羅懷超,林 嬰,楊正林△
(1.四川醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,四川 瀘州 646000;2.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院四川省人類基因研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川 成都 610072)
△通訊作者
原發(fā)性閉角型青光眼易感基因研究進(jìn)展
羅懷超1,2,林 嬰2,楊正林1,2△
(1.四川醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,四川 瀘州 646000;2.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院四川省人類基因研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川 成都 610072)
青光眼是一類異質(zhì)性視神經(jīng)病變,具有進(jìn)行性和不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的視神經(jīng)破壞及視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞變性的特點(diǎn)。原發(fā)性閉角型青光眼(PACG)在愛斯基摩人群、中國(guó)人群、印度人群和蒙古人群中最常見的一類青光眼。PACG是多基因復(fù)雜疾病,具有較強(qiáng)的遺傳傾向。 近年來(lái)PACG易感基因的研究越來(lái)越多,主要通過(guò)全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析研究(GWAS)以及候選基因研究的方法。GWAS研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的三個(gè)易感位點(diǎn)(PLEKHA7基因中的rs11024102、COL11Al基因中的rs3753841以及位于8號(hào)染色體長(zhǎng)臂上的ST18和PCMTDI基因之間的rs1015213)在不同人群得到驗(yàn)證,然而大多數(shù)候選基因法發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他位點(diǎn)未能得到人群驗(yàn)證。這可能說(shuō)明涉及PACG致病遺傳原因比較復(fù)雜,進(jìn)一步的關(guān)聯(lián)分析以及動(dòng)物模型基因功能研究需要進(jìn)行。本文就PACG相關(guān)研究背景及易感基因研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行概述。
閉角青光眼;遺傳易感性;全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析;遺傳學(xué)
青光眼是全球第二大致盲眼病,在中國(guó)最常見的青光眼類型是原發(fā)性閉角型青光眼(primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG),由于該疾病致盲的不可逆性,患病對(duì)家庭、社會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重后果。PACG是一類多因素眼病,可能由多個(gè)基因和多種環(huán)境共同作用,因此與PACG相關(guān)的疾病基因研究仍然比較困難。近年來(lái),隨著分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,PACG的疾病基因研究有了一些新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。本文對(duì)PACG相關(guān)研究背景及基因研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行概述。
Quigley等預(yù)計(jì)全球青光眼患病人數(shù)將由2010年的6050萬(wàn)增加至2020年的7960萬(wàn)人[1]。青光眼患病率在全球范圍呈現(xiàn)非常明確的地域、種族差異。在中國(guó)大陸成年人群中PACG的患病率為1.4%,中國(guó)人PACG患病率是POAG的2倍[1~3]。PACG比POAG發(fā)生更迅速,后果更嚴(yán)重[4]。據(jù)估計(jì),全世界PACG比POAG致盲率高于25%[5],導(dǎo)致雙目失明人數(shù)將由2010年的390萬(wàn)人上升到2020年的530萬(wàn)人。目前小梁切除術(shù)是抗青光眼手術(shù)中最為常用的一種手術(shù)方法[6]。
PACG的危險(xiǎn)因素主要包含解剖因素、年齡、性別、人種、環(huán)境、遺傳等。PACG的發(fā)病機(jī)制和晶體,虹膜,房角之間的解剖空間關(guān)系有關(guān)。Lin等研究顯示具有較短眼軸,較淺前房,較厚晶狀體的人更易患PACG[7]。Casson等從解剖學(xué)角度看PACG是由于虹膜和小梁網(wǎng)的粘連,導(dǎo)致房水在小梁網(wǎng)處的外流通道堵塞所致[8]。研究表明PACG的患病率隨著年齡的增加而增加[9],這可能是因?yàn)槟挲g的增加,晶狀體變厚,向前移動(dòng),導(dǎo)致眼角狹窄所致[10]。大量研究顯示PACG患者中女性數(shù)量要高于男性,這可能由于PACG在女性人群中患病率更高,還可能因?yàn)榕员饶行愿L(zhǎng)壽[1,3,9,11]。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查情況顯示PACG患病率在中國(guó)人群最高,其次是日本人群,最低是歐洲和印度人群[11]。Lowe 等發(fā)現(xiàn)PACG患者的兄弟姊妹有異常高的PACG發(fā)病率,表明遺傳因素在PACG的一個(gè)重要危險(xiǎn)因素[12,13]。
