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基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的骨質(zhì)疏松靶向治療研究進展

2016-03-14 12:45廖洪利
化學(xué)與生物工程 2016年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)合物成骨細胞靶向

吳 也,廖洪利

(成都醫(yī)學(xué)院藥學(xué)院,四川 成都 610083)

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基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的骨質(zhì)疏松靶向治療研究進展

吳也,廖洪利

(成都醫(yī)學(xué)院藥學(xué)院,四川 成都 610083)

Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在胚胎發(fā)育、成人組織穩(wěn)態(tài)以及組織再生等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用,同時對骨形成也起著重要的促進作用。隨著Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在骨質(zhì)疏松中作用的闡明,針對Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的靶向治療已經(jīng)成功地應(yīng)用于臨床。對基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的骨質(zhì)疏松靶向治療進行了綜述,為抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的設(shè)計提供了理論依據(jù)。

Wnt/β-catenin信號通路;骨質(zhì)疏松;靶向治療;藥物

骨質(zhì)疏松癥(osteoporosis,OP)是一種常見的全身性骨代謝疾病。1994年世界衛(wèi)生組織將其定義為:一種以骨量低下、骨微結(jié)構(gòu)破壞、骨脆性增加、易發(fā)生骨折為特征的全身性骨病,標準為骨密度較同性別、同種族健康成人的峰值降低程度≥2.5SD[1]。OP的發(fā)生與遺傳、年齡、生活方式以及用藥等多種因素有關(guān)[2]。隨著我國社會人口老齡化,OP的發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢,由此帶來的社會負擔也在快速增加,全球各大制藥公司也在逐步加大抗OP藥物的研發(fā)投入。

近年來在對Wnt/β-catenin(β-連環(huán)蛋白)信號通路的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其除在胚胎發(fā)育、成人組織穩(wěn)態(tài)以及組織再生等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用以外[3-4],該通路對骨形成也起著重要的促進作用[5-8]。隨著Wnt/β-catenin信號通路在OP中作用的闡明,針對Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的靶向治療已經(jīng)成功地應(yīng)用于臨床。作者對基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的OP靶向治療進行綜述,擬為抗OP藥物的設(shè)計提供理論依據(jù)。

1 Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的成骨作用

Wnt蛋白是一類分泌型的糖蛋白大家族,通過自分泌或旁分泌發(fā)揮作用,它介導(dǎo)的Wnt經(jīng)典信號通路在許多生命過程中都是必不可少的。當Wnt通路下調(diào)時,β-catenin與支架蛋白(axin)、腸腺瘤息肉蛋白(adenomatouspolyposiscoli,APC)和糖原合酶激酶3β(glycogensynthasekinase3β,GSK3β)三者形成的聚合降解復(fù)合物相互作用,促進β-catenin的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸磷酸化,并導(dǎo)致β-catenin通過泛素/蛋白酶體途徑降解。而當Wnt通路上調(diào)時,Wnt蛋白能與其細胞膜上的受體-卷曲蛋白(frizzled,F(xiàn)rz)和低密度脂蛋白受體相關(guān)蛋白5/6(lowdensitylipoproteinreceptorrelatedprotein5/6,LRP5/6)相結(jié)合,促使胞內(nèi)的蓬亂蛋白(dishevelled,Dvl)磷酸化,然后Dvl就會抑制GSK3β對β-catenin的磷酸化作用,避免該蛋白進入蛋白酶體中降解,從而增加胞內(nèi)β-catenin的積累[9-10]。當β-catenin在胞質(zhì)中達到穩(wěn)定水平時,便可由胞漿進入核內(nèi),與T細胞因子/淋巴增強因子(Tcellfactor/lymphoidenhancingfactor,TCF/LEF)家族結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)包括Runx2、Dlx5等骨靶基因的表達,進而促進成骨細胞分化[11-12]。此過程對于骨形成非常關(guān)鍵,該信號通路發(fā)生異常時會產(chǎn)生許多骨骼性疾病[13-16]?;赪nt/β-catenin信號通路在對成骨細胞的影響中扮演著重要角色,已成為藥物設(shè)計的重要靶標[17-18]。

