許飛 劉建軍 黃鋼 宋少莉
200127,上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科
·綜述·
PET乏氧顯像在預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤乏氧及指導(dǎo)臨床治療中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
許飛 劉建軍 黃鋼 宋少莉
200127,上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學(xué)科
放射性核素標(biāo)記的乏氧顯像是評(píng)估腫瘤乏氧程度的重要方法,乏氧顯像劑可以選擇性地滯留于乏氧組織內(nèi),直觀反映乏氧的部位和乏氧的程度,對(duì)腫瘤診斷、分期、療效監(jiān)測(cè)及預(yù)后評(píng)估等有指導(dǎo)意義,同時(shí)也為臨床選擇及調(diào)整腫瘤治療方案提供了客觀依據(jù)。筆者主要對(duì)腫瘤乏氧PET顯像近年來在臨床研究中的進(jìn)展及與腫瘤乏氧相關(guān)的治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
腫瘤;正電子發(fā)射斷層顯像術(shù);乏氧
Fund program:National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC8141708)
乏氧是實(shí)體瘤的一個(gè)重要生物學(xué)特征,腫瘤乏氧往往提示預(yù)后不良。處于乏氧狀態(tài)的腫瘤可以產(chǎn)生一系列生理生化改變,刺激活性氧自由基的生成,從而促進(jìn)缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)的產(chǎn)生,進(jìn)一步使腫瘤表達(dá)更多有利于其進(jìn)展和侵襲的基因,如血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子、細(xì)胞球蛋白和環(huán)氧合酶2等,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的分裂、腫瘤間質(zhì)血管的生成,并抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,從而提高腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的能力和對(duì)放化療的耐受力[1]。放射性核素標(biāo)記的乏氧顯像能在活體水平上整體、無(wú)創(chuàng)地評(píng)價(jià)腫瘤的乏氧程度,在多種腫瘤診斷、分期、療效監(jiān)測(cè)及預(yù)后評(píng)估等方面有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,也為臨床選擇及調(diào)整合理的腫瘤治療方案提供了客觀依據(jù)。本文就乏氧PET顯像在腫瘤臨床研究中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展及與腫瘤乏氧相關(guān)的治療進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
大多數(shù)實(shí)體瘤存在乏氧區(qū)甚至缺氧區(qū),通常將乏氧區(qū)定義為腫瘤組織內(nèi)氧分壓(pO2)≤10 mmHg的區(qū)域。氧分壓低對(duì)正常細(xì)胞來說是有害的,而腫瘤細(xì)胞可以通過調(diào)節(jié)自身基因的表達(dá),適應(yīng)這種乏氧的環(huán)境[2]。
腫瘤乏氧的成因一般分為3種:①血液灌注不足所導(dǎo)致的急性乏氧,常見于短暫性的血管痙攣以及間質(zhì)壓力增高導(dǎo)致的血管受壓;②腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的速度與血管生成的速度不平衡,導(dǎo)致血管與腫瘤的距離超過氧分子的有效彌散距離;③放化療引起的骨髓抑制以及腫瘤惡病質(zhì)導(dǎo)致的貧血,使血液攜氧能力下降。相比較而言,難以預(yù)測(cè)急性乏氧發(fā)生的部位及持續(xù)的時(shí)間,而慢性乏氧幾乎都處于腫瘤的中心部位[3]。
目前診斷乏氧的方法可分成3種:①直接測(cè)定腫瘤內(nèi)的氧濃度,如氧電極、磷光淬滅、電子順磁共振等;②檢測(cè)乏氧導(dǎo)致異常表達(dá)的胞內(nèi)分子,如HIF-1α、骨橋蛋白等;③檢測(cè)乏氧引起的生理學(xué)變化,如近紅外光譜、光聲成像、乏氧PET顯像等[4]。診斷乏氧的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是極譜電極法,將微電極插入腫瘤內(nèi)部,氧分子在鉑電極上被還原,產(chǎn)生電勢(shì),而其與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極的電勢(shì)差即可直接反映氧分子的含量,即腫瘤內(nèi)部的氧供狀態(tài),每個(gè)電極所能涵蓋的范圍約50~100個(gè)細(xì)胞。這是一種有創(chuàng)的診斷方法,且只能反映局部的氧供情況,缺乏對(duì)腫瘤整體氧供狀態(tài)的評(píng)估[5]。