PACG患者兄弟姐妹之間高于普通人群的患病率以及PACG患者中的一級(jí)親屬有6~9倍發(fā)生PACG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),證明其明顯的遺傳傾向[13]。但PACG發(fā)病遺傳原因到現(xiàn)在都還不清楚。遺傳學(xué)在人類復(fù)雜性疾病研究方面主要有兩種方法:①全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析尋找疾病相關(guān)易感基因。②候選基因法,即己經(jīng)明確基因產(chǎn)物功能且與該疾病相關(guān)的候選基因與疾病的關(guān)聯(lián)分析。目前,與疾病相關(guān)的候選基因與疾病的關(guān)聯(lián)分析的研究熱點(diǎn)是候選基因的單核苷酸多態(tài)與疾病發(fā)生的相關(guān)性分析。
3.1 PACG的全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究 2012年Vithana等[14]第一步對(duì)1854例 PACG 患者和 9608例正常對(duì)照進(jìn)行全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(Genome-wide Association Study,GWAS)。第二步納入1917例PACG患者以及8943例正常對(duì)照進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證。最后研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)3個(gè)與PACG相關(guān)的易感位點(diǎn):PLEKHA7基因中的rs11024102、COL11Al基因中的rs3753841以及位于8號(hào)染色體長(zhǎng)臂上的ST18和PCMTDI基因之間的rs1015213。PLEKHA7 基因 (pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 7)編碼粘著連接蛋白,可能在影響流體穿過(guò)Schlemm管的內(nèi)壁的流動(dòng)發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用[15]。據(jù)推測(cè)PLEKHA7基因中的這一突變可能導(dǎo)致PACG患者眼內(nèi)流體動(dòng)力學(xué)發(fā)生改變[14]。COL11Al基因編碼XI型膠原兩個(gè)α鏈中的一條[14]。COL11Al可以在小梁網(wǎng)細(xì)胞表達(dá),這種表達(dá)在調(diào)節(jié)房水的排出可能非常重要[16]。PCMTD1編碼蛋白-L-isoaspartate-O-甲基結(jié)構(gòu)域,其功能仍然不清楚[14]。而ST18編碼致瘤18蛋白的抑制蛋白,并已被證明在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中顯著下調(diào)[17]。連鎖不平衡分析顯示rs1015213與PCMTD1基因在同一個(gè)block,說(shuō)明PCMTD1更有可能是PACG的易感基因[14]。近年來(lái)多個(gè)報(bào)道試圖驗(yàn)證上述三個(gè)易感位點(diǎn),但結(jié)果在不同人群不一致[18~20]。PLEKHA7 rs11024102 在中國(guó)和尼泊爾人群與PACG關(guān)聯(lián)[18,19],但在澳大利亞人群和南印度人群與PACG無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[18,20]。COL11A1 rs3753841在澳大利亞人群與PACG關(guān)聯(lián)[18],但在中國(guó),南印度,尼泊爾人群與PACG均無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[18~20]。meta分析結(jié)果顯示PLEKHA7 rs11024102 在亞洲人群中與PACG關(guān)聯(lián),而 COL11A1 rs3753841在高加索人群和亞洲人群中均與PACG關(guān)聯(lián)[21],而rs1015213 (TT 基因型)在亞洲人群中與PACG關(guān)聯(lián),部分文獻(xiàn)表明rs1015213與淺的前房表型關(guān)聯(lián)[22]。
前房深度(anterior chamber depth,ACD)是PACG的一個(gè)重要危險(xiǎn)因素,Nongpiur等通過(guò)對(duì)5308例亞洲人的前房深度進(jìn)行GWAS研究試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)PACG的新致病基因。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)ABCC5 (ATP-binding cassette,sub-family C,member 5)基因上一個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)rs14019999與前房深度關(guān)聯(lián),進(jìn)一步的對(duì)4276例PACG患者以及18801例正常人進(jìn)行病例對(duì)照研究,研究顯示rs14019999的突變會(huì)顯著增加PACG的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[23]。ABCC5也稱為多重耐藥蛋白 (multidrug resistance protein 5,MRP5),主要參與組織防御和信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)[24~26]。ABCC5在人類大多數(shù)組織表達(dá),包括PACG發(fā)病相關(guān)的解剖位置,比如瞳孔、睫狀肌、晶狀體等[24,27]。
