王亞婷 柏根基*
擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像聯(lián)合釓塞酸二鈉增強(qiáng)MRI在肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤診斷中的研究進(jìn)展
王亞婷柏根基*
早期檢出肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤對(duì)選擇合適的治療方案和提高病人術(shù)后生存率有較大價(jià)值。擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像主要反映活體組織中水分子的布朗運(yùn)動(dòng),在肝臟局灶性病變的檢出和定性方面顯示出較大優(yōu)勢(shì),尤其是在肝臟微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出方面;而釓塞酸二鈉(Gd-EOB-DTPA)增強(qiáng)MRI是一種既能進(jìn)行肝臟動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描又能提供肝臟特異性信息的影像檢查方法,在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出方面的價(jià)值和準(zhǔn)確性均較高。就DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出中的研究進(jìn)展予以綜述。
擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像;釓塞酸二鈉;增強(qiáng)磁共振成像;肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤
Int J Med Radiol,2016,39(5):531-534
肝臟是惡性腫瘤最常見的轉(zhuǎn)移器官,如結(jié)腸癌、胃癌、肺癌、乳腺癌發(fā)生肝轉(zhuǎn)移的概率都比較高。因此,早期診斷肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤對(duì)病人治療方案的選擇和術(shù)后生存率的提高至關(guān)重要。近年來,肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的影像檢查方法包括超聲造影、CT灌注成像、增強(qiáng)MR成像、PET/CT功能成像及血管造影結(jié)合CT成像等[1]。常規(guī)的影像方法對(duì)于肝臟微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出敏感度較低,而擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)、釓塞酸二鈉(Gd-EOB-DTPA)增強(qiáng)MRI等功能成像方法能夠先于解剖形態(tài)的改變而發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶密度及微環(huán)境灌注的變化,有助于肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的診斷及鑒別。
1.1基本原理擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng)又稱為分子熱運(yùn)動(dòng)或布朗運(yùn)動(dòng),是DWI的物理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。在活組織內(nèi),不同組織或是同一組織在不同病理狀態(tài)下其水分子擴(kuò)散能力是不完全相同的,這就構(gòu)成了DWI檢測(cè)病變的病理生理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。DWI可通過宏觀成像來反映活組織中水分子的微觀擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng),并通過分析病理狀態(tài)下細(xì)胞內(nèi)外水分子的擴(kuò)散變化來診斷疾病[2]。臨床上通常用表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC)來定量測(cè)量水分子在不同方向上的擴(kuò)散速度和范圍。組織中水分子擴(kuò)散快時(shí),DWI上顯示為低信號(hào),ADC圖上相對(duì)為高信號(hào);組織中水分子擴(kuò)散慢時(shí),DWI上顯示為高信號(hào),ADC圖上相對(duì)為低信號(hào)[3]。肝囊腫主要含有豐富的自由水,因而水分子擴(kuò)散受限較小,故其ADC值較大;肝血管瘤主要含有血液、纖維間隔及瘢痕組織等,因而其水分子擴(kuò)散受限大于肝囊腫,故其ADC值相對(duì)于肝囊腫較低;肝惡性腫瘤主要由密集的腫瘤細(xì)胞組成,水分子擴(kuò)散明顯受限,故ADC值相對(duì)于肝良性腫瘤明顯較低。因此,DWI可以通過ADC值的測(cè)量來定量評(píng)估活組織內(nèi)水分子的擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動(dòng),進(jìn)而可以用于疾病的診斷及鑒別診斷。
1.2在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出中的應(yīng)用目前DWI已廣泛應(yīng)用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以外的其他器官,如乳腺、前列腺、肝臟等,它在發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶及顯示病灶特征方面具有很大價(jià)值,尤其是對(duì)惡性腫瘤的診斷[4-6]。隨著擴(kuò)散加權(quán)平面回波成像技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,DWI使用單次激發(fā)的呼吸門控技術(shù)能夠減弱生理運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的偽影,從而提供高質(zhì)量的肝臟DWI影像,已逐步成為肝臟占位性病變MR檢查的常規(guī)序列。Coenegrachts等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DWI在肝臟局灶性病變的檢出和定性方面具有較大優(yōu)勢(shì),特別是對(duì)肝臟微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出要優(yōu)于T2WI。Nasu等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DWI對(duì)于胰腺癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移灶的檢出率明顯高于MR超順磁性納米顆粒增強(qiáng)的檢出率。Chung等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DWI對(duì)肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤及微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的陽性預(yù)測(cè)值要明顯高于Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI及兩者聯(lián)合,結(jié)果表明DWI在肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的定性方面起重要作用。Koh等[10]在研究DWI和MnDPPP增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者的檢出率相似,其差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出方面,DWI優(yōu)于常規(guī)的T2WI;在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的定性方面DWI亦具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
1.3肝臟DWI的局限性首先,肝臟DWI易產(chǎn)生各種偽影,如運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影、磁敏感偽影及化學(xué)位移偽影等。在肝臟DWI中,肝左葉心臟下緣區(qū)由于受到心臟搏動(dòng)的影響,可產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影;肝臟邊緣區(qū)域與周圍含氣肺組織、結(jié)腸肝區(qū)之間磁化率差異較大,可產(chǎn)生磁敏感偽影。其次,肝臟DWI受不同b值的影響。b值越小,影像的信噪比越高,組織信號(hào)受血流灌注影響越大,所測(cè)得ADC值越大,其穩(wěn)定性越低;b值越大,影像的信噪比越低,磁敏感偽影越嚴(yán)重,但反映組織的擴(kuò)散性能越好,測(cè)得的ADC值越接近組織真實(shí)D值,其穩(wěn)定性越高。再者,盡管DWI對(duì)肝臟占位性病變定性有一定作用,但DWI主要反映的是病變組織細(xì)胞的多少及細(xì)胞壁是否完整,因而肝臟某些良性病變可表現(xiàn)為擴(kuò)散受限,而某些含有壞死的惡性病變亦可表現(xiàn)為高ADC值,因此需要結(jié)合其他序列做出綜合判斷[11]。
