王佩,馬良坤
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京 100730)
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妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)的影響因素
王佩,馬良坤*
(中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京 100730)
不合適的妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)對(duì)母親和胎兒均會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響,了解妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)的影響因素,并針對(duì)其展開(kāi)指導(dǎo)與干預(yù)工作,以期達(dá)到合適的體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)以改善妊娠結(jié)局尤為重要。本文將從生理因素、社會(huì)環(huán)境因素,個(gè)人因素等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
妊娠期; 體質(zhì)量; 飲食; 運(yùn)動(dòng); 心理
(JReprodMed2016,25(11):1040-1043)
妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)(GWG)是妊娠這一生理過(guò)程進(jìn)展的結(jié)果。不合適的妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)對(duì)母親和胎兒均會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的近期及遠(yuǎn)期不良影響[1],隨著二胎政策的開(kāi)放,高齡孕產(chǎn)婦的增加,指導(dǎo)孕婦達(dá)到合適的體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)以改善妊娠結(jié)局尤為重要,故在此對(duì)GWG的影響因素作一介紹,以便臨床工作者針對(duì)相關(guān)的影響因素對(duì)孕婦展開(kāi)指導(dǎo)與干預(yù)。
1.體質(zhì)量組成:妊娠期體質(zhì)量的增長(zhǎng)大體由幾部分組成:胎兒、胎盤、羊水、母體血容量及其他體液增加、子宮增大、乳房增大及母體脂肪含量的增加,孕期增加的脂肪儲(chǔ)備主要為皮下脂肪組織。針對(duì)孕期體成分改變的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GWG的差異主要與母體脂肪儲(chǔ)備量相關(guān)。GWG與脂肪組織含量增加呈正相關(guān),而與水、蛋白質(zhì)等非脂肪組織含量的增加無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性[2]。
2.孕前體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI):BMI可以作為預(yù)測(cè)GWG的因素。2009年,美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(IOM)在既往研究的基礎(chǔ)上,發(fā)布妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)推薦指南(以下簡(jiǎn)稱為IOM指南),針對(duì)不同的孕前BMI推薦其合適的GWG范圍[3]??梢钥闯觯SBMI增加,推薦的GWG逐漸減少。即對(duì)孕前超重、肥胖者推薦的GWG較低,對(duì)孕前低體重者推薦的GWG較高。IOM指南將妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)超過(guò)推薦上限定義為妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)過(guò)多(EGWG),將妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)低于推薦下限稱為妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)過(guò)少(IGWG)。實(shí)際上,孕前超重、肥胖者容易發(fā)生EGWG,而孕前低體重者易發(fā)生IGWG[4]。Deputy等[5]對(duì)2010至2011年美國(guó)28個(gè)州足月單胎分娩的44 421名孕婦數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行總結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)孕前低體重女性發(fā)生IGWG的比例最高(39.3%),與孕前正常體重的女性相比,其發(fā)生IGWG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加40%[OR1.40,95%CI(1.18,1.67)];孕前超重、I度肥胖的女性發(fā)生EGWG的比例分別為64.1%和63.5%,與孕前正常體重的女性相比,其發(fā)生EGWG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[OR2.99,95%CI(2.63,3.40)]。