3.2 PACG的候選基因研究
3.2.1 眼球結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)基因 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)參與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)的重塑。而ECM被認(rèn)為是眼睛的軸向長(zhǎng)度的一個(gè)重要的決定因素[28]。關(guān)聯(lián)研究結(jié)果顯示多個(gè)MMP9基因中的單核苷酸多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)與PACG相關(guān)聯(lián)[28~33]。MMP-9基因中的rs2664538位點(diǎn)在臺(tái)灣人群中與PACG關(guān)聯(lián),然而同樣的位點(diǎn)在新加坡華人中卻與PACG無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[29,30]。在中國(guó)南方地區(qū),MMP-9基因rs2250889位點(diǎn)與PACG關(guān)聯(lián),該位點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為可能改變MMP-9的功能,從而影響ECM重塑[33]。在澳大利亞高加索人群中,MMP-9基因rs3918249和 rs17576與PACG顯著關(guān)聯(lián)[31]。rs17576在巴基斯坦的人群被證實(shí)和PACG關(guān)聯(lián)。在中國(guó)人群中,最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)新的SNP位點(diǎn)rs3918254與PACG相關(guān)聯(lián)[32]。
在高加索人群中,甲基四氫葉酸還原酶(MTHFR)基因中的C677T突變被報(bào)道與同型半胱氨酸濃度變化以及開角型青光眼(primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG)相關(guān)聯(lián)[34]。C677T突變使MTHFR酶活性降低,從而增加同型半胱氨酸濃度[35]。同型半胱氨酸能夠誘導(dǎo)血管損傷,改變ECM重塑以及神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡[34]。在巴基斯坦人群中,關(guān)聯(lián)分析結(jié)果顯示MTHFR C677T多態(tài)性與PACG關(guān)聯(lián)而與POAG無(wú)關(guān)[36]。然而進(jìn)一步的重復(fù)驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果體現(xiàn)出人群差異。在澳大利亞與尼泊爾人群,MTHFR C677T多態(tài)性與PACG無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[35]。Shi等研究者在中國(guó)的PACG患者中進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析顯示,該位點(diǎn)與PACG也無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[37]。印度北部人群的關(guān)聯(lián)分析顯示只與POAG關(guān)聯(lián),而與PACG無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[38]。
在小鼠瞳孔括約肌內(nèi)降鈣素受體樣受體(CALCRL)基因過(guò)表達(dá)導(dǎo)致瞳孔麻痹和急性短暫升高的IOP,這個(gè)表型和人類PACG的表型非常類似[39]。Cao等在中國(guó)南方地區(qū)應(yīng)用CALCRL基因中的標(biāo)簽SNP與PACG進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析,結(jié)果顯示rs1157699多態(tài)性與急性PACG顯著關(guān)聯(lián),并且由三個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)(rs840617,rs6759535,rs1157699)組成的單倍型TCT 在急性PACG組的頻率顯著高于正常對(duì)照組[40]。在澳大利亞和尼泊爾人群的重復(fù)驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果未能得到rs1157699與PACG相關(guān)聯(lián)的結(jié)果,但是在澳大利亞人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)單倍型AATACAGAT與PACG相關(guān)聯(lián)[35]。