2.1成像原理Gd-EOB-DTPA作為釓-噴替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)的衍生物,是一種新型肝膽細(xì)胞特異性對(duì)比劑,它具有非特異性細(xì)胞外對(duì)比劑和肝細(xì)胞特異性對(duì)比劑的雙重作用,它能夠被有機(jī)離子輸送至肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)經(jīng)肝細(xì)胞特異性攝取后隨膽汁排泄。有研究[12]表明,Gd-EOB-DTPA主要經(jīng)膽道及腎臟排泄,且兩種途徑各占約50%。江等[13]研究認(rèn)為,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI不僅有助于肝臟病變的檢出及鑒別診斷,還能夠了解肝內(nèi)外膽道系統(tǒng)的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)和通暢情況。因此,它能夠同時(shí)反映病灶的血供情況及是否存在正常功能的肝細(xì)胞、膽管及其數(shù)量[14]。
2.2在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出中的應(yīng)用有研究表明,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)于肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的探查價(jià)值高于常規(guī)MR增強(qiáng)、CT增強(qiáng)、18F-FDG PET顯像和超聲造影[15-17]。L?wenthal等[18]對(duì)DWI和Gd-EOBDTPA增強(qiáng)MRI在結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移診斷中的價(jià)值進(jìn)行了對(duì)比研究,結(jié)果顯示Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI靜態(tài)期對(duì)肝臟局灶性病灶中良性病變檢出率高達(dá)94.7%,對(duì)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出率高達(dá)100%。Shimada等[19]通過對(duì)45例肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤病人的研究顯示,Gd-EOBDTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)肝臟微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出的準(zhǔn)確性較DWI更高。Qian等[20]也得到類似的結(jié)果。Kudo等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)<2 cm的低血供小肝癌行多層螺旋CT而無法確診時(shí),應(yīng)用Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)于腫瘤的鑒別及定性是有效的。Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI掃描除了有平掃、動(dòng)脈期、門靜脈期和平衡期,還有肝細(xì)胞特異期。由于轉(zhuǎn)移瘤細(xì)胞不具備正常肝細(xì)胞的功能,不能攝取Gd-EOB-DTPA,增強(qiáng)掃描后肝細(xì)胞特異期無明顯強(qiáng)化,而周圍正常肝組織強(qiáng)化較明顯,因而更有助于肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的顯示,尤其是肝臟微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤。然而,盡管Gd-EOB-DTPA具有較高的肝膽特異性,但受損的肝細(xì)胞對(duì)其攝入明顯減少,故對(duì)于部分肝功能嚴(yán)重受損的病人來說,可能降低Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)肝臟病變?cè)\斷的敏感性及準(zhǔn)確性[22-23]。因此,盡管Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出方面具有較大的價(jià)值,但仍存在一定的局限性。
一些研究者[18,24-25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合DWI和Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI可以提高肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出率。Macera等[26]在對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移病人術(shù)前化療后的分期研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI相比兩者單獨(dú)應(yīng)用于結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出方面有更高的準(zhǔn)確性及敏感性,且差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Donati等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者聯(lián)合在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出及診斷的準(zhǔn)確性、可信度方面明顯高于DWI單獨(dú)檢查;兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)于肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤診斷可信度明顯高于Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI單獨(dú)檢查,但在檢出率及診斷的準(zhǔn)確性方面無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Tajima等[28]分別比較DWI、Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI及兩者聯(lián)合對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出率、敏感性、準(zhǔn)確性及陽性預(yù)測(cè)值的大小,結(jié)果顯示兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用同單獨(dú)應(yīng)用Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤及微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出有相似或較高的檢出率及敏感性,但其差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Chung等[9]在結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出率方面也得到了類似的結(jié)果。上述研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI檢查在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出率、敏感性及準(zhǔn)確性方面明顯優(yōu)于DWI。然而,兩者聯(lián)合相比Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI在肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出率、敏感性及準(zhǔn)確性方面,不同的研究者得出的結(jié)果有所差異。這些差異可能由于以下幾方面原因所致:①不同研究所選取的肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的來源不同,例如,有些肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤來源于單一的結(jié)直腸癌,而有些則來源于多種原發(fā)腫瘤。②不同研究所選取的b值大小、數(shù)目不同,高b值的應(yīng)用可能影響DWI對(duì)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出,有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道低b值在探查肝臟惡性腫瘤方面比高b值更敏感[29-30]。③有些研究者在Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI后進(jìn)行DWI,Choi等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI后立即進(jìn)行DWI信號(hào)采集可能影響DWI的作用。
