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河口水體中溶解性物質(zhì)對(duì)氟喹諾酮光解速率常數(shù)的影響*

2016-03-13 01:38崔飛飛喬顯亮張亞南陳景文
環(huán)境污染與防治 2016年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:巴洛沙星喹諾酮

崔飛飛 喬顯亮 羅 翔 張亞南 謝 晴 陳景文

(大連理工大學(xué)環(huán)境學(xué)院,工業(yè)生態(tài)與環(huán)境工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,遼寧 大連 116024)

氟喹諾酮(FQs)作為一類使用量很大的高效廣譜抗生素,在水產(chǎn)、畜牧養(yǎng)殖和人類醫(yī)療中廣泛應(yīng)用,已成為一類新型的環(huán)境微污染物而備受關(guān)注[1]。據(jù)報(bào)道,在渤海灣和海河的表層水中,F(xiàn)Qs的檢出率分別達(dá)到55.5%、100.0%[2]。歐洲和東南亞地區(qū)的淡水中也有FQs被檢出,檢出質(zhì)量濃度為0.5~6 500.0 ng/L[3]。由于FQs的持續(xù)大量使用和排放,使其在環(huán)境中持續(xù)存在,表現(xiàn)出“假”持久性[4],[5]35,并且可以誘導(dǎo)抗藥細(xì)菌和人體抗性基因(qnrS)[6]的產(chǎn)生,對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和人體健康構(gòu)成威脅。

圖1 9種FQs的分子結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 Molecular structures of 9 FQs

1 材料與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料

9種FQs為諾氟沙星、恩諾沙星、沙拉沙星、達(dá)氟沙星、馬波沙星、洛美沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星和巴洛沙星,純度均大于98%,其分子結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。蘇旺尼河富里酸(SRFA)購(gòu)于國(guó)際腐殖酸協(xié)會(huì),碳的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為52.44%。乙腈和三氟乙酸均購(gòu)于美國(guó)Tedia公司,純度為色譜純。NaCl、NaNO3等其他藥品純度均大于99%。

1.2 水樣采集

水樣采自山東東營(yíng)黃河河口,采樣點(diǎn)位置如圖2所示。1#、2#、3#、4#、5#采樣點(diǎn)的經(jīng)緯度分別為(37°45′39.89″N,119°9′58.31″E)、(37°46′4.76″N,119°11′43.16″E)、(37°46′21.52″N,119°13′39.13″E)、(37°46′51.86″N,119°16′27.03″E)、(37°47′0.11″N,119°20′3.70″E)。為避免水樣保存過程中發(fā)生光解,采用棕色瓶保存水樣。運(yùn)回實(shí)驗(yàn)室后,水樣過0.22 μm濾膜以去除顆粒物和浮游生物等,轉(zhuǎn)移至塑料瓶中于-20 ℃條件下冷凍,一個(gè)月內(nèi)完成實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)前在4 ℃條件下融化備用。

圖2 采樣點(diǎn)位置示意圖Fig.2 Sketch map of sampling sites

1.3 分析方法

9種FQs的濃度采用Agilent 1260高效液相色譜(HPLC)儀測(cè)定。色譜條件如下:ZORBAX SB-C18色譜柱(2.1 mm×150.0 mm, 3.5 μm),柱溫為30 ℃,進(jìn)樣量為30 μL,用二極管陣列檢測(cè)器檢測(cè),流動(dòng)相為乙腈和pH=2.4的三氟乙酸水溶液,測(cè)定每種FQs的乙腈∶三氟乙酸水溶液(體積比,下同)和檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)如表2所示。

表1 水樣的基本理化性質(zhì)

