王漢萍,張 力,王孟昭
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厄洛替尼治療老年非小細(xì)胞肺癌的療效和安全性
王漢萍,張 力*,王孟昭
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院中國(guó)協(xié)和醫(yī)科大學(xué)北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科,北京 100730)
評(píng)價(jià)厄洛替尼在中國(guó)老年晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者中的安全性、療效以及臨床因素與療效之間的關(guān)系。回顧性分析2005年3月至2010年10月于北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科服用厄洛替尼的非臨床試驗(yàn)的43例老年NSCLC患者的臨床資料,分析其生存情況及相關(guān)臨床因素對(duì)生存的影響。43例患者中,部分緩解(PR)12例,病情穩(wěn)定(SD)17例,疾病進(jìn)展(PD)14例,客觀有效率(ORR)為27.9%,疾病控制率(DCR)為67.4%。影響ORR的臨床因素有性別(=0.001)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.022)和吸煙史(=0.001);影響DCR的因素有性別(=0.031)、美國(guó)東部腫瘤協(xié)作組(ECOG)評(píng)分(=0.004)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.018)、吸煙史(=0.005)和服藥后皮疹(<0.001)。服藥后中位無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)為27周(95%CI:8.32~45.7周),服藥后總生存期(OS)為46周(95%CI:26.7~65.3周)。對(duì)PFS有顯著影響的臨床因素包括病理類型(=0.024)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.036)、ECOG評(píng)分(=0.001)、服藥后皮疹(=0.006);而病理類型(=0.040)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.023)、ECOG評(píng)分(<0.001)、使用厄洛替尼后續(xù)治療(=0.028)對(duì)OS有顯著影響。EGFR19/21外因子突變陽(yáng)性的患者ORR(=0.004)和DCR(=0.033)均顯著高于陰性組,中位PFS也顯著高于陰性組(46.112.8周,=0.004)。常見(jiàn)副反應(yīng)為皮疹(51.2%)和腹瀉(23.2%)。使用厄洛替尼治療我國(guó)老年晚期NSCLC患者的療效和安全性均較好,體能狀態(tài)良好的患者盡早使用厄洛替尼可能獲得更好的療效。
非小細(xì)胞肺癌;厄洛替尼;老年人
肺癌是最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,也是腫瘤相關(guān)死亡的第一位原因[1]。其中80%~85%的肺癌為非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)。多數(shù)患者診斷時(shí)已經(jīng)處于晚期,而其中>50%的晚期NSCLC發(fā)生于年齡>65歲的老年人。統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),近10年來(lái)<50歲的肺癌發(fā)病率和死亡率呈下降趨勢(shì),而>70歲的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì)[2]。因此老年肺癌患者治療已經(jīng)是腫瘤??漆t(yī)師必須面對(duì)的問(wèn)題。然而,老年肺癌患者的治療方案療效與安全性往往缺少循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)[3]。目前認(rèn)為,所有>70歲的患者都應(yīng)進(jìn)行生理年齡評(píng)估,年齡本身不是術(shù)后輔助化療的禁忌證。
局部進(jìn)展的NSCLC應(yīng)該考慮行聯(lián)合放化療;卡鉑(carboplatin)和紫杉醇(paclitaxel)聯(lián)合的方案與單藥吉西他濱(gemcitabine)或長(zhǎng)春瑞濱(vinorelbine)相比,雖毒性反應(yīng)增加,卻更有利于延長(zhǎng)晚期NSCLC的生存;其他以卡鉑或順鉑(cisplatin)為基礎(chǔ)的鉑二聯(lián)方案也可用于合適的老年患者,但其生存獲益尚未得到隨機(jī)性臨床試驗(yàn)的支持;三代化療藥物的單藥化療用于不適合雙藥方案的老年患者;而對(duì)于靶向藥物,包括表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKI)或間變淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)抑制劑,不管患者年齡多大,只要患者存在相應(yīng)的EGFR突變或ALK重排,都是優(yōu)于化療的首選治療[4]。而鑒于EGFR-TKI的安全性和有效性,其對(duì)無(wú)其他治療選擇或體能狀態(tài)(performance status,PS)差的老年患者被寄予了更大的期望。
本研究回顧性分析了北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科2005年3月至2010年10月收治的43例應(yīng)用厄洛替尼治療的老年晚期NSCLC患者的臨床資料,觀察其療效及安全性,尋找可預(yù)測(cè)中國(guó)老年患者使用厄洛替尼(erlotinib)后療效的臨床指標(biāo)。