3.內(nèi)分泌和基礎(chǔ)代謝率:孕期內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的改變較為復(fù)雜,胰島素敏感性下降、胰島素抵抗的出現(xiàn)、胎盤產(chǎn)生的瘦素增加及血清脂聯(lián)素濃度的改變,都可能通過(guò)影響脂肪代謝、能量消耗、基礎(chǔ)代謝率等影響GWG,但目前尚無(wú)直接證據(jù)證明其相關(guān)性[6]。
1.衛(wèi)生服務(wù)系統(tǒng):孕產(chǎn)婦對(duì)于醫(yī)護(hù)人員關(guān)于孕期健康的建議依從性較好,若孕婦能夠定期進(jìn)行產(chǎn)檢,得到規(guī)范的產(chǎn)前保健,并由有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生、助產(chǎn)士或營(yíng)養(yǎng)科醫(yī)生向孕婦宣講關(guān)于GWG的知識(shí),通常會(huì)達(dá)到合適的GWG。孕婦對(duì)于GWG重要性的了解主要來(lái)自產(chǎn)檢醫(yī)生,但事實(shí)上,醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)GWG的宣教并不足夠[7-8],目前亟需在產(chǎn)前保健中強(qiáng)調(diào)合理GWG的意義。
2.衛(wèi)生政策:自1990年IOM關(guān)于GWG的指南應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐后,美國(guó)的母胎結(jié)局已有明顯的改善,2009年IOM指南更新后至今,合理的GWG觀念已被部分醫(yī)護(hù)人員接納并應(yīng)用于臨床指導(dǎo),獲得了可觀的效果[9],可以看出政策、指南的實(shí)施的確對(duì)GWG產(chǎn)生了重大影響。國(guó)內(nèi)目前尚無(wú)成熟的GWG相關(guān)指南,加之國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用的BMI分類與美國(guó)不同,社會(huì)、種族、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化背景均不相同,也無(wú)高質(zhì)量證據(jù)證明國(guó)外指南可以應(yīng)用于中國(guó)人群,目前亟需推出適用于中國(guó)人群的GWG指南。
3.媒體:當(dāng)今社會(huì),媒體的受眾極為廣泛,所造成的影響非常巨大。有研究表明,媒體廣告,如食品廣告,可以影響人們的購(gòu)買習(xí)慣、飲食習(xí)慣甚至生活方式[10]。關(guān)于孕期科學(xué)或不科學(xué)的思想傳播均會(huì)影響孕婦的生活習(xí)慣從而間接影響GWG。另一方面,通過(guò)其信息傳播和教育功能,敦促孕婦建立良好的飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣,亦可發(fā)揮正面的作用。
4.文化:某些根深蒂固的文化觀念,如“懷孕要一人吃兩人份”、“孕期少活動(dòng)多休息”等,均會(huì)造成EGWG[11],而某些觀念如“孩子小好生”故過(guò)分控制孕期體質(zhì)量則會(huì)造成IGWG,兩者都會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良的母胎結(jié)局。值得注意的是,大部分孕婦并不能分辨這些觀念的正確與否[12]。
5.家庭因素:家庭暴力易造成IGWG,一篇系統(tǒng)綜述顯示遭受家庭暴力的孕婦體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)較少[13]。就婚姻狀態(tài)而言,未婚或離婚、分居的孕婦與處于穩(wěn)定婚姻狀態(tài)的孕婦相比,易發(fā)生不合適的GWG[14]。家庭支持如經(jīng)濟(jì)支持、情感支持、經(jīng)驗(yàn)支持等對(duì)GWG存在間接的影響,尤其是對(duì)于肥胖孕婦和青少年孕婦,缺乏家庭支持可能導(dǎo)致不適宜的GWG發(fā)生。
6.環(huán)境因素:環(huán)境因素對(duì)GWG的影響尚不明確。目前提出的可能相關(guān)的因素有海拔、環(huán)境毒物、自然災(zāi)害[15]等,但都缺乏足夠的相關(guān)證據(jù)。
1.行為因素:與GWG相關(guān)的行為因素主要包括飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)、物質(zhì)濫用。這些行為因素與GWG的關(guān)系較為密切,針對(duì)孕期增重進(jìn)行的醫(yī)學(xué)干預(yù)也主要通過(guò)干預(yù)這些行為因素以期獲得良好效果[16-18]。
