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葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的生物合成及其影響因素

2016-03-27 23:49劉峻溪王俊芳韓愛(ài)芹孫玉霞
釀酒科技 2016年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:酯類乙基乙酯

劉峻溪,王俊芳,韓愛(ài)芹,孫玉霞

(1.山東省農(nóng)產(chǎn)品精深加工技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/山東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品研究所,山東濟(jì)南250100;2.齊魯工業(yè)大學(xué)山東省微生物工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東濟(jì)南250353)

葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的生物合成及其影響因素

劉峻溪1,2,王俊芳1,韓愛(ài)芹2,孫玉霞1

(1.山東省農(nóng)產(chǎn)品精深加工技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室/山東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)產(chǎn)品研究所,山東濟(jì)南250100;2.齊魯工業(yè)大學(xué)山東省微生物工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東濟(jì)南250353)

葡萄酒中的酯類物質(zhì)主要是酒精發(fā)酵過(guò)程中,在酵母細(xì)胞內(nèi)由?;o酶A及脂肪酸和醇類在相關(guān)酶的催化作用下生成的,具有水果或者花的香味,對(duì)葡萄酒的香氣起著十分重要的作用。酯類物質(zhì)主要分為乙酸酯和乙基酯兩類,乙酸酯是由乙醇/高級(jí)醇和乙酰輔酶A在醇乙酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的催化作用下合成,乙基酯則是由乙醇和短鏈/中鏈脂肪酸在?;D(zhuǎn)移酶的催化作用下合成。這些酯類物質(zhì)是脂溶性的,可以直接穿過(guò)酵母的細(xì)胞膜釋放到發(fā)酵液中。葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的含量受多種因素的影響,主要包括品種、栽培模式、發(fā)酵液成分、酵母、發(fā)酵溫度、蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵和陳釀等。綜述了葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的合成及其影響因素,以期為葡萄酒香氣的改善及深入研究提供理論指導(dǎo)。

葡萄酒; 酯類物質(zhì); 生物合成; 影響因素

葡萄酒的香氣是評(píng)定葡萄酒質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo),而酯類物質(zhì)是葡萄酒香氣的重要組成部分。葡萄酒中的酯類物質(zhì)主要是在酒精發(fā)酵過(guò)程中由酵母生成的,屬于酵母細(xì)胞內(nèi)的合成分泌物[1],是葡萄酒香氣中果香的主要來(lái)源[2]。葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的含量一般不超過(guò)100 mg/L,雖然其含量較低,但由于其他物質(zhì)的存在會(huì)對(duì)酯類物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生一種強(qiáng)化作用,使得酯類物質(zhì)在含量低于其閾值時(shí)也會(huì)被察覺(jué)到[3],進(jìn)而對(duì)葡萄酒的香氣結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生一定的影響[4]。另外,多數(shù)酯類物質(zhì)的濃度都在其閾值左右,由于葡萄酒中各種香氣成分之間的相互影響以及協(xié)同和拮抗作用的存在,使得某些酯類物質(zhì)濃度上的微小變化也極有可能對(duì)葡萄酒的整體香氣產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。

目前,對(duì)葡萄酒香氣的檢測(cè)分析已經(jīng)比較成熟,但大量的研究都集中在對(duì)葡萄酒整體香氣的分析上,對(duì)于葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的研究在國(guó)內(nèi)鮮有報(bào)道。本文通過(guò)總結(jié)目前有關(guān)葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展,闡述了葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的合成及其主要影響因素,以期促進(jìn)葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的進(jìn)一步研究,為提高和改善葡萄酒的風(fēng)味和質(zhì)量提供理論指導(dǎo)。

1 酯類物質(zhì)的合成

酯是通過(guò)醇和酸的酯化反應(yīng),脫去一個(gè)水分子形成的。對(duì)葡萄酒的香氣有貢獻(xiàn)作用的主要是兩類揮發(fā)性酯——乙酸酯和乙基酯。乙酸酯包括乙酸乙酯(果香、類似溶劑的氣味)、乙酸異戊酯(香蕉)和乙酸-2-苯乙酯(玫瑰、花香)等,形成乙酸酯的酸來(lái)自乙酸鹽,醇是乙醇或高級(jí)醇;乙基酯則包括己酸乙酯(草莓、青蘋(píng)果)、辛酸乙酯(成熟果實(shí))和癸酸乙酯(果香)等,形成乙基酯的酸是C4—C10的中鏈脂肪酸,醇是乙醇。碳鏈長(zhǎng)度大于10~12的酯類因?yàn)椴灰讚]發(fā),對(duì)葡萄酒香氣的貢獻(xiàn)比較?。?]。