2 基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的骨質(zhì)疏松靶向治療策略

Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的調(diào)節(jié)通過多種因子的作用實現(xiàn),阻斷其中任何步驟的拮抗劑都有可能激活通路,從而促使β-catenin積累以調(diào)節(jié)成骨細胞分化。因此,這些特殊環(huán)節(jié)均為治療OP的潛在靶點。

2.1Sclerostin

骨硬化蛋白(sclerostin)是硬化蛋白基因SOST編碼的糖蛋白,由骨細胞合成和分泌[19],通過與Wnt蛋白競爭結(jié)合受體LRP5/6來阻止Wnt/β-catenin 信號通路轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),抑制成骨細胞的募集和活化[20]。sclerostin單克隆抗體可激活該通路,從而促進成骨作用。此類蛋白是目前非常有前景的OP治療藥物,相較傳統(tǒng)的骨吸收抑制劑阿侖膦酸鈉和骨形成促進劑特立帕肽,它的最大特點在于能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)婦女絕經(jīng)后源于雌激素缺乏的OP[21-23]。目前Romosozumab (AMG 785/CDP-7851)、Blosozumab 和BPS804已經(jīng)完成臨床Ⅱ期研究階段[24-25]。Graeff等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過Romosozumab 3個月的治療后,骨小梁和骨皮質(zhì)的質(zhì)量、結(jié)構(gòu)及韌性能快速、顯著地改善,這為Romosozumab正在進行的臨床Ⅲ期研究提供了很好的臨床支持。

2.2DKKs

Dickkopfs(DKKs)是由2個富含半胱氨酸的結(jié)構(gòu)域組成的分泌型糖蛋白,在體內(nèi)有4種同源形式(DKK-1~4)[27],而DKK-1與骨量聯(lián)系較為密切[28]。DKK-1通過直接與LRP5/6結(jié)合抑制Wnt/β-catenin 信號通路,同時也可以和含Kringle結(jié)構(gòu)域的跨膜蛋白Kremen結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,增加細胞的內(nèi)吞作用,降低LRP5/6含量,使后者無法參與Wnt通路[29-30]。和sclerostin單克隆抗體類似,DKK-1的單克隆抗體可以提高小鼠的骨小梁質(zhì)量和密度[31],并有助于恢復(fù)OP小鼠和恒河猴的骨密度[32]。DKK-1的單克隆抗體包括PF04840082[33]和BHQ880[34],但都處于臨床前期研究階段。

2.3SFRPs

分泌型卷曲相關(guān)蛋白(secreted frizzled-related proteins,SFRPs)由成骨細胞分泌,已知的SFRPs家族有5個成員(SFRP-1~5) ,其中SFRP-1具有和Frz受體高度一致的富含半胱氨酸的結(jié)構(gòu)域,可直接結(jié)合Wnt蛋白,阻止其與Frz受體/LRP復(fù)合物作用[35],或者與Frz受體/LRP復(fù)合物競爭結(jié)合,使Wnt蛋白無法結(jié)合復(fù)合物[36]。敲除SFRP-1的小鼠表現(xiàn)出更高的骨小梁體積、密度和質(zhì)量[35,37],甚至加速小鼠骨折的恢復(fù)[38],這都是骨形成的表現(xiàn),表明該靶點有望成為一個促進骨折愈合的途徑。對SFRP-1抑制劑的研究集中在小分子化合物,其中亞氨基羰基噻唑和二苯砜磺胺在體內(nèi)外均有促進骨形成的作用[39-40],有望成為新一類骨合成代謝藥物。

