蘇 暢,呂寧寧,沈乾坤,楊金星,吳六順
(安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)冶金工程學(xué)院,安徽馬鞍山243002)
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低氧分壓條件下CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究
蘇暢,呂寧寧,沈乾坤,楊金星,吳六順
(安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)冶金工程學(xué)院,安徽馬鞍山243002)
摘要:以促進(jìn)2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體生成的非均相脫磷工藝被視為未來實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)爐少渣冶煉的重要手段,但目前相關(guān)渣系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究較少,不能為合理解釋非均相渣脫磷的機(jī)理提供理論依據(jù).為此,本文利用FactSage熱力學(xué)軟件繪制了低氧分壓( 1 mPa)條件下CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系及其子體系的熱力學(xué)相圖,分析了不同溫度下相平衡關(guān)系及液相線的變化規(guī)律.研究結(jié)果表明:升高溫度可使體系中液相區(qū)及Ca3( PO4)2初晶區(qū)的范圍擴(kuò)大,但會導(dǎo)致α'-Ca2SiO4的初晶區(qū)縮小以及Ca2Fe2O5等物相的消失;降低氧分壓可使體系的液相區(qū)縮小,并向高FeO的方向收縮; CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系中存在較大的α'-Ca2SiO4與Ca3( PO4)2共存區(qū),尤其是α'-Ca2SiO4,Ca3( PO4)2與Ca2Fe2O5的三相共存區(qū)可極大地促進(jìn)2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體的生成.
關(guān)鍵詞:低氧分壓; CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系;相圖計(jì)算; 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體
脫磷是轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼面臨的核心問題之一,貫穿于煉鋼工藝發(fā)展的始終;隨著鋼鐵工業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展,高效化、低成本化已成為脫磷工藝未來發(fā)展的主要方向[1-2].為了降低石灰的使用量和獲得較好的脫磷效果,部分學(xué)者對熔渣中固相及液相的脫磷機(jī)理進(jìn)行了研究[3],結(jié)果表明,在鐵水預(yù)處理溫度下,2CaO·SiO2與3CaO·P2O5可在很寬的成分范圍內(nèi)形成2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體或化合物[4],該固溶體在實(shí)現(xiàn)高效脫磷過程中可發(fā)揮較為重要的作用,不僅能為磷的富集提供場所,還可使液相渣具有較高的磷酸鹽容量,從而達(dá)到持續(xù)脫磷的目的.
鑒于磷在液相和固相中存在的遷移行為,國外一些學(xué)者提出了充分發(fā)揮2CaO·SiO2等固相作用的非均相爐渣脫磷工藝[5-6],并針對固相與液相之間的微觀反應(yīng)機(jī)理[7-8],磷在液相與固相間的分配比等進(jìn)行了大量研究[9-12].然而,一些熱力學(xué)研究,尤其是固相和熔渣之間相平衡關(guān)系的報(bào)道較少,使得非均相脫磷反應(yīng)的相關(guān)機(jī)理未能得到全面合理的解釋.
轉(zhuǎn)爐脫磷渣主要包括CaO,SiO2,F(xiàn)eO,MgO和P2O5等化合物,其中CaO,SiO2和FeO的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)占80%以上[13],因此,CaO-SiO2-FeO-P2O5四元體系的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)對脫磷工藝的影響較大,是不可或缺的基礎(chǔ)熱力學(xué)數(shù)據(jù).然而廣義的CaO -SiO2-FeO-P2O5相圖已很難滿足新型脫磷工藝?yán)碚撝笇?dǎo)的需要,尤其是不同氧分壓下涉及2CaO·SiO2,3CaO·P2O5及2CaO·Fe2O3等物相平衡關(guān)系的熱力學(xué)相圖還需進(jìn)行深入的研究.查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)可知[13-14],目前對CaO-SiO2-FeO -P2O5體系的研究大多集中在中高氧分壓條件下,而與實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)爐爐渣平衡的氧分壓并不高,大約在10-5~10-3Pa范圍內(nèi)[15-16],而低氧分壓條件下有關(guān)CaO-SiO2-FeO-P2O5體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的研究報(bào)道較少.為此,本文利用熱力學(xué)計(jì)算軟件FactSage繪制了低氧分壓條件下CaO-SiO2-P2O5-FeO四元及其三元子渣系的熱力學(xué)相圖,并分析了不同溫度下各體系相平衡關(guān)系和液相線的變化規(guī)律,可為全面分析低氧分壓下轉(zhuǎn)爐脫磷渣中各物相的析出規(guī)律提供依據(jù).
基于FactSage 6.1軟件平臺,相圖計(jì)算的基本原理是能量最小原理,即在熱力學(xué)平衡條件下,給定體系的組成、溫度和壓力,計(jì)算出各種物相組成的吉布斯自由能,通過尋優(yōu)法、迭代法、分步迭代法等數(shù)學(xué)方法求得體系達(dá)到最低自由能的平衡狀態(tài)[17].