1.1乙酸酯的合成

在酵母細(xì)胞內(nèi),乙酸酯的合成底物是乙醇或高級(jí)醇和?;o酶A(acyl coenzyme A,acyl-CoA),乙醇或高級(jí)醇來(lái)自于酵母體內(nèi)的氨基酸代謝,?;o酶A主要是通過(guò)丙酮酸的氧化脫羧反應(yīng)形成的乙酰輔酶A(acetyl-CoA)[6]。乙醇或高級(jí)醇和乙酰輔酶A在醇乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(alcohol acetyltransferase,AATase)的催化作用下生成相應(yīng)的乙酸酯。酵母細(xì)胞內(nèi)的醇乙酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶有ATF1、Lg-ATF1和ATF2,其中ATF1和ATF2在釀酒酵母和巴氏酵母中都存在,而Lg-ATF1只在巴氏酵母中存在,三者的編碼基因分別為ATF1、Lg-ATF1和ATF2。在這些酶中,ATF1對(duì)于乙酸酯的合成最為重要,40%的乙酸乙酯、80%的乙酸異戊酯以及75%的乙酸-2-苯乙酯的合成都與其有關(guān)[7],在發(fā)酵過(guò)程中,通過(guò)調(diào)控ATF1的表達(dá)能夠明顯改變乙酸酯的生成量[8]。也有研究表明,酵母細(xì)胞中的酯酶(esterase)也與乙酸酯的合成有關(guān),其編碼基因是IAH1;此外,酯酶還與乙酸酯的水解有關(guān),且酯酶合成乙酸酯的速率明顯低于其水解乙酸酯的速率[9]。

1.2乙基酯的合成

乙基酯的合成底物是乙醇和短鏈或中鏈脂肪酸。在酒精發(fā)酵過(guò)程中,酵母細(xì)胞中的短鏈脂肪酸和中鏈脂肪酸通過(guò)細(xì)胞質(zhì)中脂肪酸合成酶復(fù)合體的作用釋放出來(lái)[10],在?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(acyltransferase)的催化作用下和乙醇生成相應(yīng)的乙基酯。而酵母中催化乙基酯合成的?;D(zhuǎn)移酶主要是乙醇?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(ethyl ester biosynthesis I,EEB1)和乙醇己酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ethanol hexanoyl transferase I,EHT1),分別由EEB1和EHT1基因編碼。EEB1對(duì)乙基酯的合成起主要作用,而EHT1則主要催化乙醇和己酰輔酶A生成己酸乙酯,但EEB1和EHT1并不是乙基酯合成的限速酶,EEB1和EHT1的過(guò)量表達(dá)并沒(méi)有使乙基酯的含量明顯增加[11],該合成過(guò)程的控制可能還與中鏈脂肪酸的含量或其他未知因素有關(guān),需要進(jìn)一步研究。

這些酯類物質(zhì)都是脂溶性的,可以直接穿過(guò)細(xì)胞膜釋放到發(fā)酵液中。乙酸酯的轉(zhuǎn)移是快速的、完全的,而乙基酯的轉(zhuǎn)移則隨著碳鏈長(zhǎng)度的增加而大幅下降,己酸乙酯可以100%釋放到細(xì)胞外,辛酸乙酯則有54%~68%的釋放量,而癸酸乙酯只有8%~17%的釋放量[12]。因此,乙酸酯的含量相對(duì)較高,在其合成方面的研究更多、更早,合成途徑也比較清楚,而有關(guān)乙基酯的研究相對(duì)較少,其合成調(diào)控過(guò)程還有待進(jìn)一步探究。

2 酯類物質(zhì)合成的影響因素

酯類物質(zhì)的合成受多種因素的影響,主要有葡萄品種[13]、葡萄成熟度[14]、發(fā)酵液成分[15]、發(fā)酵溫度[16]、發(fā)酵方式[17]、浸漬[18]、酵母菌種[19]、蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵[20]和陳釀[21]等。