2.4WIF1

Wnt抑制因子1(Wnt inhibitory factor 1,WIF1)是保守的分泌型蛋白,和SFRP-1一樣,直接與Wnt蛋白結(jié)合,阻斷Wnt/β-catenin信號通路。WIF1的表達是成骨細胞從成熟到凋亡的標志[41],WIF1可抑制小鼠的胚胎間充質(zhì)干細胞向成骨細胞分化,表明抑制WIF1可作為一個成骨的靶點[42],但近年來鮮有報道。

2.5GSK3β

GSK3β是β-catenin在細胞質(zhì)內(nèi)被axin/APC/GSK3β復(fù)合物磷酸化和降解的關(guān)鍵酶,只要抑制GSK3β對β-catenin的磷酸化,穩(wěn)定后者的細胞質(zhì)水平,即可激活通路[10],因此,GSK3β被認為是治療OP的潛在靶標。氯化鋰是一種非特異性的GSK3β抑制劑,通過抑制GSK3β促進小鼠骨形成并增加骨量[43]。化合物AZD2858能顯著改善骨小梁的質(zhì)量,可有效治療低骨量疾病,同時也能驅(qū)動間充質(zhì)干細胞向成骨細胞分化,快速促進骨折愈合[44-45]。值得注意的是,雖然GSK3β的活性限制骨形成,但也參與一些胞內(nèi)的其它進程,過度抑制其活性可能會有致癌的風險[46]。

2.6Cby

Chibby(Cby)是一個高度保守的核內(nèi)蛋白,當Cby的C端綁定在β-catenin的C端后,前者的N端隨即靈活地掩蓋住TCF/LEF在β-catenin上的結(jié)合位點,以此拮抗Wnt/β-catenin信號通路[47-48]。因此,β-catenin和Cby的蛋白-蛋白相互作用抑制劑被認為是在核內(nèi)水平激活Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的一個可能方式。

3 展望

目前,對基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的骨質(zhì)疏松靶向治療的研究已取得了一定的進展。盡管有研究認為激活Wnt/β-catenin信號通路有可能導(dǎo)致腫瘤等其它疾病,但在成骨作用和致癌影響之間找到最佳平衡點,靶向此通路仍然是治療OP的行之有效的策略??傊琌P是一種多因素相關(guān)的骨代謝疾病,如何綜合多方面因素研制出高效、低毒、耐受、特異性強的抗OP藥物仍是該類藥物研究開發(fā)需要關(guān)注的重點。

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Advances of Targeted Therapy Based on Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Osteoporosis

WU Ye,LIAO Hong-li

(SchoolofPharmacy,ChengduMedicalCollege,Chengdu610083,China)

Wnt/β-cateninsignalingpathwayplaysimportantrolesinembryogenesis,adulttissuehomeostasisandtissueregeneration.Italsoplaysanimportantroleinpromotingboneformation.WiththeclarificationofWnt/β-cateninsignalingpathwayinosteoporosis,targetedtherapiesthroughthispathwayhavebeensuccessfullyusedinclinicalapplications.ThetargetedtherapiesbasedonWnt/β-cateninsignalingpathwayinosteoporosisarereviewed,whichcanprovideatheoreticalbasisfordrugdesign.

Wnt/β-cateninsignalingpathway;osteoporosis;targetedtherapy;drug

四川省高??蒲袆?chuàng)新團隊項目(13TD0028),四川省高校重點實驗室建設(shè)項目

2016-04-07

吳也(1990-),男,四川達州人,碩士研究生,研究方向:小分子藥物合成,E-mail:jjcwf@126.com;通訊作者:廖洪利,副教授,E-mail:liaohl213@126.com。

10.3969/j.issn.1672-5425.2016.09.001

R 681

A

1672-5425(2016)09-0001-04

吳也,廖洪利.基于Wnt/β-catenin信號通路的骨質(zhì)疏松靶向治療研究進展[J].化學(xué)與生物工程,2016,33(9):1-4.

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