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三疣梭子蟹生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力評(píng)估*

2016-05-12 03:03高保全王清印
關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀遺傳力

高保全, 劉 萍, 李 健, 王清印

(1.中國(guó)海洋大學(xué),山東 青島 266003; 2.中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黃海水產(chǎn)研究所,山東 青島266071)

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三疣梭子蟹生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力評(píng)估*

高保全1,2, 劉萍2**, 李健2, 王清印1,2

(1.中國(guó)海洋大學(xué),山東 青島 266003; 2.中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院黃海水產(chǎn)研究所,山東 青島266071)

摘要:準(zhǔn)確可靠的遺傳力是育種實(shí)踐的前提,本研究采用不平衡巢式設(shè)計(jì)和室內(nèi)定向交尾技術(shù)完成親蟹交配,交配模式為1個(gè)雄性三疣梭子蟹配3個(gè)雌性三疣梭子蟹,建立100組上述交配組合;經(jīng)過(guò)交尾、越冬,次年春天成功構(gòu)建了37個(gè)三疣梭子蟹全同胞家系,其中13個(gè)半同胞家系;80和120日齡時(shí)每個(gè)家系隨機(jī)選取30個(gè)左右個(gè)體,測(cè)量其全甲寬、甲長(zhǎng)、體高3個(gè)生長(zhǎng)性狀。通過(guò)SPSS 11.5一般線性模型(GL.M),計(jì)算表型變量的方差組分,評(píng)估全甲寬、甲長(zhǎng)、體高等重要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的遺傳力。結(jié)果表明,三疣梭子蟹80日齡3項(xiàng)生長(zhǎng)性狀總平均值分別為(77.99±11.42)、(35.90±5.84)、(20.13±7.77)mm,80日齡遺傳力估計(jì)值為0.51~0.69;120日齡3項(xiàng)生長(zhǎng)性狀總平均值分別為(122.73±12.80)、55.(13±5.39)、(29.99±3.34)mm,120日齡遺傳力估計(jì)值在0.27~0.70之間。通過(guò)t檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)只有基于全同胞方差組分估計(jì)的遺傳力達(dá)到極顯著水平,而基于母系半同胞、父系半同胞方差組分估計(jì)的遺傳力均未達(dá)到顯著水平。因此三疣梭子蟹2個(gè)發(fā)育階段狹義遺傳力的無(wú)偏估計(jì)值為全同胞方差組分估計(jì)的遺傳力,估計(jì)值分別為0.53~0.60和0.45~0.50。研究結(jié)果表明三疣梭子蟹3項(xiàng)重要經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀屬于高度遺傳力,說(shuō)明對(duì)其選擇具有較大的潛力。

關(guān)鍵詞:三疣梭子蟹;經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀;遺傳力

引用格式:高保全, 劉萍, 李健, 等. 三疣梭子蟹生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力評(píng)估 [J]. 中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2016, 46(4): 56-62.

GAO Bao-Quan, LIU Ping, LI Jian, et al. Estimates for the heritability of economically important growth-traits inPortunustrituberculatus[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2016, 46(4): 56-62.

三疣梭子蟹(Portunustrituberculatus)味道鮮美、營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,深受廣大人民喜愛(ài),另外養(yǎng)殖周期短、養(yǎng)殖工藝相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,已成為中國(guó)重要的海水養(yǎng)殖對(duì)象[1]。2006年中國(guó)三疣梭子蟹養(yǎng)殖面積達(dá)63.45萬(wàn)畝,但近年來(lái)由于國(guó)家工業(yè)園區(qū)和海參養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展,三疣梭子蟹養(yǎng)殖面積逐年萎縮,2010年中國(guó)三疣梭子蟹養(yǎng)殖面積僅為44.85萬(wàn)畝[2-3],減少近30%,養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)量也有所下滑,且萎縮趨勢(shì)還在延續(xù)。為改善這種頹勢(shì),培育生長(zhǎng)速度快、抗逆能力強(qiáng)的三疣梭子蟹新品種顯得非常必要。