2.1品種與栽培模式

葡萄酒中的酯類物質(zhì)主要由酵母通過(guò)氨基酸代謝生成,氨基酸則來(lái)源于葡萄果實(shí),不同基因型的葡萄品種,其所含氨基酸的種類、含量和比例不同,所釀葡萄酒中生成的酯類物質(zhì)也就不同。辛酸乙酯是霞多麗干白葡萄酒的特征風(fēng)味物質(zhì),乙酸異戊酯是皮諾塔吉干紅葡萄酒的特征風(fēng)味物質(zhì)[13]。此外,葡萄果實(shí)的品種香氣中也有少量的酯類物質(zhì),這些物質(zhì)主要存在于葡萄的果皮中,但這部分酯類物質(zhì)對(duì)葡萄酒香氣的影響效果較微弱。

對(duì)于同一葡萄品種,不同的栽培方式也會(huì)影響葡萄酒中的酯類物質(zhì)。Bravdo分別在Salt Creek和140 Ruggerie砧木上嫁接赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon),并用所結(jié)的葡萄釀造葡萄酒,發(fā)現(xiàn)前者的癸酸異戊酯含量高于后者;用VSP(Vertical Shoot Positioned)架式和Ballerina架式栽培赤霞珠,前者所釀葡萄酒中的乙酸丁酯、丁酸乙酯和乙酸己酯的含量明顯高于后者[22]。此外,行間生草與未生草相比,生草葡萄園所產(chǎn)葡萄酒中的乙酸乙酯、乙酸異戊酯、己酸乙酯和辛酸乙酯的含量明顯較高[23];施肥處理可以增加葡萄汁中乙酸乙酯的含量[24]。

2.2發(fā)酵液成分

發(fā)酵液的成分對(duì)酵母的生長(zhǎng)起著決定性作用,其中最重要的是發(fā)酵液中的含氮化合物。在自然條件下,酵母能夠利用大多數(shù)含氮化合物,但并不代表這些含氮化合物都適用于酵母的生長(zhǎng)。事實(shí)上,酵母只選擇優(yōu)良的含氮化合物來(lái)利用,這部分含氮化合物被稱為可同化氮。

發(fā)酵液中的可同化氮主要是指除脯氨酸(proline,Pro)以外的游離α-氨基酸和銨鹽等,這些物質(zhì)可以影響蛋白質(zhì)的合成和發(fā)酵速率[25]。氨基酸是酯類合成的前體物質(zhì),并且參與酵母的代謝活動(dòng)。銨是酵母首選的氮源,其含量占到可同化氮的2%~53%[26]。當(dāng)可同化氮的含量較低時(shí),酵母的繁殖量降低,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致發(fā)酵緩慢或者發(fā)酵不完全[27]。據(jù)報(bào)道,當(dāng)可同化氮的含量達(dá)到200 mg/L時(shí),方可進(jìn)行完全發(fā)酵;當(dāng)可同化氮的含量達(dá)到500 mg/L時(shí),酵母的生物總量最大,發(fā)酵速率最快[5]。酯類物質(zhì)的生成量大致與初始可同化氮的含量呈正比關(guān)系,當(dāng)發(fā)酵液中可同化氮的含量增加時(shí),葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的含量隨之增加[28]。

2.3酵母菌株

葡萄酒中的酯類物質(zhì)先在酵母細(xì)胞內(nèi)催化合成,然后再釋放出來(lái),因此,酵母直接影響酯類物質(zhì)的合成。在酒精發(fā)酵的開(kāi)始階段,非釀酒酵母(如漢遜酵母、假絲酵母等)占主導(dǎo)地位,其特征是發(fā)酵緩慢[29]。但這些酵母對(duì)酒精敏感,在發(fā)酵進(jìn)行2~3 d后,酒精度達(dá)到5%vol~6%vol,非釀酒酵母的生長(zhǎng)速度急劇下降[30]。此時(shí)更具酒精耐受性的釀酒酵母逐漸占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,并完成整個(gè)酒精發(fā)酵過(guò)程。大量的研究表明,釀酒酵母對(duì)酯類物質(zhì)的生成起著十分重要的作用[31-32],但非釀酒酵母也會(huì)影響酯類物質(zhì)的含量,與釀酒酵母相比,非釀酒酵母在基質(zhì)特異性方面更加多樣化、更廣泛。Rojas等[33]比較了釀酒酵母和非釀酒酵母在生成乙酸酯類之間的差異,結(jié)果表明,在高通氧量的條件下,釀酒酵母生成乙酸酯的含量較低,而在相同條件下,漢遜酵母和另外一株非釀酒酵母分別有著較強(qiáng)的乙酸-2-苯乙酯和乙酸異戊酯合成能力。