研究對(duì)象為2005年3月至2010年10月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科收治的確診為晚期NSCLC并服用厄洛替尼的患者43例,中位年齡75歲,年齡跨度70~85歲。其中,腺癌34例,二線及以上的治療24例(55.8%),服藥后皮疹22例、腹瀉10例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥70歲;組織學(xué)或細(xì)胞學(xué)確診為NSCLC;服藥時(shí)TNM分期為ⅢB/Ⅳ期;美國(guó)東部腫瘤協(xié)作組(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)評(píng)分0~3分;肝、腎功能,凝血功能大致正常。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):不能口服片劑;明顯的全身疾?。ǜ巍⒛I功能不全等);曾用過(guò)EGFR-TKI;明顯視功能異常(干眼癥、干燥綜合征等)?;颊叻枚蚵逄婺嶂委煹脑虬ǎ夯贓GFR突變狀態(tài);患者就診前在外院已經(jīng)開(kāi)始服用該藥;患者無(wú)法耐受其他治療,選擇使用厄洛替尼姑息治療或作為二線及以上治療。13例檢測(cè)了EGFR突變的患者中7例具有EGFR敏感性突變。
厄洛替尼劑量為150mg/d,空腹(進(jìn)食前1h或進(jìn)食后2h)服用,持續(xù)用藥直到腫瘤進(jìn)展或因毒副作用不能耐受為止。治療期間不同時(shí)使用其他抗腫瘤治療。對(duì)于組織學(xué)標(biāo)本足夠的患者,治療前行EGFR基因突變狀態(tài)檢測(cè)。EGFR突變檢測(cè)采用蝎形探針擴(kuò)增阻滯突變系統(tǒng)(amplification refractory mutation system,ARMS)法,于北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院病理科進(jìn)行?;颊呔谟盟幥矮@得知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。
服藥后患者每2個(gè)月隨診1次。療效參照WHO關(guān)于實(shí)體瘤反應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors,RECIST)統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行評(píng)定。服藥后的毒副反應(yīng)按常見(jiàn)不良事件評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(common terminology criteria for adverse events,CTCAE)3.0版本評(píng)定。無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)指從服用厄洛替尼到疾病進(jìn)展(progressive disease,PD)的時(shí)間,總生存期(overall survival,OS)指從服用厄洛替尼到死亡的時(shí)間。
應(yīng)用SPSS18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析評(píng)估各臨床因素與客觀有效率(objective response rate,ORR)、疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)的相關(guān)性;采用Kaplan-Meier法分析各單因素對(duì)PFS及OS的影響;單因素組間生存率差異采用log-rank檢驗(yàn)。<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義
43例患者中,部分緩解(partial remission,PR)12例,疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)17例,PD 14例,ORR為27.9%(12/43),DCR為67.4%(29/43)。影響ORR的臨床因素有性別(=0.001)、吸煙(=0.001)和腫瘤分化程度(=0.022)。影響DCR的臨床因素有性別(=0.031)、服藥前ECOG評(píng)分(=0.004)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.018)、吸煙(=0.005)和服藥后皮疹情況(<0.001)。EGFR突變陽(yáng)性的患者其ORR和DCR均顯著高于EGFR突變陰性者(<0.05;表1)。
43例患者的中位PFS為27周(95%CI 8.32~45.7周),截至觀察終點(diǎn)有6例(14.0%)未進(jìn)展至PD(圖1A)。對(duì)PFS有顯著影響的單因素包括病理類型(=0.024)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.036)、ECOG評(píng)分(=0.001)、服藥后出現(xiàn)皮疹(=0.006;圖1B~E)。
43例患者的中位服藥后OS為46周(95%CI 26.7~65.3周),平均57.6周,截至觀察終點(diǎn)有8例(18.6%)仍存活。6個(gè)月生存率60.5%,1年生存率32.6%(圖2A)。對(duì)OS有顯著影響的單因素包括病理類型(=0.040)、腫瘤分化程度(=0.023)、服藥前ECOG評(píng)分(<0.001)和服用厄洛替尼進(jìn)展后的后續(xù)治療(=0.028;圖2B~E)。
表1 NSCLC患者一般情況及服藥后客觀療效情況
NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PR: partial remission; SD: stable disease; PD: progressive disease; ORR: objective response rate; DCR: disease control rate; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor.*Compared between high differentiation and mid-low differentiation