DWI及Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出方面各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),兩者聯(lián)合可以取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短,發(fā)揮最大效應(yīng)。一方面,Gd-EOB-DTPA作為一種肝膽特異性對(duì)比劑,能夠增加腫瘤與肝臟的對(duì)比度,有利于肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出。然而,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)于肝臟小血管周圍的肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤及肝臟邊緣的肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出有一定的困難,而在DWI上這些轉(zhuǎn)移瘤相對(duì)周圍的肝實(shí)質(zhì)及小血管顯示為高信號(hào)[18-19],故DWI易于發(fā)現(xiàn)此類病灶。有研究證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn),Tajima等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI檢查能夠檢出Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI中所遺漏的病灶。另一方面,某些鄰近橫膈或肝左葉的微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤在DWI上由于呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影、心臟運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影或是由于充氣的腸管、肺與肝臟間磁場(chǎng)的不均勻所致磁敏感偽影而被遺漏。然而,Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI具有3D梯度回波序列,其高分辨力的特征有助于這些微小轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出[27]。因此,兩者聯(lián)合可以相互補(bǔ)充,有利于肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出及診斷。關(guān)于DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI對(duì)肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出的差異是否同放射診斷醫(yī)師的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)相關(guān),近年有報(bào)道顯示,臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對(duì)不足的住院醫(yī)師相比經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的診斷醫(yī)師,兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)于肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出更有優(yōu)勢(shì)[32]。從目前的文獻(xiàn)中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI可以從不同角度發(fā)揮各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn),并互相補(bǔ)充以提高肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出及診斷,以便及時(shí)采取有效的治療措施。然而,DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤檢出方面研究文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量有限,仍需更多前瞻性研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
DWI作為一種功能影像檢查方法已廣泛應(yīng)用于腹部器官,在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的診斷中亦發(fā)揮較大作用。然而,由于DWI在評(píng)估肝臟占位性病變時(shí)缺乏診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不同的b值在同類病變測(cè)量中的ADC值差異較大,即使相同的b值不同的成像方法其ADC值也會(huì)存在差異,所以DWI在肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的診斷中仍存在一定的限制。Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI作為一種可以提供肝膽特異性信息的影像檢查方法,在肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的診斷及鑒別診斷中也顯示出較大價(jià)值。同樣對(duì)于肝臟邊緣及血管周圍的肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,單獨(dú)應(yīng)用Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI檢查也容易漏診,且費(fèi)用較高。因此,DWI聯(lián)合Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI可以相互彌補(bǔ)不足之處,有利于提高肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的檢出。隨著影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展及對(duì)比劑研究的深入,兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的前景將更為廣闊。
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(收稿2016-01-13)
Progress of combined diffusion-weighted imaging and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imagingfor the detection of liver metastases
WANG Yating,BO Genji.Department of Medical Imaging,The First People’s
Hospital of Huai’an,Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,Huai’an 223300,China
The early detection of liver metastases is essential for selecting suitable treatment and improving post operative survival rate.Diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)mainly reflects the Brownian motion of water molecules in the living tissue.It has great advantage in the detection rate and qualitative diagnosis of the focal liver lesions,especially in terms of small liver metastases.While the Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI is an imaging method which cannot only provide the liver dynamic enhanced scanning information but also liver specific information.It shows a high accuracy in the detection of liver metastases.This article describes the application of DWI and Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI in the detection of liver metastases.
Diffusion weighted imaging;Gd-EOB-DTPA;Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging;Liver metastases
10.19300/j.2016.Z4084
R735.7;R445.2
A
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬淮安第一醫(yī)院影像科,淮安223300
柏根基,E-mail:hybgj0451@163.com
*審校者