由于不同酵母體內(nèi)酶的種類及活性存在著差異,因此產(chǎn)生的酯類的種類和含量也不同。Soles等[31]測(cè)定了14株酵母在生成乙酸異戊酯、乙酸己酯、乙酸-2-苯乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和癸酸乙酯之間的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)各酵母在單項(xiàng)酯類物質(zhì)之間存在千分之一含量的差異,總酯之間存在百分之一含量的差異。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由那些從酒窖中分離出來(lái)的酵母發(fā)酵得到的葡萄酒,其酯類物質(zhì)的含量較高[32]。

氧氣和不飽和脂肪酸會(huì)使酵母中醇乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶的活性降低[34],進(jìn)而影響酯類物質(zhì)的生成。此外,在高通氧的條件下,酵母的生長(zhǎng)速度加快,乙酰輔酶A更多的被用于酵母的合成代謝和呼吸作用,參與酯類合成的乙酰輔酶A就隨之減少,降低了酯類的合成。在酒精發(fā)酵過(guò)程中,酵母的接入量和繁殖代數(shù)都會(huì)影響到酵母的代謝生長(zhǎng),進(jìn)而也會(huì)對(duì)酯類物質(zhì)的合成產(chǎn)生影響。

2.4發(fā)酵溫度

發(fā)酵溫度是調(diào)控酒精發(fā)酵的重要參數(shù),影響著酵母的生長(zhǎng)速度及其代謝[35],進(jìn)而影響參與酯類合成底物的生成及相關(guān)酶的活性。溫度過(guò)低,酵母生長(zhǎng)過(guò)于緩慢,會(huì)使酒精發(fā)酵的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也隨之增加。溫度過(guò)高,酵母生長(zhǎng)過(guò)快,會(huì)導(dǎo)致高級(jí)醇的含量增加,刺激性氣味變得尤為突出,進(jìn)而影響葡萄酒的感官品質(zhì)。

大量的研究結(jié)果表明,適當(dāng)?shù)牡蜏匕l(fā)酵有利于葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的生成[35-37]。低溫有利于酵母的代謝,同時(shí)酒精發(fā)酵進(jìn)行緩慢而徹底,這樣有利于酯類物質(zhì)的生成和積累。Molina等[37]比較了15℃和28℃條件下發(fā)酵的葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的含量,并對(duì)其合成相關(guān)基因進(jìn)行表達(dá)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)15℃下酯類物質(zhì)的含量是28℃下酯類物質(zhì)含量的3.5~4.0倍,同時(shí)合成相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)量達(dá)到最大值的時(shí)期也不一樣。因此,控制酒精發(fā)酵的溫度對(duì)于改善葡萄酒的品質(zhì),提高酯類物質(zhì)的含量有重要作用。

2.5蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵

蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵(蘋(píng)果酸-乳酸發(fā)酵)是在酒精發(fā)酵結(jié)束后,在葡萄酒中進(jìn)行的另外一個(gè)生物化學(xué)反應(yīng)。根據(jù)葡萄酒的風(fēng)格和釀酒師的需求,可選擇是否啟動(dòng)蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵。與蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵有關(guān)的乳酸菌主要包括酒球菌(Oenococcus oeni)、乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus sp.)和片球菌(Pediococcus sp.),乳酸菌可以通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)移反應(yīng)(醇解反應(yīng)),將甘油酯上的脂肪酰基轉(zhuǎn)移給醇,進(jìn)而生成相應(yīng)的酯類物質(zhì)[38]。

研究表明,蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵結(jié)束后,葡萄酒中原來(lái)的酯類物質(zhì)含量發(fā)生變化或有新的酯類物質(zhì)生成[39]。Delaquis等人發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄酒經(jīng)過(guò)蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵后,有些在酒精發(fā)酵過(guò)程中形成的酯類(如異丁酸乙酯、異戊酸乙酯、乙酸-2-苯乙酯等)的含量明顯增加[40];但是,也有報(bào)道稱,由于所用乳酸菌的種類不同,在蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵后,有些酯類物質(zhì)(尤其是乙酸己酯)的含量降低[41]。Ugliano和Moio發(fā)現(xiàn),部分乙基酯還可以在蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵過(guò)程中形成,如乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯[42]。此外,乳酸菌中的相關(guān)酶不僅可以催化酯類物質(zhì)的合成,還具有水解酯類物質(zhì)的能力,但目前關(guān)于這方面的研究報(bào)道較少。

