河南 龐先慶

巧妙設(shè)計文本 專練“七選五”

河南 龐先慶

Passage 1

新鮮度：★★★★☆ 難度：★★☆☆☆ 體裁：說明文話題：食糖 關(guān)鍵詞：sugar 短文詞數(shù)：357 正確率： /5建議時間：7分鐘_____________________________________

Danger in Sugar?

We live in a sweet world. The average American kid consumes more than 20 teaspoons of sugar per day. 1 We all know that too much sugar isn’t good for you. But did we know it could be toxic? A team of researchers at the University of Utah used mice to conduct a study on the negative effects of sugar. 2

During the 58-week-long study，mice were fed a diet containing 25% more sugar. 3 The team found that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar. Though the mice did not show signs of obesity or high blood pressure，male mice produced 25% fewer offspring than the other mice.

Scientists often use mice for research because they have a similar genetic structure to humans. Findings from this study show negative effects that are not as obvious as weight gain or heart problems. 4

Different types of sugar have different effects on the human body. Some of the sugar we consume comes from foods we might expect—candy，soda，and cookies. 5 To help cut down on extra sugar consumption，nutrition experts suggest looking at the ingredients on food packages. Ingredients that end in ose，such as sucrose in some fruit juice，are sugars. So are those that include the word syrup. Cutting sugar out of the American diet altogether may be difficult. But making the effort to control our nation’s sugar desires will provide for a truly sweeter future.

A. But much of the sugar that we eat is hidden.

B. They found it could have serious side effects on people’s health.

C. And adults eat 50% more sugar today than they did in the 1970s.

D. A big bowl of milk and cereal can be a great way to start the day.

E. Some kids’ foods are high in sugar and packaged with too many vitamins and minerals.

F. This percentage is equal to a healthy human diet along with three cans of soda daily.

G. But large amounts of sugar can cause long-term health problems and even shorten lives.

（原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)址：http://www.timeforkids.com/news/dangerdessert/99091）

【篇章圖解】本文為說明文。研究人員通過以老鼠為實驗對象所進行的實驗研究，表明食糖過多會嚴重地影響人們的健康，旨在勸誡人們?yōu)榱擞幸粋€美好而健康的未來，要合理控制糖分的攝入，保證健康的飲食。

【答案與解析】

1. C。本段第一句話表明糖在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械某Ｒ姵潭?，第二句話從美國孩子平均每天糖的食用量這個方面對此予以說明。選項C中的“adults”與前文中的“kid”形成對比，而且僅有孩子的糖的食用量的情況還是不夠的，還應(yīng)該就成年人對糖的食用量做一說明。所以此處答案應(yīng)為C。

2. B。根據(jù)“But did we know it could be toxic?”這句話的設(shè)問，以及“researchers used mice to conduct a study on the negative effects of sugar”所反映的信息可知，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)糖對人的健康有危害。故選B項。

3. F。根據(jù)下文第三段可知，選老鼠作為研究對象是因為它們和人類有著相似的基因結(jié)構(gòu)，利于比對研究。所以只有給老鼠的喂食量與正常人的食量相當(dāng)時，研究成果才會有大的價值。另外，選項F中的關(guān)鍵詞“this percentage”也與前文中的“a diet containing 25% more sugar”在邏輯上具有一致性。故選F項。

4. G?？瞻滋幥懊娴囊痪湓捳f明食糖對健康的負面影響不像體重增加和心臟病那么明顯，而G選項意為：大量的食糖會引起長期的健康問題，甚至?xí)s短生命。選項G中的關(guān)鍵詞“but”表明前后句之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選G項。

5. A。文章最后一段提到，有些糖類是可見的，比如我們普遍都會意識到在candy，soda和cookies中含糖；文章接著提到在另外的一些食品成分中也是含有糖分的，只是形式不一樣，有些是隱藏的，比如果汁中的蔗糖（sucrose）。故選A項。

【溫馨提示】

toxic adj.有毒的

offspring n.（單復(fù)數(shù)同形）子孫，后代

ingredient n.（烹調(diào)的）配料，成分

obesity n.肥胖

【難句分析】

原文：The team found that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar.

譯文：研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些小鼠死亡的幾率是喂食類似無糖飲食小鼠的兩倍。

分析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癟he team found...”是主句；“that these mice were twice as likely to die as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar”是一個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。賓語從句含有一個比較狀語從句：as mice fed a similar diet without the sugar。

Passage 2

新鮮度：★★★★☆ 難度：★★☆☆☆ 體裁：說明文話題：野營 關(guān)鍵詞：camping 短文詞數(shù)：334 正確率： /5建議時間：7分鐘_____________________________________

Camping Tips

Camping offers the quietness of escape. 1 Because exercise and the beauty of nature can help people relax from their busy lifestyles.