國(guó)外有關(guān)三疣梭子蟹的研究報(bào)道主要集中在日本和韓國(guó),研究?jī)?nèi)容多為苗種培育、增殖放流、個(gè)體標(biāo)記及分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)等。中國(guó)科學(xué)工作者對(duì)三疣梭子蟹的研究,主要集中在生理生態(tài)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)飼料、疾病防治、基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)、人工苗種培育及養(yǎng)殖等方面[4-15]。有關(guān)三疣梭子蟹遺傳參數(shù)評(píng)估方面的研究主要有如下幾方面。高保全等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三疣梭子蟹形態(tài)性狀與體重的相關(guān)系數(shù)均達(dá)到極顯著水平(P<0.01);甲長(zhǎng)、第二側(cè)齒間距、全甲寬、體高、第一側(cè)齒間距、大螯不動(dòng)指長(zhǎng)對(duì)體重的通徑系數(shù)達(dá)到顯著水平。劉磊等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三疣梭子蟹生長(zhǎng)性狀相關(guān)系數(shù)0.759~0.972,遺傳相關(guān)系數(shù)0.170~0.975,表型相關(guān)和遺傳相關(guān)都呈極顯著水平(P<0.01)。王春琳等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三疣梭子蟹抗病候選群F2代、普通養(yǎng)殖群(RS)的頭胸甲寬、頭胸甲長(zhǎng)、螯足長(zhǎng)、游泳足長(zhǎng)、第一步足長(zhǎng)、第二步足長(zhǎng)、第三步足長(zhǎng)、兩側(cè)額齒問(wèn)距、中額齒間距、下額齒間距等10個(gè)參數(shù)均與體質(zhì)量顯著相關(guān)。國(guó)際上水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物遺傳力的研究,與畜牧相比,開(kāi)始較晚,上世紀(jì)后期,才開(kāi)始有相關(guān)報(bào)道。如貝類進(jìn)行遺傳力研究的物種主要包括:海灣扇貝(Argopectenirradiansconcentricus)[19]、馬氏珠母貝(Pinctadafucatamartensi)[20]、太平洋牡蠣(Crassostreagigas)[21]、美洲牡蠣(Crassostreavirginica)[22];魚(yú)類方面主要包括:虹鱒(Salmogairdneri)[23-25]、尼羅羅非魚(yú)(Tilapianilotica)[26]、大西洋鮭(Salmosalar)[27-28]等。遺傳力估計(jì)采用的方法多為同胞分析法,涉及的性狀非常多,比如頭胸甲長(zhǎng)、腹節(jié)長(zhǎng)、體長(zhǎng)、體寬、體高、體質(zhì)量、排幼量、抱卵量、孵化率、變態(tài)率、餌料轉(zhuǎn)化率及抗病力等重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀。中國(guó)水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物遺傳力評(píng)估的研究雖然開(kāi)展較晚,但是近年來(lái)進(jìn)展較快。比如三角帆蚌(Hyriopsiscuming)[29]、蝦夷扇貝(Patinopectenyessoensis)[30]、合浦珠母貝(Pinctadafucata)[31]、九孔鮑(Haliotisdiversicolor)[32]、刺參(ApostichopusjaponicusSelenka)[33]、凡納濱對(duì)蝦((Litopenaeusvannamei)[34]、中國(guó)對(duì)蝦(Fenneropenaeuschinensis)[35-36]、牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)[37]、海膽(Strongylocentrotusintermedius)[38]、三疣梭子蟹(P.trituberculatus)[39]等相關(guān)性狀遺傳力的估計(jì)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)建立家系材料,采用方差分析法估計(jì)三疣梭子蟹80日齡、120日齡全甲寬、甲長(zhǎng)、體高遺傳力,為育種提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

1材料與方法

1.1 親本材料

100只雄性親本、300只雌性親本,均取自育種群體;其中雄性親本全甲寬(127.92±11.30)mm,甲長(zhǎng)(60.03±6.84)mm,體高(32.81±3.89)mm,體質(zhì)量(129.56±11.28)g;雌性親本全甲寬(120.75±10.30)mm,甲長(zhǎng)(54.85±5.81)mm,體高(29.24±2.84)mm,體質(zhì)量(109.60±10.35)g。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 交尾方案8月下旬,挑選發(fā)育良好的雄蟹和雌蟹,其中雌蟹未完成生殖蛻殼,利用人工控制定向交尾技術(shù)完成交配,其中1♂和3♀為1組,單獨(dú)放入1個(gè)水泥池中。 次年4月15日—4月25日,建立37個(gè)全同胞家系,13個(gè)半同胞家系,均在同一苗種繁育車間培育。

