董 浩周曉梅
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鋅α2糖蛋白與多囊卵巢綜合征代謝紊亂的研究進(jìn)展(綜述)
董 浩1周曉梅2
【摘 要】多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)是育齡期婦女常見(jiàn)的內(nèi)分泌及生殖障礙性疾病,臨床常伴有肥胖、胰島素抵抗、血脂異常等代謝異常。而鋅α2糖蛋白(ZAG)是由人體分泌的一種脂肪因子,近幾年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其與代謝密切相關(guān),參與體重的調(diào)控,脂肪代謝,并與PCOS等胰島素抵抗相關(guān)疾病關(guān)系密切。在存在胰島素抵抗的PCOS患者中,血清ZAG水平下降,本文將針對(duì)ZAG與PCOS代謝紊亂的最新研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】多囊卵巢綜合征 鋅α2糖蛋白 胰島素抵抗 脂肪代謝
作者單位:1.廣東醫(yī)學(xué)院 廣東 524000
2.深圳市福田區(qū)中醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科 廣東 518034
2016-02-01收稿,2016-03-21修回
多囊卵巢綜合征(polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS)是育齡期婦女常見(jiàn)的內(nèi)分泌及生殖障礙性疾病,臨床常表現(xiàn)為月經(jīng)異常、不孕、高雄激素血癥、卵巢多囊樣改變等,同時(shí)還常伴有肥胖、胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR)、血脂異常等代謝異常。鋅α2糖蛋白(Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein, ZAG)是由人體分泌的一種脂肪因子,新近研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其與代謝密切相關(guān),參與體重的調(diào)控,并與IR相關(guān)疾病關(guān)系密切。因此,ZAG與PCOS之間的關(guān)系值得進(jìn)一步深入研究。
1.1ZAG的結(jié)構(gòu) ZAG是1961年由Burgi等首先從人類血清中分離提純獲得的一種可溶性糖蛋白,分子量約41kD。ZAG包含278個(gè)氨基酸殘基[1],其氨基酸序列及分子結(jié)構(gòu)與主要組織相容性復(fù)合物Ⅰ分子高度相似[2~3]。Sanchez等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ZAG分子的結(jié)構(gòu)類似于主要組織相容性復(fù)合物Ⅰ分子的重鏈,而無(wú)輕鏈的β2微球蛋白,它包含α1、α2和α3三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域,其中α1與α2形成一個(gè)抗原結(jié)合槽,該槽類似于主要組織相容性復(fù)合物Ⅰ分子的縮氨酸結(jié)合槽。槽內(nèi)含有可與脂肪酸、聚乙二醇等配體結(jié)合的疏水配基結(jié)合位點(diǎn),這些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)可能與 ZAG 在調(diào)節(jié)脂肪動(dòng)員過(guò)程中所起的重要作用有關(guān)[1]。Kumar等[4]運(yùn)用質(zhì)譜分析法證實(shí)了被預(yù)測(cè)存在于α1和α2之間的螺旋槽包含一個(gè)強(qiáng)的鋅離子結(jié)合位點(diǎn);通過(guò)紫外線、蛋白質(zhì)CD譜和熒光光譜法監(jiān)測(cè)到整條ZAG鏈上包含多個(gè)弱的鋅結(jié)合位點(diǎn),至少可結(jié)合15個(gè)鋅離子,ZAG結(jié)合鋅離子的多少可能對(duì)于其結(jié)合游離脂肪酸和β-腎上腺素能受體的能力有重要作用。
1.2ZAG的分泌及其功能 Tada等[5]應(yīng)用免疫組織化學(xué)的方法發(fā)現(xiàn)ZAG主要在肝臟、胃腸道以及汗腺、唾液腺、乳腺、前列腺和支氣管等一些具有分泌功能的上皮細(xì)胞間質(zhì)中表達(dá)。Hassan等[1]通過(guò)RTPCR技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪細(xì)胞也可合成ZAG。上述組織產(chǎn)生的ZAG可分泌進(jìn)入血清、尿液[6]及羊水[7]等多種體液中。循環(huán)血中的ZAG的來(lái)源現(xiàn)尚有爭(zhēng)議,Hassan等[1]認(rèn)為其主要由肝臟內(nèi)相關(guān)基因表達(dá)合成,但Yang等[8]認(rèn)為循環(huán)血中的ZAG主要由脂肪組織產(chǎn)生。目前對(duì)于血清中ZAG的來(lái)源意見(jiàn)尚未統(tǒng)一,但對(duì)于其功能的觀點(diǎn)基本一致。最初的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ZAG在乳腺癌[9]等腫瘤患者中高表達(dá),被認(rèn)為是一種腫瘤標(biāo)志物,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有增強(qiáng)脂肪分解的作用,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤患者體重下降及惡病質(zhì)的發(fā)生。而近年來(lái)的研究表明ZAG是一種與肥胖及IR等代謝紊亂密切相關(guān)的脂肪因子。
