阿古拉,許彥來,張少麟
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WR-2721口服腸溶生物降解微囊的制備研究
阿古拉,許彥來,張少麟
[摘要]目的通過制備WR-2721口服腸溶生物降解微囊,從而改善其口服利用度。方法以高分子可生物降解的丙烯酸樹脂Eudragit L 100-55為囊材,用噴霧干燥技術(shù)制備微囊;利用橫移激光散射圖案在介質(zhì)中的分布測(cè)量微粒直徑、形狀及粒徑分布;微囊體外溶出度實(shí)驗(yàn)及體內(nèi)血液及各組織分布使用高效液相色譜法(HPLC)測(cè)定含量;小鼠口服微囊1 h后全身照射6 Gy的γ射線觀察30 d存活率實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果3批微囊90%的直徑在(2.8±0.24)μm,微囊表面光滑、圓球形,得囊率為80%;體外24 h釋放率分別為(95.35±2.13)%(37℃)和(89.68±3.17)%(4℃),且37℃的釋放率高于4℃;30 d存活率實(shí)驗(yàn)WR-2721微囊組為80%、WR-2721口服組為50%、輻射對(duì)照組為0%、空白對(duì)照組和腹腔注射組為100%。結(jié)論WR-2721口服微囊有顯著的輻射防護(hù)作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞]WR-2721;微囊;輻射防護(hù);口服劑型;Eudragit
[作者單位]266071山東青島,濟(jì)南軍區(qū)青島第一療養(yǎng)院中醫(yī)科
WR-2721為1999年被美國(guó)FDA批準(zhǔn)上市的用于對(duì)化療藥腎毒性以及減輕腫瘤患者因放射引起的損傷[1],也是一種放射效果良好的輻射防護(hù)及細(xì)胞保護(hù)劑[2]。但本品有較強(qiáng)的不良反應(yīng),如惡心嘔吐、血壓降低、口干等反應(yīng)[3-4],此外排泄過快,半衰期只有0.9 min,并且靜脈給藥在15 min內(nèi)快速滴入[5]。為了降低毒性、方便給藥、提高穩(wěn)定性,本研究擬將WR-2721由高分子材料包裹成囊,制成腸溶微囊,避開胃酸的水解,以降低其不良反應(yīng),延長(zhǎng)半衰期,提高口服生物利用度。
1.1儀器
美國(guó)Angilent1100高效液相色譜儀,Buchi B191(瑞士)噴霧干燥器,85-2A磁力攪拌器,RCZ-6B2型藥物溶出度儀,sigma3-18k高速控溫離心機(jī),Milli-Q型去離子水制備儀。甲醇、乙腈為色譜純,其他試劑為分析純,水為去離子水,對(duì)照品由中國(guó)藥品生物制品檢定所提供。
1.2色譜條件
根據(jù)樣品分離要求色譜法的分析條件為:分離柱C18(Angilent 150 mm×3.9 mm,5μm);流動(dòng)相為乙腈-水(0.1 mol/L氯乙酸與5 mmol/L的辛烷磺酸鈉,用三乙胺調(diào)pH至3.0)(15:85),流速1.0 ml/min;檢測(cè)器為電化學(xué)檢測(cè)器(Hg/Au電極),氧化電位設(shè)定為+0.2 V;注射量為20μl。
1.3方法
1.3.1微囊的制備取高分子基質(zhì)適量,溶于無水乙醇中備用,另精確稱取WR-2721適量溶解于去離子水,加入相關(guān)的表面活性劑,在磁力攪拌器作用下加入到高分子溶液,使得溶液被乳化。用小型的帶有1.0 mm噴嘴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的噴霧干燥Buchi B191(瑞士)進(jìn)行噴霧干燥。進(jìn)氣口的溫度、液體流動(dòng)速度和噴霧空氣壓縮速度分別設(shè)置為65℃,3.5 m l/min,600 L/h。得白色均勻粉末,冷凍保存。
1.3.2測(cè)定微粒直徑分布將樣品溶于水中進(jìn)行分型,并且使用Frauenhofer方法計(jì)算粒徑分布。粒徑計(jì)算是假設(shè)存在球形顆粒,并且是以球形體積的計(jì)算量為基礎(chǔ)的。對(duì)于每個(gè)樣品,都要以流動(dòng)的去離子水為背景。對(duì)于微室中的微球樣品(大約2 mg)要計(jì)數(shù)120 s。去除背景后,計(jì)算粒徑分布。每個(gè)試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.3.3微囊藥物體外溶出度溶出介質(zhì)為經(jīng)脫氣處理的pH7.4磷酸鹽緩沖液900ml、轉(zhuǎn)速為100 r/min,溫度設(shè)為為4℃和37℃。將適量微囊M(g),裝進(jìn)透析袋中,然后再放入轉(zhuǎn)籃中,根據(jù)圖2定時(shí)取樣5 ml,用微孔濾膜過濾,并補(bǔ)入等量介質(zhì),取濾液用高效液相色譜法同法測(cè)定含量,并計(jì)算出濃度為C(μg/ml)。1.3.4小鼠30 d活存率實(shí)驗(yàn)取Balb/c小鼠,50只,8~10周,體質(zhì)量18~22 g,分5組,分別為正常空白對(duì)照組、輻射對(duì)照組、WR-2721原料藥物口服組和微囊組、WR-2721腹腔注射組。劑量為口服WR-2721 50 mg/kg及微囊(含WR-2721相當(dāng)于50 mg/kg)腹腔注射WR-2721 5 mg/kg(照射前30 min給藥),在軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)一周,照前1 h給藥后Co60照射,照射劑量為6 Gy,觀察各組小鼠30 d的活存情況并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。
1.3.5小鼠各組織及血液分布[6]取Balb/c小鼠48只,組別分WR-2721口服50 mg/kg和微囊50 mg/kg,采血時(shí)間:照射后30、60、120、180 min,每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)取3只鼠,眼眶取血0.4 ml,立刻加冰蛋白沉淀液1 ml(1 mol/L高氯酸,2.7 mmol/L EDTA)沉淀蛋白,處死動(dòng)物,另取心、肝、肺、腦、胃、脾、腎各加上述蛋白沉淀液1 ml,用眼科剪刀剪碎,在12 000 rpm/min(-4℃)離心10 min,取上清液,保存在-70℃冰箱待測(cè)。
2.1測(cè)定微囊直徑分布
使用Frauenhofer方法計(jì)算囊徑分布,囊徑計(jì)算是假設(shè)存在球形顆粒,并且是以球形體積的計(jì)算量為基礎(chǔ)的。3批微囊的直徑分布較均勻,90%微囊的直徑在(2.8±0.24)μm,得囊率為80%,如圖1。
2.2微囊藥物體外溶出度
微囊在2種溫度下24 h的釋放結(jié)果如圖2,在最初的2 h快速釋放,并在4 h釋放60%的藥物,在24 h釋放率分別為(95.35±2.13)%(37℃)和(89.68±3.17)%(4℃);且24 h體外釋放率37℃的釋放率高于4℃,達(dá)到緩慢釋放藥物的目的。
