耿奉雪 潘亞萍
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院牙周病學(xué)教研室 沈陽 110002
微小RNA-203的生物學(xué)功能及其在口腔疾病中的作用
耿奉雪潘亞萍
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬口腔醫(yī)院牙周病學(xué)教研室 沈陽 110002
微小RNA-203(miR-203)具有多種生物學(xué)功能,可在不同水平調(diào)控下游基因的表達(dá),參與腫瘤和炎癥的形成和進(jìn)展,是腫瘤早期診斷和預(yù)后判斷的可靠分子標(biāo)志物及治療靶點(diǎn)。隨著對(duì)炎癥微環(huán)境下腫瘤形成機(jī)制的深入研究,miR-203調(diào)節(jié)炎癥相關(guān)腫瘤的機(jī)制成為新的研究熱點(diǎn)。近年來,miR-203在口腔疾病中的作用引起了學(xué)者的關(guān)注,本文就miR-203的生物學(xué)功能,miR-203與口腔疾病的關(guān)系等研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
微小RNA-203; 腫瘤; 炎癥; 抑癌基因; 炎癥微環(huán)境
MicroRNA(miRNA)為長度約21 nt的非編碼單鏈小RNA,可以靶向作用于下游目的基因,調(diào)控多種細(xì)胞生物學(xué)功能。一種蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)可受不同miRNA調(diào)節(jié),反之一種miRNA可作用于不同靶蛋白。miRNA異常表達(dá)參與調(diào)控多種病理狀態(tài),包括腫瘤、炎癥和自身免疫等。miR-203定位于人體染色體14q32,初期被認(rèn)為在皮膚特異性表達(dá),現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-203在腫瘤的形成和轉(zhuǎn)移,炎癥,免疫炎癥相關(guān)性腫瘤方面發(fā)揮著非常關(guān)鍵的作用,成為腫瘤和炎癥新的治療靶點(diǎn)。近年來,隨著miRNA在口腔領(lǐng)域的廣泛研究,miR-203在口腔疾病中的作用備受學(xué)者的關(guān)注。本文就miR-203在腫瘤和炎癥方面的多種作用靶點(diǎn)及調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制,c以及在口腔疾病中發(fā)揮的作用作一綜述。
1.1miR-203與腫瘤
Michel等[1]認(rèn)為,miRNA在細(xì)胞增殖、程序性細(xì)胞死亡、細(xì)胞周期、DNA損傷反應(yīng)、細(xì)胞分化、上皮—間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial—mesenchymal transformation,EMT)、細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等環(huán)節(jié)中發(fā)揮重要的作用,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。在人類的腫瘤組織中,miRNA表達(dá)發(fā)生改變,即miRNA在腫瘤發(fā)生中可作為抑癌或癌基因作用于3'非翻譯區(qū)(untranslated region,UTR)mRNA,導(dǎo)致mRNA降解或轉(zhuǎn)錄后抑制,調(diào)節(jié)目的基因表達(dá)。miRNA可在內(nèi)源性RNA干擾過程發(fā)揮重要作用[2]。作為表觀調(diào)控分子的重要組成部分,miRNA對(duì)腫瘤形成和進(jìn)展的調(diào)節(jié)作用十分復(fù)雜,靶點(diǎn)多樣,涉及多條信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。近年來的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查及多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系基因篩查顯示,miR-203的異常表達(dá),已成為頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌、胰腺癌、膀胱癌、黑色素瘤和惡性膠質(zhì)瘤等多領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。
1.1.1miR-203與腫瘤形成 miRNA可通過調(diào)控程序性細(xì)胞死亡過程促進(jìn)癌變發(fā)生。B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤/白血病基因(B cell lymphoma/leukmia,BCL)w是BCL2家族中重要的抗程序性細(xì)胞死亡蛋白。在膀胱癌組織中,miR-203表達(dá)降低,且miR-203負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)BCLw的表達(dá)進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞增殖[3]。在膀胱癌組織中,miR-203因高甲基化而沉默,蛋白激酶B2和Src激酶是miR-203新的作用靶點(diǎn)[4]。miR-203可下調(diào)癌基因蛋白激酶B2和Src表達(dá),促進(jìn)程序性細(xì)胞死亡,抑制細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。生存蛋白(survivin)是近期發(fā)現(xiàn)的又一個(gè)miR-203作用靶點(diǎn)[5-7]。生存蛋白是程序性細(xì)胞死亡蛋白家族抑制劑中一種重要的抗程序性細(xì)胞死亡蛋白,生存蛋白過表達(dá)可抑制程序性細(xì)胞死亡、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,具有癌基因潛能。Jin等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203可以抑制生存蛋白表達(dá),從而抑制肺癌上皮增殖和侵襲。Bian等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203還可靶向作用于生存蛋白,導(dǎo)致G1期停滯,通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期抑制喉癌細(xì)胞增殖。