(1)飲食:Olson等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)與孕期飲食習(xí)慣無(wú)太大變化的孕婦相比,孕期比孕前吃得“太多”或“太少”的孕婦發(fā)生EGWG或IGWG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加;除此之外,食品種類、飲食頻率、常量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素和微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的攝入均可能與GWG相關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂類為主的飲食習(xí)慣比碳水化合物為主的飲食習(xí)慣更易引起EGWG[20],而奶制品、甜食、高糖飲食也可能與EGWG相關(guān)。(2)運(yùn)動(dòng):研究表明,對(duì)于低危妊娠,孕期中等強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)是合適且安全的,且可能預(yù)防EGWG[21]。但是,受傳統(tǒng)觀念束縛,孕婦在孕期重視運(yùn)動(dòng)、參與運(yùn)動(dòng)的比例并不高。眾多研究者希望能培養(yǎng)孕婦健康的生活方式,并針對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的時(shí)間、頻率、形式、參與方式、運(yùn)動(dòng)前后監(jiān)測(cè)與評(píng)估延伸出多種干預(yù)方式,均獲得了一定效果[22]。
諸多研究已經(jīng)證明,在孕期對(duì)飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)可以在一定程度上控制GWG,從而達(dá)到合理的體重增長(zhǎng),獲得滿意的母胎結(jié)局[23-26]。干預(yù)內(nèi)容包括飲食結(jié)構(gòu)、飲食內(nèi)容、頻次、能量攝入、運(yùn)動(dòng)類型、頻次、強(qiáng)度、能量消耗等因素的組合。Thangaratinam等[24]發(fā)表的一篇meta分析比較了飲食干預(yù)、運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)和飲食運(yùn)動(dòng)綜合干預(yù)三種干預(yù)方式對(duì)GWG及母胎結(jié)局的影響效果。研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn)干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組相比,GWG減少了1.42 kg[95%CI(0.95,1.89)];在降低GWG方面,飲食干預(yù)比運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)和綜合干預(yù)更加有效(3.8 vs. 0.7 vs. 1.0 kg)。但也有研究認(rèn)為,飲食運(yùn)動(dòng)綜合干預(yù)比單獨(dú)的干預(yù)更為有效[18,21]。
(3)其它:吸煙、飲酒與GWG的關(guān)系仍存在爭(zhēng)論。既往吸煙史、既往飲酒史、孕期吸煙、孕期飲酒對(duì)GWG的影響尚不明了。大部分研究認(rèn)為這會(huì)使IGWG發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[27],但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)他們之間并無(wú)明確關(guān)系[28],故還需要更高質(zhì)量的研究進(jìn)行證實(shí)。
2.心理因素:影響GWG的心理因素主要有抑郁、焦慮、精神疾病病史(如體像障礙、進(jìn)食障礙、抑郁癥等)等[29]。Kapadia等[30]針對(duì)心理因素對(duì)各孕期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)影響的一篇系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,心理狀況不良影響早孕期GWG,對(duì)體型的不滿意可能與中孕期GWG相關(guān),而情感狀態(tài)與GWG并無(wú)相關(guān)性。另外,孕婦對(duì)于GWG的態(tài)度和了解程度可以影響GWG,大部分孕婦對(duì)GWG的重要性、相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素、可能造成的后果和孕期合理的增重知之甚少,導(dǎo)致了不合理的體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)[12]。故在對(duì)孕期增重進(jìn)行干預(yù)時(shí),需要充分考慮到心理因素對(duì)GWG的影響。
3.年齡:孕婦年齡對(duì)GWG的影響可能與其生理狀態(tài)、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位等有關(guān)。青少年孕婦發(fā)生EGWG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,這可能是因?yàn)榍嗌倌暝趹言衅陂g其獲得的營(yíng)養(yǎng)首先是供給自己生長(zhǎng),其次才供給胎兒,為了滿足雙方的需要,攝入的能量更多,故而發(fā)生EGWG[31]。鑒于青少年孕婦發(fā)生EGWG的不良后果與成年人相似,故只推薦青少年孕婦GWG達(dá)到其BMI所對(duì)應(yīng)的正常上限即可[3]。Depudy等[5]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與適齡孕婦相比,孕前體重正常的高齡孕婦發(fā)生IGWG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,而超重、肥胖的高齡孕婦并未發(fā)現(xiàn)此差異。