1.2.2 培育和養(yǎng)殖褶皺臂尾輪蟲(chóng)(Brachinonusplicatilis)為三疣梭子蟹幼體開(kāi)口餌料,Ⅰ~Ⅳ期溞狀幼體以褶皺臂尾輪蟲(chóng)、鹵蟲(chóng)(BrineShrimp)幼體為主要餌料,大眼幼體、幼蟹以鹵蟲(chóng)成體為主要餌料。培育至Ⅱ期幼蟹,轉(zhuǎn)移室外池塘養(yǎng)殖。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化養(yǎng)殖池塘:2 400 m2養(yǎng)殖池,用紗網(wǎng)分割,平均分為12個(gè)小格,每個(gè)家系放入1個(gè)小格,每個(gè)家系放1 500尾蟹苗。家系的幼體培育及成體養(yǎng)殖條件基本 一致。養(yǎng)殖前期,以添水為主,7月上旬前,使水深達(dá)1.5 m以上;養(yǎng)殖中期每3~5 d換水1次,每次換水量30%~40%;養(yǎng)殖后期減少換水量及換水頻率;前期(II~I(xiàn)V期)以豐年蟲(chóng)成體為主,V期幼蟹以后,以小藍(lán)蛤(俗稱海沙子、小白蛤)和新鮮雜魚(yú)為主,在II、III、IV期幼蟹階段,投喂量可達(dá)體重50%~70%,V期以后日投喂量為體重的8%~15%。水質(zhì)環(huán)境:鹽度20~32,pH在7.8~8.6,透明度30~40 cm,溶解氧>4.5 mg/L,氨態(tài)氮<1.0 mg/L,硫化氫<0.01 mg/L。

1.2.3 數(shù)據(jù)測(cè)量80、120日齡時(shí),進(jìn)行生長(zhǎng)性狀測(cè)量,選取指標(biāo)為全甲寬、甲長(zhǎng)及體高。測(cè)量方法:自每個(gè)家系圍格中隨機(jī)捕獲30個(gè)左右的樣本,由同一實(shí)驗(yàn)人員用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量,精確到0.1 mm。

1.2.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用全同胞組內(nèi)相關(guān)法進(jìn)行遺傳力評(píng)估,通過(guò)SPSS 軟件的一般線性模型過(guò)程完成數(shù)據(jù)方差分析,結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。

表1全同胞資料表型變量組成的方差分析

Table 1Analysis of variance for phenotypic variation

變異來(lái)源Sourceofvariance自由度Degreeoffreedom平方和Sumofsquares均方Meansquare期望均方Expectedmeansquare雄性間S-1SSSMSSσ2e+K2×σ2D+K3×σ2S雄內(nèi)雌間D-SSSDMSDσ2e+K1×σ2D雌雄內(nèi)后代個(gè)體間N-DSSeMSeσ2e總和TotalN-1SST

1.2.5 遺傳力評(píng)估及t檢驗(yàn)遺傳力評(píng)估公式如下[40]:

父系半同胞

母系半同胞

全同胞

2結(jié)果與分析

2.1 生長(zhǎng)性狀

三疣梭子蟹80和120日齡各生長(zhǎng)性狀的平均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差見(jiàn)表2。

2.2 生長(zhǎng)性狀的方差分析

80和120日齡結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。結(jié)果顯示,雄性親本間和雄蟹內(nèi)雌蟹間80和120日齡各生長(zhǎng)性狀的F檢驗(yàn)P<0.01。80日齡和120日齡,雄性親本和雌性親本間的有效平均后代數(shù)目計(jì)算結(jié)果:K1=20.19,K2=24.58,K3=36.30。

表2 三疣梭子蟹80日齡和120日齡的生長(zhǎng)性狀

表3 三疣梭子蟹80日齡和120日齡表型變量組成的方差分析

注:**表示差異極顯著。** Means that difference is very significant.