利用放射性核素標(biāo)記的乏氧顯像劑在活體內(nèi)對(duì)乏氧區(qū)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)顯像,是評(píng)估腫瘤乏氧的常用方法。乏氧顯像劑可以選擇性地被乏氧組織攝取并滯留其中,而正常組織對(duì)其攝取較少。通常將乏氧顯像劑分為硝基咪唑類(圖1)和非硝基咪唑類,前者被細(xì)胞攝取后,其分子中的硝基(-NO2)在硝基還原酶的作用下被還原成羥胺基(-NHOH),當(dāng)氧濃度正常時(shí),該反應(yīng)可逆,而在乏氧環(huán)境中,羥胺基多與胞內(nèi)大分子結(jié)合,滯留于胞內(nèi)[6]。常用的硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑有18F-fluoromisonidazole(18FFMISO)、18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside(18F-FAZA)、18F-fluoroerythronitroimidazole(18F-FETNIM)、18F-2-nitroimidazol-pentafluoropropyl acetamide(18F-EF5)、18F-2-nitroimidazol-trifluoropropyl acetamide(18F-EF3)等。而非硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑如60Cu-labeled methylthiosemicarbazone(62Cu-ATSM)、 Iodine-124-labelled antibody chimeric G250(124I-cG250)等(圖2)也是近年來研究的熱點(diǎn)[7]。
圖1 硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑的基本結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Structure of nitroimidazole hypoxia tracer
PET腫瘤乏氧顯像相比其他腫瘤乏氧診斷方法具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):可根據(jù)不同的顯像需求選擇最適合的乏氧顯像劑;所得圖像分辨率高,組織結(jié)構(gòu)清晰;能對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行三維重建,對(duì)治療計(jì)劃的確定及實(shí)施有指導(dǎo)意義;可通過后續(xù)的計(jì)算對(duì)顯像結(jié)果進(jìn)行半定量及定量分析,便于病情評(píng)估;創(chuàng)傷小,易于被患者接受等[8]。
用于描述乏氧病灶攝取顯像劑多少的指標(biāo)包括SUV、腫瘤/血漿比值(the ratio of tumor to blood,T/ B)、腫瘤/肌肉比值(the ratio of tumor to muscle,T/ M)以及乏氧體積比。其中,乏氧體積比是PET圖像中,T/B或T/M高于閾值(常為1.2~1.4)的像素所占的比例,乏氧體積比需要選取腫瘤確切邊緣計(jì)算出的腫瘤體積作分母,而且會(huì)受到腫瘤壞死區(qū)大小的影響。
18F-FMISO是應(yīng)用最多的硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑,從1986年至今,廣泛的臨床試驗(yàn)足以證明其可靠性。18F-FMISO脂溶性較高,可以快速在組織中擴(kuò)散并穿過細(xì)胞膜;而由于脂溶性較高,18FFMISO在氧含量正常的組織及血液中清除較慢,對(duì)比度不佳,影響成像質(zhì)量。另外,18F-FMISO在體內(nèi)代謝較快,不利于后期成像[8]。
18F-FAZA是一類新型的硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑,其脂溶性比18F-FMISO弱,因而灌注與清除的速度都比18F-FMISO快。乏氧組織與非乏氧組織對(duì)18F-FAZA的攝取量有明顯的差異,對(duì)比度好,在非乏氧組織中清除快[9],顯像更清晰。注射后2 h顯像,18F-FAZA的T/M和T/B均高于18F-FMISO[10]。
18F-EF5是一種脂溶性較高的硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑,其半衰期約7.5~10 h。18F-EF5經(jīng)靜脈注射后能快速分布于全身各個(gè)器官,對(duì)顱腦腫瘤的乏氧顯像有特定的優(yōu)勢(shì),有多個(gè)18F的標(biāo)記位點(diǎn),顯像效果好。除此以外,18F-EF5性質(zhì)非常穩(wěn)定,也是目前研究的熱門顯像劑之一[4]。
Cu-ATSM(圖3)是一類常用的非硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑,不同的核素Cu有不同的半衰期。乏氧細(xì)胞對(duì)62Cu-ATSM的攝取量為氧含量正常細(xì)胞的3倍,與18F-FMISO相比,62Cu-ATSM在腫瘤組織內(nèi)的濃集速度快,細(xì)胞攝取率高,且從正常氧合組織中清除的速率快。62Cu-ATSM成像所需的時(shí)間比硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑短,注射后30 min即可進(jìn)行顯像,其合成也較簡(jiǎn)單,是一種極具潛力的PET腫瘤乏氧顯像劑[7]。