刺猬蛋白(hedgehog,HH)和表皮生長因子受體/促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶-細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶/細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路激活是皮膚基底細(xì)胞癌形成的重要致病機(jī)制。c-Jun是激活蛋白-1家族的核心蛋白,正性調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖,是上述兩條通路的重要調(diào)控因子。Sonkoly等[8]認(rèn)為,miR-203和c-Jun通過相互抑制控制細(xì)胞的增殖和分化平衡,HH和表皮生長因子受體/促絲裂原激活蛋白激酶-細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶/細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶通路活化可抑制下游效應(yīng)因子miR-203表達(dá),導(dǎo)致c-Jun表達(dá)上調(diào),促進(jìn)基底細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。
1.1.2miR-203與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移 miRNA在調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程中同樣發(fā)揮著重要的作用。三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)為侵襲性最強(qiáng)的乳腺癌亞型,包括miR-203在內(nèi)的多種抗侵襲性miRNA在TNBC中表達(dá)下調(diào)。Feng等[9]在篩查了高度侵襲性TNBC細(xì)胞系后發(fā)現(xiàn),除miR-200家族外,miR-203表達(dá)同樣明顯下調(diào)。他們認(rèn)為,類大鼠肉瘤病毒蛋白激動(dòng)劑(rat sarcoma protein activator like,RASAL)2為miR-203靶向調(diào)節(jié)的蛋白分子,且RASAL2與乳腺癌的早期轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。
Bu等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203-多能聚糖(versican,Ver)與惡性黑色素瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。Ver為細(xì)胞外硫酸軟骨素蛋白聚糖,與細(xì)胞表面成分和胞外基質(zhì)相互作用,調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲,在多種腫瘤中高表達(dá)。miR-203通過靶向下調(diào)Ver的表達(dá)抑制惡性黑色素瘤表達(dá),為惡性黑色素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的防治提供了新的靶點(diǎn)。
1.2miR-203與炎癥反應(yīng)
炎癥是具有血管系統(tǒng)的活體組織對(duì)損傷因子所發(fā)生的防御反應(yīng),通過影響機(jī)體微環(huán)境中多種細(xì)胞與致病因子的相互作用調(diào)控機(jī)體的生理和病理反應(yīng)平衡[11]。miRNA可通過靶向調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子表達(dá),參與免疫炎癥反應(yīng)。miR-203的異常表達(dá)始見于皮膚慢性炎癥組織,曾被認(rèn)為是角化細(xì)胞特異性表達(dá)的miRNA;如今發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203可通過不同途徑調(diào)控組織細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng)。
有學(xué)者通過對(duì)皮膚健康和患有銀屑病的受試者皮膚基因篩查發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203在銀屑病細(xì)胞中表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),且細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)抑制因子(suppressor of cytokine signaling,SOCS)3與其相關(guān)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在miR-203表達(dá)上調(diào)的炎癥組織中,SOCS3表達(dá)下降,且SOCS3 mRNA的水平與健康組織間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,即SOCS3表達(dá)異常發(fā)生于轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平。Primo等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203還可通過靶向調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子SOCS6、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)α和白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)24表達(dá)參與皮膚慢性炎癥的形成。Stanczyk等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203表達(dá)在風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎滑膜成纖維細(xì)胞(rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast,RASF)中上調(diào),同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染miR-203前體的RASF-基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶1的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和IL6 mRNA的表達(dá)明顯上調(diào)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn):SOCS3和miR-203可靶向抑制核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,進(jìn)而抑制NF-κB抑制蛋白家族成員表達(dá);激活NF-κB信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),可促進(jìn)IL6表達(dá),引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)。
Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路是調(diào)節(jié)固有免疫反應(yīng)的重要通路,多種miRNA可作用于TLR信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路相關(guān)分子并調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)。TLR結(jié)合髓樣分化因子(myeloiddifferentiation factor,MyD)88,通過MyD88依賴性通路調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)。Wei等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)在免疫炎癥反應(yīng)中,miR-203過表達(dá)于巨噬細(xì)胞,通過靶向作用于MyD88,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平下調(diào)MyD88蛋白表達(dá),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致NF-κB、TNFα和IL6表達(dá)下調(diào)。他們認(rèn)為,miR-203可負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)TLR/MyD88/NF-κB信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),進(jìn)而調(diào)節(jié)其下游促炎因子表達(dá)。小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)主要的免疫細(xì)胞,其激活可分泌大量的促炎因子,介導(dǎo)神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)。Yang等[15]在所構(gòu)建的低氧低糖的小鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中的MyD88可促進(jìn)IL8和TNFα表達(dá),且MyD88的3'UTR存在著miR-203結(jié)合位點(diǎn)。miR-203可負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)MyD88 蛋白表達(dá),從而抑制炎癥反應(yīng)和減輕局部低血所致的神經(jīng)損傷。
1.3miR-203與免疫炎癥相關(guān)腫瘤
炎癥和腫瘤的相關(guān)性目前已得到廣泛的認(rèn)可。流行病學(xué)研究[11]顯示,慢性炎癥使個(gè)體的腫瘤易患性增加。慢性感染和炎癥反應(yīng)可誘發(fā)腫瘤的形成,包括微生物感染,如幽門螺桿菌與胃癌和胃黏膜淋巴瘤[16],牙齦卟啉單胞菌與口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[17-18];自身免疫疾病,如炎癥性腸道疾病與結(jié)腸癌;來源不明的炎癥狀態(tài),如前列腺炎與前列腺癌等[19]。炎癥反應(yīng)在腫瘤的始動(dòng)、進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)化、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等不同階段發(fā)揮決定性的作用,炎癥微環(huán)境為所有腫瘤形成的必要條件。一系列炎癥遞質(zhì),如細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子、活性氧類、前列腺素、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、酶類(如基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶等)及miRNA 可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞增殖、趨化炎性細(xì)胞聚集,導(dǎo)致DNA損傷和基因組不穩(wěn)定性,失活或抑制DNA損傷修復(fù)基因,進(jìn)而使發(fā)生基因突變的細(xì)胞在炎性微環(huán)境中過度增殖,最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤形成[11]。
一方面,炎癥可導(dǎo)致miRNA表達(dá)改變,miRNA異常表達(dá)可通過靶向調(diào)節(jié)重要的癌或抑癌基因及其相關(guān)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,參與炎癥誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤形成。另一方面,一些miRNA自身作為癌或抑癌基因在癌變過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[20]。目前研究較多的相關(guān)miRNA為miR-21和miR155,相比之下,miR-203在炎癥相關(guān)腫瘤中的研究仍處于初始階段。