對于體系液相自由能的描述選擇擴(kuò)展的似化學(xué)模型,對于固溶體相自由能的描述采用化合物能模型,簡單氧化物則采用科勒展開多項(xiàng)式模型描述,在進(jìn)行利用三元氧化物體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)外推計(jì)算四元氧化物體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)時(shí)則采用多項(xiàng)式模型.
2.1 CaO-SiO2-FeO體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的計(jì)算
低氧分壓( 1 mPa)條件下,CaO-SiO2-FeO體系在不同溫度下的相平衡關(guān)系如圖1所示.由圖1可知,1 573 K下CaO-SiO2-FeO體系中含鱗石英( SiO2),偽硅灰石( CaSiO3),硅鈣石( Ca3Si2O7),Ca2Fe2O5,固溶體相α'-Ca2SiO4和簡單氧化物( AMonoxide)六個(gè)初晶區(qū).其中,固溶體相α'-Ca2SiO4的穩(wěn)定區(qū)域較大,其液相線上SiO2最高含量(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù),下同)可達(dá)40%,F(xiàn)eO含量最高達(dá)85%,CaO含量高于50%的結(jié)晶區(qū)內(nèi)幾乎都會有α'-Ca2SiO4生成.此外,在FeO含量小于60%,SiO2含量小于40%,CaO含量高于50%的結(jié)晶區(qū)內(nèi)存在Ca2Fe2O5相.當(dāng)溫度升高至1 673 K時(shí),液相區(qū)及SiO2的初晶區(qū)迅速擴(kuò)大,偽硅灰石( CaSiO3),硅鈣石( Ca3Si2O7)及α'-Ca2SiO4的初晶區(qū)縮小,Ca2Fe2O5的初晶區(qū)消失.當(dāng)溫度為1 773 K時(shí),液相區(qū)繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大,SiO2的初晶區(qū)縮小,Ca3Si2O7的初晶區(qū)消失.
圖2示出了溫度對CaO-SiO2-FeO體系液相線的影響.由圖可知,隨著溫度的升高,CaOSiO2-FeO體系的液相線向CaO-SiO2邊界擴(kuò)展的趨勢較明顯,而且有向高CaO及高SiO2含量方向擴(kuò)展的趨勢.圖3示出了中低氧分壓下CaOSiO2-FeO體系液相線的變化規(guī)律.由圖3可知,當(dāng)氧分壓由1Pa降至1mPa時(shí),CaO-SiO2-FeO體系的液相線向高鐵區(qū)收縮,但向高SiO2含量等方向移動(dòng)的趨勢不明顯.
2.2 CaO-SiO2-P2O5體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的計(jì)算
圖4示出了低氧分壓條件下CaO-SiO2-P2O5體系在不同溫度下的熱力學(xué)相圖(等溫截面圖),由圖4可知,該體系主要含CaO,SiO2,CaSiO3,Ca3( PO4)2,Ca3Si2O7及α'-Ca2SiO4等初晶相.1 573 K下,當(dāng)SiO2含量小于40%,CaO含量在60%~75%范圍內(nèi)時(shí),會出現(xiàn)α'-Ca2SiO4和Ca3( PO4)2的共存區(qū),因而在此區(qū)域內(nèi)成渣可促進(jìn)2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體的生成.當(dāng)溫度升至1 673 K時(shí),各初晶相的位置變化不大.但當(dāng)溫度為1 773 K時(shí),出現(xiàn)了液相與固相的共存區(qū),Ca3( PO4)2初晶區(qū)的范圍變大,而且存在液相與α'-Ca2SiO4,Ca3( PO4)2的共存區(qū)域,相比于兩固相存在的情況,液相的出現(xiàn)無疑會加快2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體的生成速率.