1.3ZAG與IR及肥胖的關(guān)系 Yang 等[8]的研究表明ZAG可能是與IR相關(guān)的脂肪因子。Tsai等[10]在其多元回歸分析中發(fā)現(xiàn),血清ZAG是代謝綜合征的一個(gè)獨(dú)立因素。Balaz等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn),皮下脂肪組織中的ZAG水平及脂肪細(xì)胞大小可獨(dú)立于年齡和身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)的來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)IR,在肥胖者中,皮下脂肪中ZAG水平明顯降低,臨床、細(xì)胞學(xué)及分子學(xué)證據(jù)表明ZAG在調(diào)節(jié)全身及脂肪組織的胰島素敏感性方面起重要作用。基因?qū)W的研究表明,由于基因突變而導(dǎo)致ZAG過(guò)表達(dá)的小鼠表現(xiàn)出體重的減輕[12];而當(dāng)敲除小鼠的ZAG基因時(shí),小鼠則更容易發(fā)生體重的增加,因此推測(cè)ZAG相關(guān)基因是調(diào)節(jié)體重的候選基因[3]。不管是人體[13]還是小鼠[12],肥胖個(gè)體的ZAG表達(dá)水平是下降的。相反,在肥胖女性改為低熱量飲食后,其皮下脂肪組織中的ZAG基因表達(dá)增加[14],當(dāng)肥胖小鼠的體脂的減少后,ZAG基因表達(dá)也隨之增加[15]。Tedeschi等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清中ZAG水平直接關(guān)系到循環(huán)血中游離脂肪酸和去甲腎上腺素水平,提示ZAG與交感調(diào)節(jié)的脂肪分解之間存在密切的相互作用。目前ZAG與IR之間的關(guān)系尚有爭(zhēng)議,有研究表明脂肪組織ZAG的表達(dá)和IR之間存在一種負(fù)相關(guān)的關(guān)系[11,17~18],Yang等[8]通過(guò)OGTT實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)正常人循環(huán)血中ZAG濃度隨血糖水平及胰島素濃度的升高而降低。Balaz等[19]在一項(xiàng)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),脂肪組織中ZAG的表達(dá)與全身及脂肪組織的胰島素敏感性有著必然聯(lián)系,并與脂肪細(xì)胞的大小負(fù)相關(guān);生長(zhǎng)激素補(bǔ)充治療可提高ZAG的表達(dá);沉默ZAG表達(dá)后,生長(zhǎng)激素補(bǔ)充治療對(duì)于脂肪細(xì)胞脂代謝的促進(jìn)作用全部消失。而Ceperuelo-Mallafre等[20]卻在其研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ZAG療法增加了人體脂肪細(xì)胞對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取,同時(shí)誘發(fā)了IR。這種差異從以上這些研究中我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)ZAG在糖脂代謝及胰島素敏感性中扮演者重要的角色。
1.4ZAG的作用機(jī)制 雖然ZAG在糖脂代謝及胰島素敏感性方面有重要作用,但對(duì)于其作用機(jī)制目前尚不明確。Russell等[21]的研究表明,口服的ZAG是通過(guò)食管的β腎上腺素能受體吸收進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的。在其另外一項(xiàng)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),ZAG對(duì)于ob/ob小鼠體重的控制及胰島素敏感性的影響是通過(guò)激活β2腎上腺素能受體或β3腎上腺素能受體實(shí)現(xiàn)的[22]。Zhu等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),ZAG可刺激3T3-L1小鼠前脂肪細(xì)胞增殖并抑制其分化為脂肪細(xì)胞。并推測(cè)ZAG對(duì)脂肪細(xì)胞的抑制作用可能是通過(guò)抑制脂肪酸合酶啟動(dòng)子的功能來(lái)減少過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活體-γ,CCAAT/增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白-α及脂肪酸合酶的合成的結(jié)果。Ceperuelo-Mallafre等[20]認(rèn)為ZAG通過(guò)激活蛋白磷酸酶2,降低β2腎上腺素能受體和蛋白磷酸酶2依賴性的磷酸激酶水平,從而抑制胰島素誘發(fā)的人體脂肪細(xì)胞對(duì)糖的攝入。因此,對(duì)于ZAG的作用機(jī)制,依然需要更多的試驗(yàn)來(lái)探索。