2.6陳釀

在陳釀過(guò)程中,葡萄酒中的各種成分緩慢變化并逐漸趨于平衡。而酯類物質(zhì)與酸類物質(zhì)之間的平衡對(duì)葡萄酒的感官品質(zhì)影響最大,酯可以通過(guò)水解作用生成酸和醇,酸和醇也可以通過(guò)酯化反應(yīng)生成酯。Ramey和Ough觀察了瓶?jī)?chǔ)1~5年期間葡萄酒中乙基酯的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)酸酯平衡對(duì)乙基酯的形成影響較大,且隨著陳釀時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),酯化率明顯提高[43]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在陳釀過(guò)程中,葡萄酒中支鏈脂肪酸乙酯(如異丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯和異戊酸乙酯)的含量增加[44]。此外,有人認(rèn)為乙酸酯和乙基酯在陳釀過(guò)程中主要進(jìn)行水解作用,且乙酸酯的水解速度要比乙基酯的水解速度快[45],而乙基酯的水解速度則與其分子量的大小成正比,分子量越大的酯,水解的速度越快[43]。

3 展望

酯類物質(zhì)是葡萄酒香氣的重要組成成分,影響葡萄酒的品質(zhì)。因此,了解葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)的合成及其影響因素,通過(guò)選擇特定的葡萄品種及栽培方式,發(fā)酵過(guò)程中使用合適的酵母(篩選并合理利用野生酵母),改良發(fā)酵液的成分,調(diào)整發(fā)酵液中氮的最佳含量和最佳氮源,控制發(fā)酵溫度,根據(jù)原料特點(diǎn)及釀酒師的需求合理選擇是否進(jìn)行蘋(píng)乳酸發(fā)酵和陳釀等方式,可以達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)含量和比例的目的。有關(guān)酯類物質(zhì)合成變化的許多理論還不完善,需要進(jìn)一步深入研究證實(shí),葡萄及葡萄酒中酯類物質(zhì)合成的分子調(diào)控機(jī)制也是未來(lái)研究的熱點(diǎn)。在今后的葡萄酒生產(chǎn)中,根據(jù)原料特點(diǎn),通過(guò)科學(xué)分析,改變發(fā)酵條件和參數(shù),調(diào)節(jié)酯類物質(zhì)的生成,進(jìn)而改善葡萄酒的香氣,提高葡萄酒的品質(zhì)。

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Biosynthesis of Ester Compounds in Grape Wine&Relative Influencing Factors

LIU Junxi1,2,WANG Junfang1,HANAiqin2and SUN Yuxia1
(1.Shandong Key Lab ofAgro-Products Processing Technology,Institute ofAgro-food Science and Technology,ShandongAcademy of Agricultural Sciences,Ji'nan,Shandong 250100;2.Shandong Key Lab of Microbial Engineering,Qilu University of Technology,Ji'nan,Shandong 250353,China)

Ester compounds in grape wine are mainly synthesized from the reaction of acetyl-CoA/fatty acid and alcohols by enzymes in the yeast cells during the process of alcoholic fermentation.Most ester compounds have fruit/flower aroma,which play important roles in the aroma of grape wine.Ester compounds can be classified into two groups including acetate esters and ethyl esters.Acetate esters are synthesized enzymatically by alcohol acetyltransferase between ethanol/higher alcohols and acetyl-CoA,and ethyl eaters are synthesized enzymatically by acyltransferase between ethanol and short chain/medium chain fatty acids.Since these ester compounds are lipid-soluble,they could diffuse through the cellular membrane into the fermenting medium.Besides,the content of ester compounds in wine is influenced by many factors,including grape varieties,cultivation patterns,composition of fermentation liquor,yeasts,fermentation temperature,malolactic fermentation and storage.In order to improve the aroma of wine and provide theoretical foundation for further research,the biosynthesis of ester compounds in grape wine and the relative influencing factors were summed up in this paper.

wine;esters;biosynthesis;influencing factors

TS262.6;TS261.4;TS261.7

A

1001-9286(2016)09-0043-05

10.13746/j.njkj.2016055

山東省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2015GNC113010);山東省農(nóng)業(yè)重大應(yīng)用技術(shù)創(chuàng)新課題;山東省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系水果產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(SDAIT-03-21-12)。

2016-02-23;

2016-05-13

劉峻溪(1991-),男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代釀酒技術(shù),E-mail:liujunxi91@163.com。

孫玉霞(1973-),女,副研究員,主要從事釀酒技術(shù)和酒類風(fēng)味物質(zhì)的研究,E-mail:sunyuxia1230@163.com。

優(yōu)先數(shù)字出版時(shí)間:2016-08-03;地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.1051.TS.20160803.1009.001.html。

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