①Among sires; ②Darns among sires; ③Arnong full-sibs; ④Total

2.3 表型變量的原因方差組分

80、120日齡表型變量的原因方差組分結(jié)果見(jiàn)表4。

2.4 遺傳力的估計(jì)

估計(jì)了三疣梭子蟹80日齡和120日齡生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力(見(jiàn)表5)。80日齡生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力的估計(jì)值為0.51~0.69;120日齡生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力的估計(jì)值為0.27~0.70。t檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果為:只有基于全同胞方差組分估計(jì)的遺傳力達(dá)到極顯著水平,另外2種方法估計(jì)的遺傳力未達(dá)到顯著水平。

3討論

遺傳力是衡量遺傳進(jìn)展的主要標(biāo)志,準(zhǔn)確可靠的遺傳力和個(gè)體育種值估計(jì)是育種實(shí)踐的前提。實(shí)驗(yàn)材料相同的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境是獲得精確遺傳參數(shù)重要條件之一,但梭子蟹個(gè)體標(biāo)記尚未完全解決,因此本研究采用圍格進(jìn)行家系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化養(yǎng)殖,使其生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境盡量一致。研究表明不同物種、不同性狀遺傳力差別較大,一般水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力為中高等水平。如黎火金等以33個(gè)全同胞家系材料,采用動(dòng)物模型查明合浦珠母貝幼貝生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力為0.200~0.204[31];蔣湘以32個(gè)全同胞家系為材料,采用REMAL方法得到其生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力為0.13~0.18[32];王俊杰等以16個(gè)全同胞家系為材料,采用SPSS GLM模型得到蝦夷扇貝體質(zhì)量遺傳力為0.219~0.617[30];王照旗以42個(gè)全同胞家系為材料,采用ASREML軟件的約束極大似然法,查明三角帆蚌1齡階段生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力為0.24~0.31[29];Quinton等利用全同胞資料估計(jì)大西洋鮭收獲時(shí)體重遺傳力,結(jié)果為0.10~0.20[27];;Fishback等采用MtdfremL方法獲得虹鱒體重及體長(zhǎng)的遺傳力,估計(jì)值為0.36~0.72[24];田永勝等以家系選育F3代家系為材料,采用最小范數(shù)二階無(wú)偏估計(jì)法得到牙鲆生長(zhǎng)性狀廣義遺傳力為0.38~0.54,狹義遺傳力為0.099~0.24[37]; Benzie等估計(jì)了斑節(jié)對(duì)蝦42、70日齡全體長(zhǎng)、體重的遺傳力,得到母系半同胞遺傳力為0.39,父系半同胞為0.10[41]; 徐如衛(wèi)等以54個(gè)全同胞為材料,采用SPSS統(tǒng)一線性模型獲得凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力為0.234~0.460[34];Argue等利用家系材料,評(píng)估凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力,結(jié)果為0.84[42];田燚等利用混合家系材料進(jìn)行中國(guó)對(duì)蝦145日齡體重遺傳力評(píng)估,遺傳力估計(jì)值為0.14[34]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)三疣梭子蟹生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力為0.45~0.60之間,為高度遺傳力,與其他物種生長(zhǎng)性狀研究結(jié)論一致。

表4 表型變量的原因方差組分

表5 三疣梭子蟹80日齡和120日齡生長(zhǎng)性狀的遺傳力及t檢驗(yàn)

注:**表示差異極顯著。** Means that difference is very significant.