4.醫(yī)學(xué)因素:孕前的疾病狀態(tài),如炎癥性腸病、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡等慢性疾病,可能會(huì)影響GWG,但并無(wú)直接的證據(jù)支持[3];孕期70%~85%的孕婦會(huì)出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐,只有0.5%~2%會(huì)發(fā)展為妊娠劇吐,Bailit[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)診斷妊娠劇吐的孕婦GWG偏低,且新生兒出生體重也較低;減肥手術(shù)如胃束帶手術(shù)可能影響GWG,使之減少,且術(shù)后與肥胖相關(guān)的妊娠并發(fā)癥如妊娠期高血壓疾病、妊娠期糖尿病的發(fā)生率也有降低[33],盡管如此,還是建議術(shù)后12~18個(gè)月后再考慮懷孕,以避免在體重快速減輕階段懷孕。
5.社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位:低收入、低教育水平[28]被認(rèn)為與不合適的GWG相關(guān),這可能與孕婦的觀念、飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)、孕期保健教育等因素相關(guān)。
6.遺傳學(xué)因素:部分研究致力于探索某些基因位點(diǎn)與GWG的關(guān)系,主要包括ADRβ3基因的Trp64Arg位點(diǎn)、PPARδ2基因的Pro12Ala多態(tài)性、DAT-1基因多態(tài)性和MAO-A 4/4基因多態(tài)性等[3,34],受樣本量限制,其證據(jù)力量還比較薄弱。
我國(guó)目前尚無(wú)針對(duì)GWG的指南或推薦。部分臨床醫(yī)務(wù)工作者使用我國(guó)的BMI分類:低體重(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)、正常體重(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<23.9 kg/m2)、超重及肥胖(BMI≥24 kg/m2),參考IOM指南,分別推薦孕期增重:12.8~18 kg、10.0~16 kg、8.0~14.0 kg。[35]楊延冬等[36]回顧分析了北京4 736例足月單胎孕婦的臨床資料,將其分為低BMI組(BMI<18.5 kg/m2)、正常BMI組(18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<24.9 kg/m2)和高BMI組(BMI≥25 kg/m2),將各組GWG與2009年IOM指南推薦范圍做比較,分析其母胎并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),最終認(rèn)為2009年IOM推薦指南比較適合于中國(guó)孕婦。
綜上所述,妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)受生理因素、社會(huì)環(huán)境因素、個(gè)人因素的影響。通過(guò)對(duì)影響因素進(jìn)行分析,針對(duì)孕期飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)、心理等因素進(jìn)行干預(yù),提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員及孕產(chǎn)婦對(duì)孕期增重的重視,制定適宜中國(guó)人群的孕期增重指南,以期達(dá)到合理的妊娠期體質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng),改善母胎結(jié)局,是下一步亟需開(kāi)展的工作。
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[編輯:辛玲]
Influence factors associated withgestational weight gain
WANG Pei,MA Liang-kun*
DepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,PekingUnionMedicalCollegeHospital,PekingUnionMedicalCollege/ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,Beijing100730
Inappropriate growth of gestational weight gain(GWG)which is as an important process of pregnancy can adversely affect maternal and neonatal health.Understanding the characteristics associated with inadequate or excessive weight gain may potentially identify the women at-risk,and expand the guidance and interventions to improve pregnancy outcomes.This paper summarizes GWG from the aspects of physiological factors,social and environmental factors,and personal factors.
Pregnancy; Weight gain; Diet; Physical activity; Psychology
10.3969/j.issn.1004-3845.2016.11.019
2016-03-15;
2016-04-04
王佩,女,甘肅人,碩士,婦產(chǎn)科.(*