聶少鋒 周緒紅 陶瑩 周天華
摘要:對(duì)復(fù)雜體型的平面T形低矮雙坡屋面房屋的風(fēng)荷載特性進(jìn)行了風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)研究,得到了屋面風(fēng)壓系數(shù)以及各屋面體型系數(shù)的變化規(guī)律;采用計(jì)算流體力學(xué)軟件FLUENT建立了數(shù)值風(fēng)洞模型,在數(shù)值分析結(jié)果與風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)結(jié)果吻合良好的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)影響屋面平均風(fēng)壓系數(shù)及體型系數(shù)的風(fēng)攻角、屋面坡角、檐口高度、房屋幾何尺寸和屋面形式等參數(shù)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)分析。結(jié)果表明:屋面坡角和風(fēng)攻角對(duì)屋面風(fēng)壓系數(shù)的影響顯著;在不同風(fēng)攻角作用下,迎風(fēng)屋面屋檐及屋脊附近形成較高負(fù)壓;當(dāng)屋面處于背風(fēng)區(qū)域時(shí),風(fēng)壓系數(shù)分布較均勻;屋面坡角為30°時(shí)屋脊背風(fēng)區(qū)域易形成較大負(fù)壓,局部更易遭受破壞。
關(guān)鍵詞:低矮房屋;風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn);計(jì)算流體動(dòng)力學(xué);風(fēng)壓系數(shù);體型系數(shù)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TU312文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
Abstract: Wind tunnel test on wind load characteristic of complex plan Tshaped lowrise gable roof buildings was presented. The change laws of wind pressure coefficient of roof and shape coefficient of each face were obtained. The computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT was employed to establish the numerical wind tunnel model, and the numerical simulation results agreed well with that of wind tunnel test. Then the detailed parametric analysis was performed for wind pressure coefficient and shape coefficient of roof. The parameters included wind attack angle, roof pitch, eave height, building geometry dimension and roof shape. The results show that roof pitch and wind attack angle have significantly effects on wind pressure coefficient of roof. Under the effect of different wind attack angles, high negative pressure will be formed on eave and ridge of windward roof. The distribution of wind pressure coefficient of roof in the leeward area is uniform. When the roof pitch is 30°, high negative pressure will be more easily formed in the leeward area of hip roof, so that the local area is easier to be destroyed.
Key words: lowrise building; wind tunnel test; computational fluid dynamics; wind pressure coefficient; shape coefficient
0引言
臺(tái)風(fēng)災(zāi)后調(diào)查研究表明,對(duì)于低矮房屋來(lái)說(shuō),屋面破壞是其主要破壞形式之一[1]。對(duì)傳統(tǒng)低矮房屋的風(fēng)荷載特性各國(guó)學(xué)者已做了大量的研究。文獻(xiàn)[2]~[5]的研究結(jié)果表明:屋面的局部峰值風(fēng)壓大小與屋面坡角密切相關(guān),且一般出現(xiàn)在迎風(fēng)屋檐或屋脊附近;在相應(yīng)風(fēng)攻角下,隨著屋面坡角的增加,屋脊附近的最大風(fēng)吸力逐漸增大。Xu等[6]對(duì)低矮四坡屋面房屋模型進(jìn)行了風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn),并與文獻(xiàn)[5]中雙坡屋面試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。王相軍等[7]采用3種湍流模型對(duì)低矮房屋模型迎風(fēng)面、邊緣及屋面的表面風(fēng)壓分布和變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬,并將結(jié)果與風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)測(cè)結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析。顧明等[8]通過(guò)風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)和數(shù)值模擬分析對(duì)常見(jiàn)低矮雙坡屋面房屋進(jìn)行了風(fēng)壓分布研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)房屋屋檐、屋脊和外墻的轉(zhuǎn)角等區(qū)域出現(xiàn)較大風(fēng)吸力,迎風(fēng)挑檐有較大升力。陶玲等[9]對(duì)L形平面低矮房屋的風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)研究表明,翼長(zhǎng)增加和坡角減小均會(huì)加劇屋面的平均負(fù)壓和最不利負(fù)壓。周緒紅等[1011]對(duì)低矮雙坡和四坡屋面房屋風(fēng)荷載特性進(jìn)行了風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)和數(shù)值模擬研究。上述研究大多局限于簡(jiǎn)單“一”形平面房屋,實(shí)際中各種復(fù)雜體型如T形平面房屋因其美觀(guān)的外形更受到人們的青睞。
由于T形平面房屋在不同屋面坡角、不同翼長(zhǎng)及不同坡面形式等情況下的屋面風(fēng)荷載特性不同,本文對(duì)平面T形低矮雙坡屋面房屋進(jìn)行風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)和數(shù)值模擬分析,研究各參數(shù)對(duì)屋面風(fēng)壓系數(shù)的分布及體型系數(shù)的影響。
1試驗(yàn)概況
1.1試驗(yàn)?zāi)P秃惋L(fēng)場(chǎng)模擬
測(cè)壓風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)?zāi)P蜑槠矫鎀形低矮房屋,幾何縮尺比為1∶50,見(jiàn)圖1。模型為剛體模型,由有機(jī)玻璃制作,在風(fēng)洞中的阻塞比小于3%。
隨著屋面坡角的增加而減小。屋面坡角為60°時(shí),迎風(fēng)屋面T3,T4的體型系數(shù)為正值,其余屋面坡角時(shí)均為負(fù)值,T3,T4面體型系數(shù)分別由15°時(shí)的-0.77,-0.83逐漸增加到60°時(shí)的0.22,0.21。屋面坡角為15°,25°,30°,35°時(shí),背風(fēng)屋面T5均承受負(fù)壓力,體型系數(shù)在-0.68~-0.65之間,但當(dāng)屋面坡角大于35°時(shí),由于屋脊處鈍體尖角突顯,鈍體繞流氣流分離而導(dǎo)致背部形成較大的漩渦,此時(shí)T5面所受吸力較大,60°屋面坡角時(shí)體型系數(shù)為-0.94。