影響估計(jì)值的因素有很多,如遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)、遺傳背景、生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境、樣本數(shù)量、操作人員、采用的軟件及方法等,均能引起評(píng)估結(jié)果有所不同。如徐如衛(wèi)等[34]和Argue等[42]估計(jì)的凡納濱對(duì)蝦生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力差別較大,前者為0.23~0.46,而后者為0.84;究其原因主要有以下4方面:1、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)和遺傳背景不同;2、樣本數(shù)量不同,前者為54個(gè)全同胞家系,其中18個(gè)半同胞家系,后者為43個(gè)全同胞家系,其中10個(gè)半同胞家系;3、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境及生長(zhǎng)周期不同;4、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析所用軟件工具不同。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明三疣梭子蟹全甲寬、甲長(zhǎng)、體高屬于高度遺傳力,對(duì)其進(jìn)行選育應(yīng)具有較大的潛力,可采用群體選擇或家系選擇,研究結(jié)果為三疣梭子蟹育種方案的制定提供了理論支持。但由于全同胞組內(nèi)相關(guān)法不能利用個(gè)體間的親緣信息,無(wú)法剖分隨機(jī)效應(yīng),其估計(jì)值一般偏高。精確可靠的遺傳力是制訂準(zhǔn)確、完善的育種方案的必要條件。而完整的系譜記錄,相同的養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境和足夠大的樣本含量是提高遺傳力估計(jì)準(zhǔn)確性的主要條件。因此下一步尚需通過(guò)以下措施更精確的估算三疣梭子蟹生長(zhǎng)性狀遺傳力:(1)統(tǒng)計(jì)連續(xù)幾代家系生長(zhǎng)數(shù)據(jù),且個(gè)體間系譜關(guān)系清晰;(2)增加全(半)同胞家系數(shù)量及每個(gè)家系測(cè)量的樣本數(shù);(3)研發(fā)個(gè)體識(shí)別標(biāo)記,采取家系混養(yǎng),剔除環(huán)境差異;(4)開(kāi)發(fā)更科學(xué)的方差組分估計(jì)方法,進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。

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責(zé)任編輯高蓓

Estimates for the Heritability of Economically Important Growth-traits inPortunustrituberculatus

GAO Bao-Quan1,2, LIU Ping2*, LI Jian2, WANG Qing-Yin1,2

(1.Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;2.Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China)

Abstract:In China, farming of P. trituberculatus produces annual yields of up to 100 000 tons. With the expansion and intensification of P. trituberculatus, various questions such as diseases, bad quality of larvas and less natural resources, have occurred and been serious, causing economic losses. At last, these questions are resolved by provided excellent breeds provided by using the selecting breeding program. It is an important way of selecting breeding. We must know the heritability of the species, first. So, the heitability of economic traits in P. trituberculatus were estimated by means of intra group correlation of full-sibs on day 80 and 120. A total of 400 maturing crab were from the base populations, which was established at the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute using four wild, geographically distinct, Chinese populations (Laizhou Gulf, Zhousha, Yalvjiangkou, and Haizhou Gulf). One hundred sires and three hundred dams were mated by 1♂×3♀, producing 37 full-sib families including 13 half-sib families. Families were hatched and reared separately under identical conditions until they reached the second crab stage. The outdoor pond was divided with netting into several equally-sized ponds and a total of 1 500 randomly-selected second-stage crabs from each family were moved to these separate small ponds. Families were reared and managed under identical conditions of feeding and drug administration. The full carapace width, carapace length, body height of about 30 individuals from each family were measured on 80 and 120 days. Causal components of phenotypic variance were calculated with the GLM procedure of SPSS software. The results showed full carapace width, carapace length, body height on day 80 and 120 of age were (77.99±11.42),(35.90±5.84),(20.13±7.77) and (122.73±12.80),(55.13±5.39),(29.99±3.34)mm respectively. The heritabilities of economic traits on day 80 and 120 of age 0.51~0.69 and 0.27~0.70 respectively. There were no significant difference in heritabilities estimates obtained from maternal and paternal genetic variance. But there was significant difference in heritability estimates obtained from components of variance of full-sibs within sires and dams. So it was concluded that heritability estimates (0.53~0.60, 0.45~0.50) obtained from components of variance of full-sibs within sires and dams were precise and unbiased for body weight on day 80 and 120, which suggested that the heritabilities of growth traits (e.g., full carapace width, carapace length, body height) were high.

Key words:Portunus trituberculatus;economic traits;heritability

DOI:10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20150246

中圖法分類號(hào):Q789

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

文章編號(hào):1672-5176(2016)04-056-07

作者簡(jiǎn)介:高保全(1980-),男,博士生。E-mail:gaobq@ysfri.ac.cn.**通訊作者: E-mail:liuping@ysfri.ac.cn

收稿日期:2015-08-10 ;

修訂日期:2015-10-28

*基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012AA10A409);山東省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(ZR2013CQ046)資助

Supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China(2012AA10A409); the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2013CQ046)

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