蕈樣肉芽腫(mycosis fungoides,MF)是皮膚T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤中最常見的類型。MF由CD4陽性T細(xì)胞和輔助性T細(xì)胞2介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)引發(fā),早期罕見的惡性T細(xì)胞克隆使其早期診斷十分困難。Ralfkiaer等[21]通過基因篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)在MF的早期,mirR-203表達(dá)明顯下調(diào),這就提示miR-203在MF的形成和進(jìn)展過程中存在著潛在的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制;mirR-203的表達(dá)有助于MF的早期診斷,但具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。Zhou等[22]在研究miR-203調(diào)節(jié)胰腺癌形成機(jī)制時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),在胰腺癌來源的膜性囊泡(exosomes)刺激樹突細(xì)胞時(shí),miR-203表達(dá)上調(diào);同時(shí),膜性囊泡和mirR-203可在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平下調(diào)TLR表達(dá),抑制其下游細(xì)胞因子TNFα和IL12表達(dá)。他們認(rèn)為,這就為miR-203參與免疫炎癥相關(guān)腫瘤的可能機(jī)制提供了重要的依據(jù)。
Ding等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA可通過調(diào)節(jié)炎性信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路調(diào)控炎癥相關(guān)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。EMT發(fā)生在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的早期,上皮鈣黏蛋白(epitheliumcadherin,E-cad)和SNAI2為EMT標(biāo)志性分子。在EMT過程中,E-cad表達(dá)受轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)β-SNAI2信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路調(diào)控,此為EMT及腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的重要調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在高轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌細(xì)胞系及組織中,miR-203和E-cad共表達(dá),即TGFβ-SNAI2信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路在mRNA和蛋白質(zhì)兩個(gè)水平同時(shí)抑制了miR-203與E-cad表達(dá),且miR-203表達(dá)下調(diào)與TGFβ調(diào)控EMT密切相關(guān)。他們?cè)谕ㄟ^構(gòu)建miR-203穩(wěn)定過表達(dá)的細(xì)胞系進(jìn)行基因篩查發(fā)現(xiàn),SNAI2恰為miR-203直接作用的關(guān)鍵靶點(diǎn),miR-203可以靶向抑制SNAI2表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)E-cad表達(dá);相反地,在SNAI2過表達(dá)時(shí),miR-203表達(dá)亦受到抑制。
上述研究為miR-203參與炎癥相關(guān)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制及防治提供了新的思路;同時(shí),也證明了miRNA與其靶向轉(zhuǎn)錄因子間存在反饋調(diào)節(jié),形成了復(fù)雜的調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)[24]。
2.1miR-203與牙周病
牙周病是一類累及牙周軟硬組織的多因素慢性炎癥性疾病。Xie等[25]分別提取了牙周炎患者及健康對(duì)照者牙齦組織的總RNA,通過miRNA芯片篩查及實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR發(fā)現(xiàn):miR-203在炎癥組織中表達(dá)明顯上調(diào);miR-203可以靶向作用于SOCS3、BCL2-L2、TLR4、BCL-11B及BCL2,通過參與炎癥相關(guān)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路及程序性細(xì)胞死亡等介導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)牙周炎癥反應(yīng)。該研究關(guān)注了miRNA在牙周炎癥組織中的表達(dá)變化,為miRNA在牙周感染機(jī)制研究及治療中的潛在作用提供了依據(jù)。
牙齦卟啉單胞菌是慢性牙周炎的主要致病菌,可侵入牙周組織細(xì)胞,逃避宿主免疫防御,釋放多種毒力因子,參與牙周免疫炎癥反應(yīng)。近年來,牙齦卟啉單胞菌與口腔腫瘤的相關(guān)性也成為了細(xì)菌與腫瘤以及牙周醫(yī)學(xué)新的研究熱點(diǎn)。Moffatt等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)在牙齦卟啉單胞菌刺激牙齦上皮細(xì)胞后,miR-203表達(dá)明顯上調(diào),靶向抑制SOCS3和SOCS6表達(dá),激活信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)子和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活子3信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。他們認(rèn)為,該調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路可通過抗程序性細(xì)胞死亡促進(jìn)牙齦上皮細(xì)胞增殖,為牙齦卟啉單胞菌促進(jìn)牙齦上皮細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化潛能提供理論支持。
2.2miR-203與口腔黏膜病
口腔扁平苔癬是一種病因不明確的慢性炎癥性疾病,可累及頰黏膜、牙齦及舌黏膜。口腔扁平苔癬作為世界衛(wèi)生組織認(rèn)定的癌前狀態(tài),可增加頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Danielsson等[27]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):與健康的黏膜組織相比較,在扁平苔癬病變組織中,miR-203的表達(dá)明顯增高;同時(shí)P53和ΔNP63 mRNAD的表達(dá)明顯降低。他們認(rèn)為,ΔNP63 mRNA的表達(dá)與miR-203的表達(dá)呈明顯的負(fù)相關(guān)性,即miR-203可能通過作用于ΔNP63,調(diào)節(jié)口腔黏膜炎癥反應(yīng)及組織細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。