Whether you’re in the woods，in the desert，or climbing mountains，you’ll want to keep some survival skills in mind to ensure a safe trip.2 Different terrain carries different challenges. For example，putting up a tent on sand is very different from setting it up on land，and if you don’t have the right equipment，you could find yourself sleeping under the stars on a windy beach.

3 For example，everything from poisonous plants to dangerous wildlife．As you plan your trip，ask an outdoors expert at your local sporting goods store for advice，go online to research where you’ll be going，or find out books in the library.

A day or so before you leave，check local weather forecasts，so you don’t end up in the path of a hurricane，flooding or other natural disasters. 4 Besides，it will also help you know whether to give up the area altogether.

If you hike to your campsite，practice walking with your fully packed backpack to get an idea of how the pack fits. This helps to prevent the case that you are too tired to walk with it. It’s also a good idea to practice walking in the shoes you’ll be wearing.

5 If you’re hiking in far areas with no dustbins，you’ll need to carry out your trash and other things. Make this easier by packing as lightly as you can.

A. Know the camping environment.

B. Taking enough money with you is necessary.

C. Remembering a hiking trip will bring you much pleasure.

D. You’ll also need to be prepared for any possible dangers.

E. Knowing the weather will help you find out how you can prepare.

F. And remember that saying “take only pictures，leave only footprints”.

G. If it’s combined with the exercise of a hiking trip，it’s good for both body and mind.

（原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)址：http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn= chp&lic=48&ps=207&cat_id=20019&article_set=20417）

【篇章圖解】露營是一項充滿樂趣的旅游活動，出發(fā)之前，必須盡可能地想象在野外將會面臨的各種境地。為了享受露營所帶來的快樂，露營前一定要做好計劃和準備工作，準備相應(yīng)的技能和裝備。

【答案與解析】

1. G。由下文“Because exercise and the beauty of nature can help people relax from their busy lifestyles.”可推知，此處是說“如果露營結(jié)合運動，那么露營將有益于身心”。故選G項。

2. A。選項A中的關(guān)鍵詞“environment”與空白處前后句中的線索詞“the woods”“the desert”“mountains”“terrain”一致，尤其是空白處前后句子所體現(xiàn)出來的因果關(guān)系，即因為“不同的地形有不同的挑戰(zhàn)”，所以“在不同的露營環(huán)境下一定要掌握必要的生存技能”。由此可知，此處應(yīng)選擇A項，意為“露營時要了解露營的環(huán)境”。

3. D。通過空白處后面句子所舉的例子 “例如，從有毒植物到危險的野生動物的一切可能的危險”以及“ask an outdoors expert at your local sporting goods store for advice，go online to research where you’ll be going，or find out books in the library”可知，此處答案應(yīng)為選項D，說明“露營前要為任何可能的危險做好準備”。

4. E。選項E中的關(guān)鍵詞“weather”以及空白處前后句中的線索詞“weather forecasts”“hurricane，flooding or other natural disasters”說明，此處答案為選項E，“了解天氣狀況可以幫助你知道如何做準備”。

5. F?？瞻滋幒竺娴木渥印癐f you’re hiking in far areas with no dustbins（垃圾桶），you’ll need to carry out your trash and other things.”表明“你在遙遠的沒有垃圾桶的地區(qū)徒步旅行時，你要把你的垃圾和其他東西帶走”。這句話正好與選項F的意義一致。該選項中的“take only pictures，leave only footprints”意為“只拿走照片，只留下足跡”。

【溫馨提示】

terrain n.地形 survival n.生存 poisonous adj.有毒的 dustbin n.垃圾箱

【難句分析】

原文：This helps to prevent the case that you are too tired to walk with it.

譯文：（合適的背包）可以防止你到時候太累而不能行走。

分析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句。“This helps to prevent the case”是主句；“you are too tired to walk with it”是由that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，詳細說明了先行詞“case”的情況。

Passage 3

新鮮度：★★★★☆ 難度：★★☆☆☆ 體裁：說明文話題：紐約文化 關(guān)鍵詞：New York 短文詞數(shù)：400正確率：_/5_建議時間：7分鐘_______________________

Things to Keep in Mind before Moving to New York City

1 So，reading up on New York’s history，facts， statistics，facilities，etc.，is always a good idea. Learn about the culture，how to deal with people，taxi drivers，manners，or lack of manners that is exhibited there，and so on. It is always best to know what exactly you are getting into rather than landing there and getting a complete shock.