圖1 氧分壓1 mPa下CaO-SiO2-FeO體系的等溫截面圖Fig.1 Isothermal sections for CaO-SiO2-FeO system with p( O2) =1 mPa( a)—1 573 K; ( b)—1 673 K; ( c)—1 773 K1—L + SiO2+ CaSiO3; 2—L + SiO2; 3—L + CaSiO3; 4—L + Ca3Si2O7; 5—L + CaSiO3+ Ca3Si2O7; 6—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7; 7—α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7; 8—L +α'-Ca2SiO4; 9—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca2Fe2O5; 10—AMonoxide +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca2Fe2O5; 11—AMonoxide +α'-Ca2SiO4; 12—L + AMonoxide
圖2 溫度對CaO-SiO2-FeO體系液相線的影響(氧分壓=1 mPa)Fig.2 Effect of temperature on the liquidus of CaO-SiO2-FeO system with P( O2) =1 mPa
圖3 氧分壓對CaO-SiO2-FeO體系液相線的影響(溫度=1 673 K)Fig.3 Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the liquidus of CaO-SiO2-FeO system at 1 673 K
2.3 CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)的計(jì)算
圖4 氧分壓為1 mPa時(shí)CaO-SiO2-P2O5體系的等溫截面圖Fig.4 Isothermal sections for CaO-SiO2-P2O5system with p( O2) =1 mPa( a)—1 573 K; ( b)—1 673 K; ( c)—1 773 K1—SiO2+ Ca3( PO4)2; 2—SiO2+ CaSiO3+ Ca3( PO4)2; 3—CaSiO3+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2; 4—α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2; 5—α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3SiO5+ Ca3( PO4)2; 6—CaO + Ca3SiO5+ Ca3( PO4)2; 7—L + Ca3( PO4)2; 8—L + CaSiO3+ Ca3( PO4)2; 9—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2; 10—Ca3( PO4)2
圖5 氧分壓為1mPa時(shí)CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系的等溫截面圖Fig.5 Isothermal sections for CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%) -FeO system with p( O2) =1 mPa( a)—1 573 K; ( b)—1 673 K; ( c)—1 773 K1—L + SiO2+ CaSiO3+ Ca3( PO4)2; 2—L + SiO2+ Ca3( PO4)2; 3—L + CaSiO3+ Ca3( PO4)2; 4—L + Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2; 5—L + CaSiO3+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2; 6—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2; 7—α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2; 8—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2; 9—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2+ Ca2Fe2O5; 10—α'-Ca2SiO4+ CaO + Ca3( PO4)2+ Ca2Fe2O5; 11—L + Ca3( PO4)2; 12—L + SiO2+ Ca3( PO4)2; 13—L + SiO2; 14—L; 15—L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3SiO5+ Ca3( PO4)2; 16—L + CaO + Ca3SiO5+ Ca3( PO4)2
圖5示出了低氧分壓條件下,CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系在不同溫度下的熱力學(xué)相圖(考慮到轉(zhuǎn)爐渣中P2O5的含量較少,本文只討論了P2O5質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為10%的情況).由圖5可知,1 573 K下該熱力學(xué)體系的相平衡關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜,存在液相區(qū)、液相與固相的共存區(qū)、固相與固相的共存區(qū)等,可生成CaO,SiO2,CaSiO3,α'-Ca2SiO4,Ca3SiO5,Ca3Si2O7,Ca3( PO4)2,Ca2Fe2O5等物相.含有α'-Ca2SiO4及Ca3( PO4)2的析晶區(qū)包括: L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+Ca3( PO4)2,α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2,L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2,L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2+ Ca2Fe2O5,α'-Ca2SiO4+ CaO + Ca3( PO4)2+ Ca2Fe2O5,除含α'-Ca2SiO4及Ca3( PO4)2外,每個(gè)共存區(qū)內(nèi)還含有液相,CaO,Ca3Si2O7及Ca2Fe2O5等.研究表明[16],鐵氧化物在2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體的生成過程發(fā)揮了較為重要的作用,其存在可加快各元素在液相及含磷富集相間的傳質(zhì),促進(jìn)2CaO·SiO2與3CaO·P2O5的反應(yīng),因此,在非均相脫磷工藝中,熔渣的成分組成應(yīng)盡量控制在L + a'Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2+ Ca2Fe2O5的共存區(qū)內(nèi).當(dāng)溫度升至1 673 K時(shí),L + SiO2+ CaSiO3+ Ca3( PO4)2,L + CaSiO3+ Ca3( PO4)2,L + Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2,L + CaSiO3+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2,L + a'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2,α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3Si2O7+ Ca3( PO4)2,L +α'-Ca2SiO4+ Ca3( PO4)2等共存區(qū)的范圍縮小,Ca2Fe2O5的初晶區(qū)消失,取而代之的是Ca3SiO5.當(dāng)繼續(xù)升高溫度至1 773 K時(shí),Ca3Si2O7的初晶區(qū)消失,a'-Ca2SiO4及CaSiO3的初晶區(qū)明顯縮小,而SiO2及Ca3( PO4)2的初晶區(qū)則呈擴(kuò)大的趨勢.綜上,低氧分壓條件下,隨著溫度的升高,α'-Ca2SiO4及Ca2Fe2O5的初晶區(qū)逐漸縮小,α'-Ca2SiO4與Ca3( PO4)2的共存區(qū)也呈縮小的趨勢,可見,升高溫度不利于2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5固溶體的生成.