雖然內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合成酶 (Endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)基因與熱休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)基因不直接調(diào)節(jié)眼部組織重塑,但eNOS合成的一氧化氮會(huì)增加MMP9的活性[41],HSP70能增加基質(zhì)金屬酶的表達(dá)[42],從而影響眼部組織重塑。多個(gè)研究報(bào)道證明這兩個(gè)基因與PACG相關(guān)[42,43]。在中國(guó)漢族人群,HSP70基因上SNP rs1043618與中國(guó)人群PACG相關(guān)聯(lián)[37],eNOS基因上的SNP rs11771443被報(bào)道與ACD相關(guān)[44]。
3.2.2 其他類型眼病候選基因與PACG Veerappan等研究證實(shí)HGF基因中的SNP位點(diǎn) (rs12536657和rs5745718)與遠(yuǎn)視相關(guān)聯(lián)[45]。由于PACG與遠(yuǎn)視具有短眼軸的共同特征[46],研究者假設(shè)HGF在青光眼的發(fā)病過(guò)程中起到一定的作用,在尼泊爾人群中對(duì)PACG患者與HGF基因上標(biāo)簽SNP進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析,結(jié)果顯示HGF基因上四個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)(rs5745718,rs12536657,rs12540393 和rs17427817)在尼泊爾人群中與PACG相關(guān)聯(lián)[47]。2013年,在中國(guó)漢族人群重復(fù)驗(yàn)證,rs12536657和rs5745718兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)與PACG關(guān)聯(lián)[48]。
考慮到POAG與PACG有許多共同的臨床表型,比如高眼壓、進(jìn)行性不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的視神經(jīng)破壞和視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞變性等[49],研究者進(jìn)行多個(gè)研究來(lái)調(diào)查是否POAG相關(guān)的基因也與PACG相關(guān)。MYOC 基因和CYP1B1基因被發(fā)現(xiàn)與POAG相關(guān)聯(lián)[50,51]。 Dai等在一個(gè)PACG家系患者中均發(fā)現(xiàn)MYOC基因的一個(gè)無(wú)義突變(Arg46Stop)以及CYP1B1基因的一個(gè)氨基酸改變(Leu432Val)[52]。研究者在印度PACG患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)CYP1B1基因的氨基酸改變突變(Arg368his),并且發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)PACG和POAG相似的單倍型,提示POAG與PACG發(fā)病可能有類似的遺傳背景[53]。2014年Huang等在中國(guó)343例PACG患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)MYOC基因突變發(fā)生率為0.8%,提示其與PACG可能存在相關(guān)性[54]。2013年三篇大規(guī)模的GWAS研究在多個(gè)人群證實(shí)了ABCA1與POAG相關(guān)聯(lián)[55~57],我們收集1122例PACG/PAC和1311例對(duì)照進(jìn)行病例對(duì)照研究,未能發(fā)現(xiàn)ABCA1與PACG有關(guān)聯(lián)[58]。
3.3 PACG的其他遺傳因素 除了以上基因外,在阿拉伯人群,Abu-Amero等發(fā)現(xiàn)preHV1,R0a和J線粒體單倍群與PACG相關(guān)聯(lián),而在歐亞西部人群,U可能是PACG的保護(hù)線粒體單倍群[59]。近年,Ittneret等建立一個(gè)急性PACG的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠模型[39]。Grozdanic等建立與PACG具有相似眼部表型的犬模型[60]。運(yùn)用犬PACG家系模型,Ahram等發(fā)現(xiàn)Nebulin基因上的變異與家族性犬PACG的發(fā)展相關(guān)聯(lián)[61]。這些PACG動(dòng)物模型的建立與應(yīng)用將有利于了解PACG致病機(jī)理,并推動(dòng)PACG致病基因的研究。
綜述所述,PACG易感基因的研究雖然較多,但研究分散在不同人群及地區(qū),研究樣本量不大,缺乏多中心研究。且許多候選基因與PACG的關(guān)聯(lián)性不清楚,人群驗(yàn)證一致性較差。由于PACG是一種多因素眼病,發(fā)病機(jī)理復(fù)雜,可能由基因和環(huán)境共同作用,目前的易感基因研究規(guī)模太小,數(shù)量尚不夠,需要更多國(guó)家和地區(qū)間的合作,開展大樣本,多人群的關(guān)聯(lián)研究。動(dòng)物模型的建立將有利于PACG相關(guān)基因的驗(yàn)證及基因功能的研究。總之,PACG發(fā)病機(jī)制的研究還有很多研究要做,還面臨著許多挑戰(zhàn)。
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Progress in geneticsusceptibility to primary angle-closure glaucoma
LUO Huai-chao1,2,LIN Ying2,YANG Zheng-lin1,2
R775.2
B
1672-6170(2016)02-0158-05
2015-10-20;
2015-12-10)