Before you buy your clothes or shoes，you always try them out first，right? In the same way，before you move to New York，you need to visit it for a couple of days，just so that you can see what the city is like. 2

The best and worst thing about New York is that this city is controlled by money. 3 Then，you need to set aside（留出）an amount for emergencies only. If you are moving to New York with a job，or are planning to get a job once you are in the city，then you need to make sure that your salary covers up all your expenses and the amount that you would set aside for emergencies.

Finding a neighborhood in New York is the key to actually enjoying your stay there. If you are moving to the city due to work，then look for living accommodations close to your workplace. 4 Do you see yourself living in a place that is quiet，like the Upper West Side or East Side，or do you want noisy setups，like the East Village，Lower East Side，or West Village?

Give the city a chance，make some good memories，and enjoy your stay there. Be safe wherever you go，and don’t worry too much. 5

A. To start with，you will need to make a budget.

B. You need to decide what kind of neighborhood you want.

C. Take a tour of the city and try to imagine yourself living there.

D. Once you are in New York，you would never want to leave it.

E. Before you move to any city，it is always best to know a little about the city.

F. The easiest way to survive in New York is to have a friend who knows this city really well.

G. The experience of moving to New York depends on how the city treats you and what you make of the city.

（原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)址：http://www.buzzle.com/articles/things-tokeep-in-mind-before-moving-to-new-york-city.html）

【篇章圖解】這是一篇說明文。美國紐約一直是大多數(shù)人居住或旅游的首選。而要輕松享受在美國的生活，就需要對紐約文化有所了解！本文主要介紹了去紐約居住之前所應(yīng)做的準備工作。

【答案與解析】

1. E?？瞻滋幒竺鎯删湓捴械募毠?jié)信息“history，facts，statistics，facilities...culture，how to deal with people，taxi drivers，manners，or lack of manners”應(yīng)該說都屬于去一個地方之前所應(yīng)做的準備工作。由此可知文章首句——空白處，應(yīng)該對文章主體內(nèi)容進行提示和概括。所以E項“去之前要對這個城市有一些了解”正確。

2. C。此空白處為本段尾句，應(yīng)對本段內(nèi)容進行適當(dāng)總結(jié)?？瞻滋幥懊娴木渥印癐n the same way，before you move to New York，you need to visit it for a couple of days”說明你要對這個城市提前有所了解，就要去那里待幾天。因此，為更好地了解這個城市，你要到處走走并設(shè)想自己在那里居住。故選C項。

3. A。所給的七個選項中只有選項A所包含的關(guān)鍵詞語“budget”與本段中的“money”“set aside an amount”“salary”“covers up all your expenses and the amount”等關(guān)鍵線索詞在邏輯意義上一致。該選項強調(diào)到紐約需要提前做好預(yù)算。

4. B。本段第一句是段落主題句，說明選擇適當(dāng)?shù)木幼√幩╪eighborhood）的重要性。空白處前后句中的信息“l(fā)iving accommodations close to your workplace”“a place that is quiet”和“ noisy setups”均與“neighborhood”有關(guān)，也涉及“neighborhood”的不同類型。選項B的意義正好與段落主題一致，而且其中的關(guān)鍵詞“neighborhood”也與空白處前后的關(guān)鍵線索詞吻合。故B項正確。

5. D?！癎ive the city a chance，make some good memories，and enjoy your stay there.”不僅是本段的主題句，同時也是對全文的總結(jié)，對選擇在紐約居住進行鼓勵和支持。選項D的內(nèi)容在邏輯上與段落主題一致，并且進一步對選擇在紐約居住給予鼓勵和支持。

【溫馨提示】

budget n.預(yù)算 accommodation n.住處，住所

emergency n.緊急情況，突然事件

【難句分析】

原文：If you are moving to New York with a job，or are planning to get a job once you are in the city，then you need to make sure that your salary covers up all your expenses and the amount that you would set aside for emergencies.

譯文：如果你因工作要去紐約，或者計劃一旦在這個城市里了就找到一份工作的話，你需要確保你的薪水涵蓋了所有的費用以及為緊急事件準備的金額。

分析：這是一個復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句?！皔ou need to make sure...”是主句；“your salary covers up all your expenses and the amount that you would set aside for emergencies ”是由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其中“you would set aside for emergencies”是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞“amount”；“If you are moving to New York with a job，or are planning to get a job once you are in the city”是條件狀語從句，其中“are moving”和“are planning”是由or連接的并列謂語，“once you are in the city”是條件狀語從句，修飾謂語“planning”。

Passage 4

體裁：說明文短文詞數(shù)：_____________

How to Stop Sleeping in Class?