圖2 常用的硝基咪唑類乏氧顯像劑 圖中,18F-FETA:18F-fluoroetanidazole;18F-FENI:(18F-fluoro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole;18F-FMISO:18F-fluoromisonidazole;18F-EF1:18F-2-nitroimidazol-unifluoropropyl acetamide;18F-FAZA:18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside;18F-FETNIM:18F-fluoroerythronitroimidazole;18F-EF3:18F-2-nitroimidazol-trifluoropropyl acetamide;18F-HX4:18F-flortanidazole;18F-EF5:18F-2-nitroimidazol-pentafluoropropyl acetamide。Fig.2 Nitroimidazolehypoxia tracer grouped by parent radiosensitizers
圖3 Cu-ATSM的結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.3 Structure of Cu-labeled methylthiosemicarbazone
Thomlinson和Gray[11]在首次發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性腫瘤中存在乏氧細(xì)胞與氧含量正常的細(xì)胞后,進(jìn)一步的研究表明乏氧細(xì)胞對(duì)放化療的抵抗力和耐受力明顯高于氧含量正常的細(xì)胞,同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn),乏氧細(xì)胞修復(fù)輻射所致DNA損傷的速度變慢,DNA修復(fù)機(jī)制與細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)通路也發(fā)生改變,產(chǎn)生放療抵抗的細(xì)胞表型[12]。因此,診斷腫瘤乏氧對(duì)預(yù)后的判斷及后續(xù)的治療方案的選擇有重要的價(jià)值。
4.1 乏氧顯像在頭頸部腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用
頭頸部腫瘤的乏氧顯像是研究的重點(diǎn),頭頸部腫瘤原發(fā)部位多變、病理類型差別大,同時(shí),頭頸部重要器官比較集中,解剖關(guān)系復(fù)雜,乏氧顯像對(duì)于頭頸部腫瘤的評(píng)估有重要意義。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)乏氧顯像在頭頸部腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用的研究見表1。
4.2 乏氧顯像在肺癌中的臨床應(yīng)用
肺癌是最常見的肺原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤,近年來,世界各國(guó)特別是工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家肺癌的發(fā)病率和病死率均迅速上升,死于癌癥的男性患者中肺癌已居首位。對(duì)于肺癌患者,尤其是對(duì)進(jìn)展期肺癌患者而言,放化療是必要的治療手段,而腫瘤乏氧引起的放化療抵抗給治療帶來了很多困難,及早判斷腫瘤乏氧對(duì)于肺癌患者治療方案的確定以及預(yù)后的判斷有重要意義。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)乏氧顯像在肺癌中的臨床應(yīng)用的研究見表2。
表1 乏氧顯像在頭頸部腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用Table 1 Clinical hypoxia studies with PET in head and neck cancer
表2 乏氧顯像在肺癌中的臨床應(yīng)用Table 2 Clinical hypoxia studies with PET in lung cancer
4.3 乏氧顯像在膠質(zhì)瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用
膠質(zhì)瘤是發(fā)生于神經(jīng)外胚層的腫瘤,故亦稱神經(jīng)外胚層腫瘤或神經(jīng)上皮腫瘤。神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤的病程依其病理類型和所在部位長(zhǎng)短不一,惡性程度高的和后顱窩腫瘤病程多較短,較良性的腫瘤或位于所謂靜區(qū)的腫瘤病程多較長(zhǎng)。乏氧顯像對(duì)腫瘤惡性程度的判斷有很高的價(jià)值,可以指導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步的治療。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)乏氧顯像在膠質(zhì)瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用的研究見表3。