圖6 溫度對CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系液相線的影響(氧分壓=1 mPa)Fig.6 Effect of temperature on liquidus of CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO system with p( O2) =1 mPa
圖6示出了溫度對CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%) -FeO體系液相線的影響,由圖6可知,隨著溫度的升高,液相區(qū)迅速向低FeO及高SiO2含量的方向擴(kuò)展,這一變化導(dǎo)致了Ca2Fe2O5初晶相的消失,盡管在CaO方向上的擴(kuò)展不明顯,但也使α'-Ca2SiO4的初晶區(qū)不斷縮小.圖7示出了中低氧分壓下CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系液相線的變化規(guī)律,由圖可知,當(dāng)氧分壓由1 Pa降至1.0×10-3Pa時(shí),CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系的液相線向高FeO方向收縮,在CaO含量較低的區(qū)域,液相線向高SiO2含量等方向收縮.
為了更好地解釋轉(zhuǎn)爐渣脫磷的相關(guān)機(jī)理,本文利用FactSage6.1熱力學(xué)軟件對CaO-SiO2-P2O5-FeO體系及其子體系在低氧分壓條件下的熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行了研究,并分析了溫度對相平衡關(guān)系及液相線的影響規(guī)律,獲得以下結(jié)論:
( 1) CaO-SiO2-FeO體系含鱗石英( SiO2),偽硅灰石( CaSiO3),硅鈣石( Ca3Si2O7),Ca2Fe2O5,固溶體相α'-Ca2SiO4和簡單氧化物( AMonoxide)六個(gè)初晶區(qū).升高溫度可使液相區(qū)擴(kuò)大,偽硅灰石( CaSiO3),硅鈣石( Ca3Si2O7)及α'-Ca2SiO4的初晶區(qū)縮小,Ca2Fe2O5及Ca3Si2O7的初晶區(qū)消失.
( 2) CaO-SiO2-P2O5體系主要含CaO,SiO2,CaSiO3,Ca3( PO4)2,Ca3Si2O7及α'-Ca2SiO4等初晶區(qū).1 573 K下,當(dāng)SiO2含量小于40%,CaO含量在60%~75%范圍內(nèi)時(shí),會出現(xiàn)α'-Ca2SiO4和Ca3( PO4)2的共存相.當(dāng)溫度升至1 773 K時(shí),Ca3( PO4)2初晶區(qū)的范圍變大,而且存在液相與α'-Ca2SiO4,Ca3( PO4)2的共存區(qū)域.
( 3) CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO體系中含液相區(qū)、液相與固相的共存區(qū)、固相與固相的共存區(qū)等,可生成CaO,SiO2,CaSiO3,α'-Ca2SiO4,Ca3SiO5,Ca3Si2O7,Ca3( PO4)2,Ca2Fe2O5等物相.升高溫度可使液相區(qū),SiO2及Ca3( PO4)2的初晶區(qū)擴(kuò)大,α'-Ca2SiO4及CaSiO3的初晶區(qū)縮小,Ca2Fe2O5及Ca3Si2O7的析晶區(qū)消失.
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Research on the thermodynamic properties of CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO oxide system under low oxygen partial pressure
Su Chang,Lv Ningning,Shen Qiankun,Yang Jinxing,Wu Liushun
( School of Metallurgical Engineering,Anhui University of Technology,Maanshan 243002,China )
Abstract:The multi phase flux dephosphorization technology is an important method for the converter smelting.However the thermodynamic properties of related slag system are less seen in the publications.Therefore,CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO slag systems phase diagrams at a low oxygen partial pressure( 1 mPa) were plotted through the thermodynamic software package FactSage.Effects of temperature on equilibrium phase relations and the liquides were analyzed.The results showed that temperature increase can enlarge the liquid region and the primary phase field of Ca3( PO4)2,so cause reduction of the α'-Ca2SiO4field and disappearance of Ca2Fe2O5.The liquid region is reduced and shifted toward the high-Fe area the oxygen partial pressure decrease.CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO slag systems contain a large coexistence zone of α'-Ca2SiO4and Ca3( PO4)2,especially the three phase regions of α'-Ca2SiO2,Ca3( PO4)2and Ca2Fe2O5can greatly promote formation of 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5solid solution.
Key words:low oxygen partial pressure; CaO-SiO2-P2O5( 10%)-FeO system; phase diagram caclulation; 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5solid solution
通訊作者:呂寧寧( 1985—),男,講師,E-mail: lvning198565@163.com.
作者簡介:蘇暢( 1981—),女,講師,E-mail: suchang9@ sina.cn.
基金項(xiàng)目:國家自然科學(xué)基金資助( 51374006) ;安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)青年教師科研基金( RD14100503) ;大學(xué)生2014省級創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目( SA15100028) ;安徽省教育廳高校自然科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目( KJ2016A089).
收稿日期:2015-10-26.
doi:10.14186/j.cnki.1671-6620.2016.01.006
中圖分類號:TF 711
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1671-6620( 2016) 01-0033-06