Sleeping in class prevents you from paying attention to the teacher as well as stops you from learning about the material that is being taught. It can also get you in trouble with your teachers. It is important to determine why you are falling asleep in class and try to change the situation so that you are able to stay awake and pass all of your classes. 1

2 It is reported that teenagers may need more sleep than adults. Go to bed earlier and make sure you get as many hours of sleep as your body needs.This is a key part to staying awake in class. If you are not tired，you are unlikely to fall asleep.

Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious foods. 3 If you get hungry or tired in the middle of the day，try eating a healthy snack like a piece of fruit or some biscuits.

Get involved during class. 4 Taking notes，asking questions and otherwise getting involved in classroom activities and discussions will make you far less likely to doze off.

Contact your doctor in order to rule out medical conditions that can cause you to fall asleep. 5 Prescription drugs may also cause sleepiness as a side effect，so discussany medicine you are taking with your doctor.

A. If you are actively engaged in the information the teacher is presenting，you are less likely to doze off.

B. Early to bed，early to rise.

C. Sleeping more helps a lot in your study.

D. Get a full night’s sleep on school nights.

E. It can provide you with enough protein to fuel your body.

F. There are a number of different tricks you can use to try to stay awake.

G. If you have a medical condition that is causing you to fall asleep in class，it will need to be treated by a professional.

（原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)址：http://www.ehow.com/how_8353264_stopsleeping-class.html?ref=Track2&utm_source=ask）

【篇章圖解】本文為說明文。課堂上睡覺會妨礙聽講，弄清楚課上睡覺的原因并改變這種狀況對學(xué)習(xí)非常重要。文章就“如何應(yīng)對上課睡覺以保持頭腦清醒”提供了幾種有效的方法。

【答案與解析】

1. F。本段主要指出了上課睡覺現(xiàn)象的存在及其負面影響，特別是指明了弄清楚課上睡覺的原因并改變這種狀況對學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。接下來的幾個段落重點介紹了克服上課睡覺的幾種有效方法?？瞻滋幵谖恼轮袘?yīng)該起承上啟下的作用。選項F中的“stay awake”與前句中的“stay awake”完全吻合。所以答案為F項。

2. D?？瞻滋幒竺娴膸拙湓捴饕v述的是要確保夜晚睡眠時間的問題。所以D項“晚上要有充足的睡眠”正確，點明本段主題。

3. E。選項E中的關(guān)鍵信息詞“enough protein”說明該選項與本段主題句“Eat a healthy breakfast full of nutritious foods”聯(lián)系密切，所表達的意思都與飲食營養(yǎng)有關(guān)。故選項E正確。

4. A?！癎et involved during class.”是本段主題句，意為“積極參與課堂”?？瞻滋幒竺嬉痪湓捴械摹皌aking notes”“asking questions”“getting involved in classroom activities and discussions”等都屬于積極參與課堂的具體表現(xiàn)?？瞻滋帒?yīng)填入的句子本質(zhì)上也應(yīng)該反映這一主題。所給選項中，只有選項A“如果專注于老師的講課內(nèi)容，你就不容易打瞌睡”符合段落主旨。

5. G。選項G中的關(guān)鍵信息詞“medical conditions”與空白處前后句中的“medical conditions”和“prescription drugs”在邏輯意義上一致。由此可判斷G項為最佳選項。

【溫馨提示】

nutritious adj.有營養(yǎng)成分的 prescription n.處方，藥方

rule out排除，取消 doze off瞌睡

【難句分析】

原文：It is important to determine why you are falling asleep in class and try to change the situation so that you are able to stay awake and pass all of your classes.