口腔黏膜下纖維化是一種好發(fā)于亞洲的具有惡變潛能的黏膜病,食用檳榔是其主要的病因之一,檳榔中的檳榔堿可引發(fā)頰黏膜EMT,但具體的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制尚不明確。Zheng等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生纖維化的黏膜組織中,miR-203的表達(dá)明顯低于健康的黏膜組織,而且miR-203可以分別調(diào)節(jié)分泌型卷曲相關(guān)蛋白(secreted frizzled-related protein,sFRP)4和跨膜4L6家族成員(transmembrane-4L six family member,TM4SF)1的表達(dá)。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn):上調(diào)miR-203表達(dá)可明顯抑制黏膜細(xì)胞增殖,導(dǎo)致角蛋白19和E-cad等上皮標(biāo)志性蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)上調(diào);神經(jīng)鈣黏著蛋白和波形蛋白等EMT相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)下降。
該研究探討了miR-203在口腔黏膜EMT的潛在作用,為口腔黏膜細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化機(jī)制研究提供了新的思路及理論支持。
2.3miR-203與口腔腫瘤
有學(xué)者[29]在對(duì)石蠟包埋的舌癌標(biāo)本進(jìn)行miRNA芯片篩查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),包括miR-203在內(nèi)的多種miRNA異常表達(dá),其中舌癌標(biāo)本miR-203表達(dá)明顯降低。亦有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)與健康人口腔角質(zhì)細(xì)胞相比較,在人口腔表皮樣癌細(xì)胞(KB細(xì)胞)中,miR-203表達(dá)明顯降低。利用pSuper-miR203處理KB細(xì)胞使miR-203過表達(dá)后,KB細(xì)胞的增殖速率隨時(shí)間和劑量增加而逐漸降低,且程序性細(xì)胞死亡比例逐漸增加;miR-203可通過靶向下調(diào)Src家族激酶Yes-1促進(jìn)KB細(xì)胞程序性死亡??谇粣盒阅[瘤早期無明顯的臨床癥狀,多被發(fā)現(xiàn)于頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移后,預(yù)后較差。即發(fā)現(xiàn)可靠的腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移早期標(biāo)志物將有助于口腔腫瘤的治療。還有學(xué)者對(duì)口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌不同臨床分期的樣本進(jìn)行miRNA測(cè)序發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-203在所測(cè)樣本中同樣有較高的表達(dá),可作為腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的早期標(biāo)志物指導(dǎo)臨床治療。
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(本文采編 王晴)
Biological functions of microRNA-203 and its role in oral diseases
Geng Fengxue, Pan Yaping.
(Dept. of Periodontology, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China)
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81470745).
MicroRNA-203(miR-203) plays important roles in the development and progression of tumor and inflammation by targeting and regulating various downstream mediators at different levels. MiR-203 is a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker because of its therapeutic potential. The intensive investigation of mechanism in tumor development within micro-environment of inflammation has made the potent role of miR-203 in regulating inflammation-related tumor a new controversial issue. Recently, the regulatory mechanisms of miR-203 have been investigated in oral diseases. This mini-review focuses on the biological function of miR-203, especially its role in oral diseases.
microRNA-203; tumor; inflammation; tumor suppressor gene; inflammation micro-environment
Q 786
A [doi] 10.7518/gjkq.2016.06.015
2015-09-29;
2016-07-03
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81470745)
耿奉雪,博士,Email:gfx1989_@126.com
潘亞萍,教授,博士,Email:yppan@mail.cmu.edu.cn