,層間距0.6 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣312×442;TSE-T2WI,TR5100 ms,TE115 ms,層厚3,層間距0.6,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣378×510;Tirm-T2WI TR4500 ms,TE64 ms,層厚3,層間距0.6 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣314×320;DWI采用EPI序列,TR11780 ms,TE75 ms,層厚3 mm,層間距0.6 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣230×175,b值0,500,700,1000 s/mm2;動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描采用Flash-3D 脂肪抑制T1WITR5.2 ms,TE1.6 ms,層厚1 mm,層間距0 mm,F(xiàn)OV340×340 mm,矩陣320×342,翻轉(zhuǎn)角(FA)10°,相位編碼為左右方向,單期掃描時(shí)間約為60 s,共掃描6個(gè)期像,第一與第二期像掃描間隔30 s,增強(qiáng)采集時(shí)間416 s。增強(qiáng)掃描經(jīng)肘正中靜脈留置靜脈留置針,0.2 mL/kg,經(jīng)高壓注射器注射釓噴酸葡胺(GD-DTPA),速率0.2 mL/s。

1.3 影像資料分析及病理學(xué)分級(jí)

磁共振影像分析是由2名專門從事乳腺研究的放射科醫(yī)師,在確定DCIS但不知病理分級(jí)的情況下,根據(jù)磁共振成像乳腺影像報(bào)告與數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(BI-RADS)(第5版,2013年)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行影像描述[5]。描述包括,病灶形態(tài)、強(qiáng)化特征、信號(hào)強(qiáng)度-時(shí)間曲線特征[6]。DCIS形態(tài)為非腫塊樣強(qiáng)化(NME)局灶、線樣、葉段、區(qū)域、多區(qū)域、彌漫[7];內(nèi)部強(qiáng)化特征為均勻、混雜、集叢狀、簇環(huán)狀;信號(hào)強(qiáng)度-時(shí)間曲線分為增強(qiáng)早期和延遲期,增強(qiáng)早期為第一個(gè)2 min或在曲線趨勢(shì)開(kāi)始改變時(shí)的強(qiáng)化模式,分為慢、中等、快速,延遲期為2 min后或在曲線開(kāi)始變化后的強(qiáng)化模式,分為流入型、平臺(tái)型、廓清型[8]。病理分級(jí):根據(jù)細(xì)胞核的形態(tài)及有無(wú)壞死的VanNuys組織學(xué)分級(jí),組織病理學(xué)上根據(jù)細(xì)胞核的異型程度、管腔內(nèi)壞死、核分裂象和鈣化將DCIS分為Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)別[9]。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS14.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

67例DCIS病例非腫塊樣強(qiáng)化中,按照新版BI-ARDS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行影像描述中非腫塊樣強(qiáng)化以線樣(34.3%)(封三圖5)和局灶(26.8%)強(qiáng)化為主,兩者的病理VanNuys分級(jí)以Ⅲ級(jí)為主各占26.8%和17.9%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。強(qiáng)化特征以混雜強(qiáng)化(38.8%)和均勻強(qiáng)化(31.3%)為主,兩者病理分級(jí)分別以Ⅲ級(jí)(31.3%)和Ⅱ級(jí)(14.9%)為主,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。彌散加權(quán)圖像顯示為明顯的彌散受限特征(封三圖6)。曲線類型以平臺(tái)型21(31.3%)和廓清型(58.2%)為主(封三圖7、8),病理分級(jí)廓清型以Ⅲ級(jí)(38.8%)為主,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

表1 67例DCIS的NME和病理學(xué)分級(jí)相關(guān)性[n(%)]