圖1 PFS生存曲線及相關(guān)的臨床因素分析
Figure 1 PFS survival function and related clinical factors in 43 patients PFS: progression-free survival
圖2 43例患者OS生存曲線及相關(guān)臨床因素分析
Figure 2 OS survival function and related clinical factors in 43 patients OS: overall survival
43例晚期NSCLC的老年患者服用厄洛替尼后最常見(jiàn)的副反應(yīng)為皮疹(22例,51.2%),多為1~2級(jí),未見(jiàn)因嚴(yán)重皮疹退出組。其次為腹瀉(10例,23.2%),多為1~2度;僅有1例高血壓史患者出現(xiàn)Ⅳ度腹瀉后停藥。其他副反應(yīng)包括食欲下降、口腔潰瘍、甲周炎、口干等。無(wú)毒副反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的死亡病例。
2005年BR.21小組記錄了新的生物藥物—— EGFR-TKI厄洛替尼的抗癌活性[5]。他們通過(guò)在老年人中的回顧分析發(fā)現(xiàn),老年NSCLC患者一線用藥以后使用厄洛替尼的ORR為7.6%,DCR為77.6%,中位PFS為3.0個(gè)月,中位OS為7.6個(gè)月,且老年人在療效、PFS或OS甚至毒副反應(yīng)與年輕組患者都沒(méi)有顯著差異[6]。另外1項(xiàng)對(duì)化療后NSCLC患者接受厄洛替尼治療的回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),多因素分析結(jié)果顯示年齡>65歲預(yù)示較低的ORR;但兩組的DCR無(wú)顯著差異[7]。在此基礎(chǔ)上,Rossi等[8]進(jìn)行的1項(xiàng)前瞻性的Ⅱ期臨床研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)厄洛替尼在老年晚期NSCLC患者中的中位OS為9個(gè)月,中位PFS為3個(gè)月,由此證實(shí)了厄洛替尼在老年二三線治療中的有效性;獲益相關(guān)的臨床因素包括女性、腺癌和皮疹。Xu等[9]回顧分析了35例老年晚期NSCLC患者一線使用厄洛替尼的臨床療效,ORR為48.6%,DCR為77.1%,中位進(jìn)展時(shí)間(time to progression,TTP)為6.4個(gè)月,中位OS為12.7個(gè)月,女性、腺癌、非吸煙者療效較好。
隨著晚期NSCLC患者中EGFR基因突變檢測(cè)的普遍進(jìn)行,EGFR突變已經(jīng)成為NSCLC患者一線使用EGFR-TKI的公認(rèn)指征。很多研究都已經(jīng)證實(shí)了EGFR-TKI[包括厄洛替尼、吉非替尼(gefitinib)以及阿法替尼(afatinib)等]在老年EGFR突變陽(yáng)性的老年NSCLC患者中的良好療效和安全性[10?12]。因此,包括意大利胸部腫瘤協(xié)會(huì)(IATO)的國(guó)際專家小組會(huì)議等組織的指南都推薦以EGFR或ALK等基因突變結(jié)果來(lái)指導(dǎo)老年NSCLC患者的靶向藥物治療[4,13]。而對(duì)于野生型患者,尤其是PS狀態(tài)差者,在沒(méi)有其他治療選擇的情況下,是否使用靶向藥物一直有爭(zhēng)議。小樣本研究提示EGFR野生型老年患者對(duì)厄洛替尼的療效不令人滿意[14]。Khan等[15]最近報(bào)道了1項(xiàng)成本效益研究結(jié)果,研究對(duì)象為不適合化療的老年晚期NSCLC患者,比較一線使用厄洛替尼和最佳支持治療/安慰劑的生存獲益、生活質(zhì)量(quality of life,QOL)獲益,并分析成本效益和QOL調(diào)整年等指標(biāo)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),在所有的患者群中厄洛替尼并未顯示良好的成本效益,而在厄洛替尼治療的第一個(gè)周期(28d)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)皮疹的亞組中,有80%的患者在成本效益閾值內(nèi),提示厄洛替尼在皮疹亞組患者中有潛在的成本效益。值得注意的是,這些英國(guó)NSCLC患者的EGFR突變率僅為5%,而厄洛替尼組服藥后出現(xiàn)皮疹的比例達(dá)60%,這就明顯擴(kuò)大了可能從厄洛替尼治療中獲益的患者群體,有望為這些幾乎沒(méi)有其他治療選擇的患者帶來(lái)新的希望。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,老年非選擇性晚期NSCLC患者服用厄洛替尼后ORR、DCR以及中位PFS、OS結(jié)果均顯著優(yōu)于歐美的結(jié)果,而與亞洲人的報(bào)道結(jié)果類似,其中厄洛替尼的高DCR仍值得注意。由于厄洛替尼本身作用機(jī)制的特殊性,有學(xué)者提出,對(duì)于厄洛替尼的療效,DCR與患者的OS相關(guān)性更大。尤其對(duì)于老年人中PS狀態(tài)差者,評(píng)價(jià)厄洛替尼的療效更應(yīng)考慮到患者臨床癥狀的改善包括QOL等[16,17]。分析臨床因素與療效的相關(guān)性發(fā)現(xiàn),在ORR或DCR方面,女性、不吸煙者、分化程度高的腫瘤仍占優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于PFS及OS的影響,性別、是否吸煙的差異并不明顯,而病理類型、分化程度、治療時(shí)患者的PS情況仍起重要作用。ECOG評(píng)分差的患者服用厄洛替尼的PFS和OS均較差,提示盡早使用EGFR-TKI對(duì)于改善生存更有意義[4]。