IR不是診斷PCOS的必要條件,也不是所有的PCOS患者都會(huì)出現(xiàn)IR。但是,胰島素水平的升高,可間接的增加促黃體生成素脈沖釋放的幅度,也可直接加強(qiáng)促黃體生成素對(duì)于卵巢的影響,從而使卵巢產(chǎn)生雄激素的量增加,導(dǎo)致了諸如多毛、脫發(fā)、痤瘡等高雄激素血癥的癥狀[24]。同時(shí),循環(huán)血中胰島素水平的升高會(huì)抑制肝臟中性激素結(jié)合球蛋白的生成,從而導(dǎo)致PCOS患者循環(huán)血中游離雄激素的升高[24]。在脂肪組織中,IR促進(jìn)甘油三酯的分解,從而導(dǎo)致循環(huán)血中游離脂肪酸的升高。正常情況下,胰島素會(huì)抑制肌組織中的糖異生作用,IR則會(huì)導(dǎo)致肌組織中糖異生的增加,從而導(dǎo)致了血糖的升高[25]。由此可見(jiàn),IR與PCOS,特別是肥胖型PCOS之間存在著緊密的聯(lián)系。
Yang等[12]在其一項(xiàng)針對(duì)ZAG與IR的研究中,對(duì)年齡在18~34歲的15例胰島素敏感性正常的女性和15例PCOS女性進(jìn)行了研究。通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)其卵泡期血糖、胰島素及血清ZAG等水平,結(jié)果顯示胰島素敏感性受損的PCOS患者循環(huán)血中ZAG濃度較低,而且PCOS組身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)較對(duì)照組高,糖脂代謝異常,提示ZAG濃度降低可能與胰島素敏感性受損、體重增加及糖脂代謝異常有關(guān)。與糖尿病相比,PCOS患者IR及糖脂代謝異常程度較輕,但已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了血清ZAG濃度的下降,可見(jiàn)ZAG對(duì)于血清胰島素及糖脂代謝的變化較為敏感,然而,鑒于此實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本含量較小,因此,ZAG與PCOS之間的關(guān)系值得我們進(jìn)一步研究。
ZAG與PCOS患者的體重增加、糖脂代謝紊亂及IR之間存在一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性,目前的觀點(diǎn)普遍認(rèn)為ZAG可增強(qiáng)脂肪的代謝,控制體重的增加。然而ZAG 在IR和糖代謝方面的影響,目前依然存在一些分歧,對(duì)于ZAG在人體糖脂代謝及IR的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,目前尚未完全明確,并且對(duì)于ZAG與PCOS之間的關(guān)系缺乏大樣本的研究,這些都有待后續(xù)的研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證及補(bǔ)充。
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1.Guangdong Medical college,Guangdong 524000,China 2.Shenzhen Futian TCM Hospital,Guangdong 518034,China
DONG Hao1,ZHOU Xiao-mei2
(編審:劉文華)
◇衛(wèi)生技術(shù)與方法◇
Research Progress on the Correlation between Zinc alpha 2 Glycoprotein and Metabolic Disorder with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Key Words:Polycystic ovarian syndrome;Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein;Insulin resistance;Fat metabolism
Abstract:Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a familiar endocrian and dysgenesis disease in reproductive women,it always concomitant with metabolic disorder,such as absobe,insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein (ZAG) is an adipocytokin wich is closely related to metabolism in the researches of recent years.It plays an important role in weight controlling and fat metabolism, and it is also closely related to PCOS and other diseases associated with insulin resistance.The level of ZAG in serum is reduced in the PCOS patients associated with insulin resistance.This article will make a review of the progress on ZAG and metabolic disorder in PCOS in recent years.
【中圖分類號(hào)】R711.75
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
【文章編號(hào)】1671-8054(2016)02-0163-03