2.3 30 d存活率實(shí)驗(yàn)
30 d存活率實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示W(wǎng)R-2721微囊組為80%,WR-2721口服組為50%,輻射對(duì)照組為0%,空白對(duì)照組和腹腔注射均為100%,無1例死亡。見圖3。
2.4小鼠各組織及血液分布
如圖4所示,微囊在120 min濃度增加,并在180 min時(shí)全面超過WR-2721口服組,顯示出制備成微囊后的緩釋作用。
圖1 3批微囊的直徑分布圖
圖2 不同溫度下3批微囊藥物體外溶出度
圖3 各組小鼠30 d活存率比較
圖4 不同給藥方法各組織及血液中WR-2721分布比較
用干燥噴霧法制得的微囊有制備簡(jiǎn)單、快速、有效成分降解少且工藝易控制等優(yōu)點(diǎn),制備后的微囊穩(wěn)定大大提高,有望開發(fā)出口服的WR-2721新劑型。
從微囊的體外溶出度及體內(nèi)組織分布圖來看有一定的緩釋控釋作用,體外釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,制成微囊后溫度對(duì)藥物的影響大大降低,有利于保存使用。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
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(本文編輯:林永麗)
Development of biodegradable enteric m icrocapsules of WR-2721 for oral delivery
AGula,Xu Yanlai,Zhang Shaolin
(Department of Chinese Medicine,F(xiàn)irst Qingdao Sanitarium,CPLA,Qingdao 266071,China)
[Abstract]Objective Amifostine(WR-2721)is the first FDA-approved cyto-protective agent,which is prescribed to reduce certain side-effects during chemotherapy of ovarian,non-small cell lung cancer,and in the radiation treatment for head-and-neck cancer patients.However,due to the fact that intravenous infusion of the drug was the main route ofmedication and assimilation was low if taken orally,its wide application was therefore affected clinically.For this reason,we intended to develop biodegradable entericmicrocapsules ofWR-2721 for oral delivery,so as to improve the bioavailability of the drug.MethodsThe preparation of themicrocapsule wasmade by using the high-molecular and biodegradable Eudragit L100-55 as its capsulematerial and by the spray drying technique.The diameter,shape,particle size distribution and yield rate of the capsules weremeasured by transversal distributionmeasurement of laser light scattering pattern inmedium particle diameter.High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to detect in vitro release of the drug and the drug amount remaining in themicrocapsule at a specific sampling time.One hour after medication,radioprotective efficacy of the new drug formulation was determined by 30-daymice survival ratewith whole-body exposure to6Gy.Results The diameter of90%microcapsules of the 3 batcheswas(2.8±0.24)μm.The shape of themicrocapsulewas sphericalwith a smooth surface,and the yield rate was 80%.In vitro release rate in 24 h was respectively[(95.35±2.13)%]at 37℃and[(89.68± 3.17)%]at4℃,with the release rate at37℃being higher than that at4℃.The 30-day survival rate for theWR-2721 microcapsule group was 80%,the rate for the WR-2721 oral group was 50%,the rate for the radiation group was 0%,and the rates for the blank control group and the abdominal injection group were as high as 100%.Conclusion As compared with the oral WR-2721 group,the WR-2721 microcapsule had significant radio-protective effect.
[Key words]WR-2721;Amifostine;Microcapsule;Radioprotection;Oral delivery;Eudragit
(收稿日期:2015-07-21)
[基金項(xiàng)目]濟(jì)南軍區(qū)立項(xiàng)課題(JN13W056)
[中圖分類號(hào)]R94
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A[DOI]10.3969/j.issn.1009-0754.2016.01.020