總之,使用厄洛替尼治療中國(guó)的老年晚期NSCLC患者安全性和療效均較好,且在PS狀態(tài)良好的情況下使用療效更加顯著。EGFR突變檢測(cè)應(yīng)該成為老年晚期NSCLC診治中的常規(guī),而進(jìn)一步結(jié)合臨床等其他指標(biāo)可能為沒(méi)有更多治療選擇的老年患者帶來(lái)新的機(jī)會(huì)。
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(編輯: 劉子琪)
Efficiency and safety of erlotinib for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly
WANG Han-Ping, ZHANG Li*, WANG Meng-Zhao
(Department of Respiratory Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China)
To evaluate the safety and efficiency of erlotinib in the elderly with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and investigate the relationship of clinical characteristics with efficiency.Clinical data of 43 patients with stageⅢB/Ⅳ NSCLC who were older than 65 years and had not previously participated in erlotinib related clinical trials in our department from March 2005 to October 2010 were collected and retrospectively analyzed in this study. The correlation of survival with clinical factors was analyzed.Among the 43 patients,there were 12 cases of partial remission (PR), 17 of stable disease (SD), and 14 of progressive disease (PD), with an objective response rate (ORR) of 27.9%, and a disease control rate (DCR) of 67.4%. Gender (=0.001), tumordifferentiation (=0.022), and smoking history (=0.001) were significantly correlated with ORR, while gender (=0.031), score of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG,=0.004), tumor differentiation (=0.018), smoking history (=0.005), and skin rash from medication (<0.001) were significantly correlated with DCR. The progression-free survival (PFS) was 27 weeks (95%CI: 8.32?45.7 weeks) and the overall survival (OS) was 46 weeks (95%CI: 26.7?65.3 weeks). Pathological type (=0.024), differentiation (=0.036), ECOG score (=0.001), and skin rash from medication (=0.006) had significant effects on PFS in the cohort. And, pathological type (=0.040), differentiation(=0.023), ECOG score (<0.001), and further chemotherapy after erlotinib (=0.028) were significantly effective to OS. The patients with Exon 19/21 mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) had obviously higher ORR (=0.004), DCR (=0.033), and PFS (46.112.8 weeks,=0.004) than those without. The most common adverse effects were skin rash (51.2%) and diarrhea (23.2%).Erlotinib is safe and effective in the treatment of Chinese elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. As forpatients with good physical condition, the earlier erlotinib used, the better the prognosis will be.
non-small cell lung cancer; erlotinib; aged
R592; R743
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2016.01.004
2015?09?01;
2015?10?01
張 力, E-mail: zhangli1026@sohu.com