表2 9種FQs的HPLC分析條件

1.4 光解動(dòng)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

光解反應(yīng)液共配制9組,每組分別用1#~5#的水樣配制1種FQs的加標(biāo)摩爾溶液,加標(biāo)摩爾濃度為5 μmol/L。

以1 kW氙燈(濾去290 nm以下的紫外光)作為光源,光解實(shí)驗(yàn)在XPA-1型旋轉(zhuǎn)式反應(yīng)器中進(jìn)行,反應(yīng)液置于石英試管中,控制溫度為(25±1) ℃。分別進(jìn)行9種FQs的光解動(dòng)力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),每組實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定1種FQs的光解速率常數(shù),根據(jù)不同F(xiàn)Qs的光解速率快慢,巴洛沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星、沙拉沙星、恩諾沙星、諾氟沙星、達(dá)氟沙星、馬波沙星和洛美沙星的取樣時(shí)間間隔分別為120.0、30.0、30.0、15.0、10.0、10.0、5.0、3.0、0.5 min,直至接近反應(yīng)終點(diǎn)。采用一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程(見式(1))擬合得到光解速率常數(shù),并根據(jù)式(2)計(jì)算半減期。每組實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次,光解速率常數(shù)取3次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的平均值,同時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)置暗對(duì)照以考察水解和生物降解對(duì)目標(biāo)物降解的影響[10]。

ln(c0/ct)=kt+b

(1)

(2)

式中:c0、ct分別為FQs的初始摩爾濃度和t時(shí)刻摩爾濃度,μmol/L;k為光解速率常數(shù),min-1;t為光解時(shí)間,min;b為常數(shù);t1/2為半減期,min。

1.5 中心組合實(shí)驗(yàn)

(3)

式中:β0、β1、β2、β3、β12、β13、β23、β11、β22、β33分別為各項(xiàng)系數(shù),可以評(píng)估x1、x2、x33個(gè)因素及其復(fù)合效應(yīng)對(duì)光解速率常數(shù)的影響。

表3 因素與水平表

2 結(jié)果與討論

2.1 FQs在黃河河口水樣中的光解速率常數(shù)

表4 9種FQs的光解速率常數(shù)

Cl-的光解機(jī)制主要有:(1)通過淬滅反應(yīng)體系中的·OH,抑制污染物的光解[13];(2)通過淬滅污染物的激發(fā)態(tài),抑制污染物的光解[14];(3)與反應(yīng)體系中的·OH反應(yīng)生成Cl·和Cl2·-,促進(jìn)污染物的光解[15]。據(jù)葛林科[5]79報(bào)道,F(xiàn)Qs可以發(fā)生·OH參與的自敏化光解,當(dāng)反應(yīng)體系中有低濃度的Cl-存在時(shí),Cl-可能通過淬滅反應(yīng)體系中的·OH而抑制巴洛沙星的光解。但本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)Cl-濃度較高時(shí),Cl-對(duì)巴洛沙星的光解過程影響不再是簡(jiǎn)單的線性關(guān)系,而是其二次項(xiàng)對(duì)巴洛沙星的光解過程具有促進(jìn)作用。

表5 中心組合實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)及相應(yīng)光解速率常數(shù)

表6 各項(xiàng)系數(shù)及顯著性分析

DOM的光解機(jī)制主要有:(1)通過光敏化作用產(chǎn)生活性物質(zhì),促進(jìn)污染物的光解[19-21];(2)通過光屏蔽作用抑制污染物的光解[22];(3)通過淬滅污染物的激發(fā)態(tài)或活性物質(zhì)(·OH、1O2和O2·-),抑制污染物的降解[23]。本研究中,DOM線性項(xiàng)對(duì)巴洛沙星的光解影響不顯著,而DOM的二次項(xiàng)對(duì)巴洛沙星的光解具有一定的促進(jìn)效應(yīng),其復(fù)雜的影響可能與DOM本身的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜性有關(guān),有待進(jìn)一步研究。

3 結(jié) 論

(1) 9種FQs的水解和生物降解等過程可以忽略不計(jì),其在河口水樣中的光解過程都可以用一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程來描述,但速率常數(shù)差異很大。其中,洛美沙星的光解速率常數(shù)最大,巴洛沙星的光解速率常數(shù)最小,因此巴洛沙星可能的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大。

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