譯文：為了上課期間時刻都能夠保持頭腦清醒，弄清楚課上睡覺的原因并改變這種狀況對學(xué)習(xí)非常重要。

分析：這是一個復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句。主句“It is important to determine...”是一個it句型，it作形式主語，兩個并列的不定式短語“to determine...try to change the situation”是真正的主語。由連接詞why引導(dǎo)的從句“you are falling asleep in class”作不定式動詞“determine”的賓語。 “so that you are able to stay awake and pass...”是目的狀語從句。

Passage 5

新鮮度：★★★★☆ 難度：★★☆☆☆ 體裁：說明文話題：核電站 關(guān)鍵詞：nuclear power plants短文詞數(shù)：332__ 正確率：_/5_建議時間：7分_________鐘____

Ways That Nuclear Plants Affect Water Pollution

Nowadays，there’s much debate about nuclear power plants and their environmental side effects. Water pollution is one way these plants destroy the environment. 1

Water Discharges

Water pollutants such as heavy metals gather in the water systems in nuclear power plants. These pollutants can pollute lakes and rivers. This can be harmful on the life growing in the water and the quality of the water. 2

Water Runoff

Nuclear reactors are radioactive，but water poured from the plant isn’t considered to be radioactive because it doesn’t come into contact with such materials. 3 The pollution of groundwater will eventually make its way into the watersystem，which can cause problems with water quality and harm those that drink it.

Construction

One way in which nuclear power plants affect water pollution，as well as the habitats of animals，is by construction. When nuclear power plants are built，a large amount of land must be cleared. 4 Besides，the construction of a nuclear plant has the possibility to pollute the nearby land and water so that it may become unfriendly to future plant and animal life.

Radioactive Waste

All nuclear power plants in the United States produce about 2 200 metric tons of radioactive waste per year. Currently，this waste is stored in steel drums. 5 This was the case in Fukushima，Japan，in April 2011，after an earthquake caused damage to the nuclear plant. Highly radioactive chemicals began to leak out of the plant’s drums into the sea，polluting the waters.

A. They must remove the waste.

B. However，these drums have the possibility to leak.

C. It can also be harmful if this water is drunk by humans.

D. Nuclear energy is created by splitting uranium atoms.

E. They are capable of polluting water by various means.

F. This could include removing trees，and building near lakes and rivers.

G. However，rainwater runoff that does come into contact with the reactors can pollute the groundwater.

（原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)址：http://www.ehow.com/info_8488811_waysplants-affect-water-pollution.html）

【篇章圖解】本文為說明文。核電站和其他燃煤燃油的發(fā)電廠一樣，也要向環(huán)境排放廢氣、廢水、廢渣。目前對核電站及其對環(huán)境的負面影響有很多爭論，核污染，尤其是因核電站引起的水污染問題越來越引起人們的重視。

【答案與解析】

1. E。本文探討核電站對環(huán)境的影響，由空白處前面的一句話可知，下文應(yīng)該是對核電站引起的水污染進行分析。所以本空白處屬于承上啟下句，引出下文水污染的一些具體表現(xiàn)。選項E中的關(guān)鍵詞“various means”與空白處前面句子中的關(guān)鍵線索詞“Water pollution is one way”在邏輯意義上是一致的。故選E項。

2. C。選項C中的指示代詞it與空白處前面一句話中的指示代詞this在邏輯上一致。故選C項。

3. G。選項G中的關(guān)鍵詞“runoff”“come into contact with”和“groundwater”與段落小標(biāo)題和空白處前后句中的線索詞“runoff”“come into contact with”和“the groundwater”在邏輯上一致。故G項為最佳選項。

4. F。F項的內(nèi)容與本段第一句中的“construction”相關(guān)，且F項中的“清除樹林，修建河湖”與空白處前面句子中的 “a large amount of land must be cleared”相呼應(yīng)，由此可確定F項為最佳選項。

5. B?？瞻滋幥懊嬉痪湓捳f明“目前，這種垃圾儲存在鋼筒中”。選項B意為“然而，這些鋼筒有泄漏的可能”，其中的關(guān)鍵詞“these drums”和“l(fā)eak”與空白處前后句中的“drums”和“l(fā)eak” 相呼應(yīng)，由此可確定B項為最佳選項。

【溫馨提示】

discharge n.排出；流出 runoff n. 流走之物 leak vi.泄漏 uranium n.（化）鈾 radioactive adj.放射性的

【難句分析】

原文：This was the case in Fukushima，Japan，in April 2011，after an earthquake caused damage to the nuclear plant.

譯文：這就是2011年4月一場地震給日本福島核電站造成破壞后所遇到的情況。

分析：這是一個主從復(fù)合句?！癟his was the case in Fukushima，Japan，in April 2011”是主句，“after an earthquake caused damage to the nuclear plant”是時間狀語從句。

（此文系南陽市教育科學(xué)“十三五”規(guī)劃2016年度立項課題《高中生英語寫作能力提升策略與途徑應(yīng)用研究》〈主持人：龐先慶〉的階段讀寫結(jié)合性基礎(chǔ)研究成果）

（作者單位：河南省鎮(zhèn)平縣雪楓中學(xué)）