3 討論

乳腺導(dǎo)管原位癌指癌細(xì)胞只出現(xiàn)在上皮層內(nèi),而未破壞基底膜,或侵入其下的間質(zhì)或真皮組織.更沒(méi)有發(fā)生浸潤(rùn)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。多發(fā)生于終末導(dǎo)管小葉單位,通常起源于一個(gè)導(dǎo)管束,可沿導(dǎo)管進(jìn)行播散,是乳腺癌較常見(jiàn)的類型之一,也是浸潤(rùn)性乳腺癌的早期階段[11]。治愈率高,復(fù)發(fā)率低。因此早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期診斷成為臨床刻不容緩的需求。乳腺X線攝影作為一種乳腺疾病常規(guī)篩查手段,對(duì)于DCIS檢出以微鈣化為主要表現(xiàn),然而對(duì)于乳腺呈致密型的腺體組織,這種微鈣化顯示率不到10%,限制其在DCIS檢出率[12]。磁共振檢查雖然費(fèi)用高、時(shí)間長(zhǎng)是其不足外,但是其無(wú)輻射、高清的軟組織分辨率、多角度成像、多參數(shù)成像的優(yōu)勢(shì)是其他檢查設(shè)備無(wú)法替代的。隨著磁共振技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,超高場(chǎng)磁共振廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床后,動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)技術(shù)、彌散加權(quán)成像以及軟件的發(fā)展帶來(lái)減影技術(shù)、動(dòng)態(tài)曲線的獲取,從而對(duì)乳腺的檢查優(yōu)勢(shì)越來(lái)越明顯,所以磁共振對(duì)乳腺病變的輔助診斷已經(jīng)越來(lái)越廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床,尤其對(duì)于DCIS病例以非腫塊表現(xiàn)為主,磁共振發(fā)揮了乳腺X線攝影無(wú)法取代的作用[13]。DCIS患者的病理VanNuys組織學(xué)分級(jí)是臨床判斷惡性程度及預(yù)后的可靠指標(biāo),是預(yù)示是否復(fù)發(fā)和臨床放療化療治療的評(píng)判手段之一。高級(jí)別的分類具有較高的浸潤(rùn)趨勢(shì),腫瘤切除術(shù)后有較高的復(fù)發(fā)率且高級(jí)別DCIS術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間顯著短于非高級(jí)別類型[14]。如能在手術(shù)前明確診斷,將為臨床個(gè)性化治療提供重要的參考依據(jù)。如果術(shù)前可以借助影像學(xué)手段來(lái)無(wú)創(chuàng)性提供較為確切的病理分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)臨床醫(yī)師手術(shù)方式的選擇提供了不可或缺的指導(dǎo)手段。

磁共振的形態(tài)、強(qiáng)化特征和曲線類型是否與病理分級(jí)相關(guān)報(bào)道并不一致,但多數(shù)的報(bào)道均與Rahbar等[15]報(bào)道的一致。MRI動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)與不同核級(jí)別相關(guān),高級(jí)別DCIS更容易出現(xiàn)惡性病變的強(qiáng)化模式,而非高核級(jí)別則很少出現(xiàn)。病理基礎(chǔ)考慮腫瘤血管化程度、血管壁對(duì)對(duì)比劑的滲透性及腫瘤間質(zhì)內(nèi)壓力三方面因素[16]。本研究對(duì)病理為Ⅲ級(jí)的病變明顯高于Ⅰ級(jí)和Ⅱ級(jí)的病變,并且形態(tài)集中表現(xiàn)在線樣和局灶,而強(qiáng)化方式也以混雜為主,曲線類型以廓清型為特征??赡苡捎谀[瘤的細(xì)胞異形性明顯,細(xì)胞沿著導(dǎo)管壁或?qū)Ч芫植慨惓T錾陨L(zhǎng),且腫瘤的細(xì)胞致密,間質(zhì)減少,毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮不完整,存在通透性增高,動(dòng)-靜脈的分流加劇,導(dǎo)致混雜的強(qiáng)化模式和曲線類型呈廓清型表現(xiàn)為主。但是仍不能忽視的問(wèn)題是DCIS本身就有導(dǎo)管內(nèi)膜生長(zhǎng),而未突破基底膜的病變,其形態(tài)和強(qiáng)化模式及曲線類型分類在其他類型不占優(yōu)勢(shì),導(dǎo)致其他類型的樣本數(shù)量過(guò)小,可能無(wú)法得到真實(shí)的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像是目前唯一能觀察活體分子微觀運(yùn)動(dòng)的成像方法,在乳腺病變鑒別診斷中具有較高價(jià)值[17,18]。乳腺的彌散加權(quán)圖像及ADC值的測(cè)定目前臨床應(yīng)用比較廣泛,對(duì)乳腺良惡性的判斷起到不可低估的作用。有學(xué)者證實(shí)乳腺癌患者的彌散受限程度即ADC值與其細(xì)胞的致密度呈明顯正相關(guān)[19-21]。本組DCIS患者的彌散明顯受限,在彌散加權(quán)圖像上呈明顯高信號(hào)。

綜上所述,DCIS在MRI表現(xiàn)為非腫塊樣強(qiáng)化為主。磁共振的形態(tài)、強(qiáng)化特征和曲線類型與病理分級(jí)有差異。MRI在DCIS的組織學(xué)分級(jí)有優(yōu)勢(shì)作用,有著臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值,但其準(zhǔn)確性還要等巨大的樣本量進(jìn)一步支持。

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[18] Rahbar H,DeMartini WB,Lee AY,et al. Accuracy of 3T versus 1.5 T breast MRI for pre-operative assessment of extent of disease in newly diagnosed DCIS[J]. European Journal of Radiology,2015,84(4):611-616.

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(收稿日期:2015-10-08)

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