表3 乏氧顯像在膠質(zhì)瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用Table 3 Clinical hypoxia studies with PET in glioblastoma
4.4 乏氧顯像在宮頸癌中的臨床應(yīng)用
宮頸癌在世界各地都有發(fā)生,是人類最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率在女性生殖器官惡性腫瘤中占首位。放化療是治療宮頸癌的重要手段,及早判斷腫瘤乏氧程度,選擇合適的治療方案,對(duì)患者的預(yù)后有很大幫助。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)乏氧顯像在宮頸癌中的臨床應(yīng)用的研究見表4。
表4 乏氧顯像在宮頸癌中的臨床應(yīng)用Table 4 Clinical hypoxia studies with PET in cervical cancer
4.5 乏氧顯像在其他腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用
除了上述腫瘤外,尚有關(guān)于其他腫瘤乏氧顯像的臨床研究,如乳腺癌、間葉組織腫瘤、胰腺癌等。諸多PET乏氧顯像臨床研究表明:腫瘤乏氧程度與患者生存率呈負(fù)相關(guān),原發(fā)灶乏氧程度高的患者局部控制率低,預(yù)后差;乏氧與腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān),乏氧程度越高的病灶,更易復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)乏氧顯像在其他腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用的研究見表5。
綜上,腫瘤乏氧PET顯像對(duì)腫瘤是否乏氧及乏氧程度的輕重作出正確判斷,對(duì)于評(píng)估病情、判斷預(yù)后及制定合適的治療方案都有指導(dǎo)作用。在乏氧腫瘤治療的過程中,乏氧PET顯像也是監(jiān)測(cè)療效、判斷腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)歸的理想手段。但對(duì)于乏氧顯像標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的實(shí)施,仍需進(jìn)行深入的研究??傊[瘤乏氧PET顯像具有重要的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
腫瘤乏氧為治療帶來了很多困難,包括放療抵抗、易復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移以及凋亡抑制等,在乏氧顯像的幫助下,出現(xiàn)了很多新的治療乏氧腫瘤的理念及治療方案。
5.1 根據(jù)乏氧顯像制定放療計(jì)劃
IMRT是根據(jù)腫瘤的解剖學(xué)形態(tài)及乏氧區(qū)域的分布精確調(diào)節(jié)放療的劑量。腫瘤放療前,通過PET乏氧顯像對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行評(píng)估,以明確乏氧區(qū)的體積大小以及精確定位,進(jìn)一步制定詳細(xì)的放療計(jì)劃。在治療過程中,部分乏氧腫瘤可發(fā)生再氧化,乏氧顯像是監(jiān)測(cè)IMRT療效的重要指標(biāo),也可根據(jù)乏氧顯像結(jié)果及患者的個(gè)體情況,及時(shí)對(duì)放療劑量及部位作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,加強(qiáng)對(duì)乏氧腫瘤的放療劑量,盡可能減少對(duì)正常組織的電離損傷,使放療效益最大化[37]。在非小細(xì)胞肺癌及頭頸部腫瘤的治療中,IMRT已有充分的臨床應(yīng)用[38-39]。
5.2 增加乏氧腫瘤細(xì)胞的氧供
Maier等[40]研究了不同氧供條件下腫瘤對(duì)18FFAZA的攝取情況,結(jié)果表明腫瘤對(duì)18F-FAZA的攝取與排泄均與氧供情況有關(guān),減少供氧量時(shí),腫瘤對(duì)18F-FAZA的攝取升高,而肌肉組織對(duì)18F-FAZA的清除則不受氧供條件的影響。PET乏氧顯像可及時(shí)對(duì)腫瘤的乏氧程度作出評(píng)估,增加乏氧腫瘤細(xì)胞的氧供以改善乏氧腫瘤細(xì)胞的氧合狀態(tài),提高乏氧腫瘤對(duì)治療的敏感性,改善預(yù)后。Cheng等[41]的研究也表明,增加腫瘤細(xì)胞的氧供可以抑制乏氧腫瘤的快速生長(zhǎng),改善腫瘤預(yù)后。
5.3 根據(jù)乏氧顯像篩選出需要使用放射增敏劑的患者
對(duì)乏氧顯像劑有較高攝取的腫瘤,可使用放射增敏劑增加乏氧腫瘤對(duì)放療的敏感性,促進(jìn)腫瘤再氧化,提高腫瘤的局部控制率。目前研究較多的放射增敏劑是米索硝唑,但其溶解性較差,治療劑量的米索硝唑即可引起周圍神經(jīng)病變,這是限制臨床試驗(yàn)推廣的重要原因[42]。Overgaard等[12]的研究表明,新型放射增敏劑尼莫拉唑?qū)τ诜ρ跄[瘤的局部控制及遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后都有幫助,尼莫拉唑有望成為乏氧腫瘤治療的新熱點(diǎn)。Hassan Metwally等[43]的研究表明尼莫拉唑聯(lián)合加速放療能改善頭頸部乏氧腫瘤的預(yù)后。
表5 乏氧顯像在其他腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用Table 5 Clinical hypoxia studies with PET in other tumours
5.4 根據(jù)乏氧顯像篩選出需要使用乏氧細(xì)胞毒素的患者
乏氧是腫瘤治療中的一大難題,但乏氧細(xì)胞毒素對(duì)乏氧細(xì)胞有靶向性的殺傷作用。對(duì)乏氧顯像劑有較高攝取的腫瘤,除了常規(guī)的治療手段以外,還可以聯(lián)合使用乏氧細(xì)胞毒素,提高乏氧腫瘤的局部控制率,改善遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。替拉扎明是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的乏氧細(xì)胞毒素,它在細(xì)胞內(nèi)可被還原形成陰離子自由基,在O2存在下,可逆地氧化為無(wú)毒化合物,而在O2缺乏的細(xì)胞中,陰離子自由基則可進(jìn)一步消除水,形成毒性更大的羥基自由基,從而干擾乏氧腫瘤細(xì)胞的胞內(nèi)代謝[44]。臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)表明替拉扎明聯(lián)合放療可改善頭頸部腫瘤以及非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的局部控制率及生存率[45-46]。
腫瘤乏氧PET顯像在實(shí)體瘤的診斷、治療方案的指導(dǎo)、療效的檢測(cè)以及預(yù)后的評(píng)價(jià)等方面有其不可替代的優(yōu)越性,隨著國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)乏氧顯像劑及核醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷深入研究和拓展,腫瘤乏氧PET顯像定會(huì)發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。
利益沖突 本研究由署名作者按以下貢獻(xiàn)聲明獨(dú)立開展,不涉及任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明 許飛負(fù)責(zé)論文撰寫;劉建軍、黃鋼、宋少莉負(fù)責(zé)論文指導(dǎo)和審校。
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The application of hypoxia imaging with PET in predicting tumor hypoxia and guiding clinical therapy
Xu Fei,Liu Jianjun,Huang Gang,Song Shaoli
Department of Nuclear Medicine,Renji Hospital,School of Medicine,Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127,China
Song Shaoli,Email:shaoli-song@163.com
Assessing tumor hypoxia with metabolic imaging is an attractive alternative.Hypoxia tracers bind selectively to hypoxic cells,using PET with specific radiopharmaceuticals could visualize hypoxia noninvasively.Hypoxia PET imaging is a valuable tool in assessing oxygenation levels in tumors for the purpose of tumor diagnosis and also as a prognostic indicator.Meanwhile,hypoxia imaging can quantify hypoxic tumor subvolumes for dose painting and personalized treatment planning and delivery. This review summarizes the published literature on clinical studies and the experimental treatment of tumor hypoxia.
Neoplasms;Positron-emission tomography;Hypoxia
宋少莉,Email:shaoli-song@163.com
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2016.01.008
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(NSFC8141708)
2015-09-09)
國(guó)際放射醫(yī)學(xué)核醫(yī)學(xué)雜志2016年1期