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青藏高原下大武地區(qū)炭屑濃度所反映的環(huán)境演變與人類活動

2016-03-06 11:55:10趙亞娟候光良鄂崇毅王青波
地球環(huán)境學(xué)報 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:大武粒級剖面

趙亞娟,候光良,鄂崇毅,楊 龍,王青波

(1.青海師范大學(xué) 青藏高原環(huán)境與資源教育部重點實驗室,西寧 810008;2.青海師范大學(xué) 青海省自然地理與環(huán)境過程重點實驗室,西寧 810008)

青藏高原下大武地區(qū)炭屑濃度所反映的環(huán)境演變與人類活動

趙亞娟1,2,候光良1,2,鄂崇毅1,2,楊 龍1,2,王青波1,2

(1.青海師范大學(xué) 青藏高原環(huán)境與資源教育部重點實驗室,西寧 810008;2.青海師范大學(xué) 青海省自然地理與環(huán)境過程重點實驗室,西寧 810008)

青藏高原主體海拔在4000 m以上,4000 m以上的人類活動與環(huán)境演變之間的關(guān)系研究很薄弱。本文通過對下大武遺址各粒級炭屑濃度的分析,試探討其與人類活動和環(huán)境的關(guān)系。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):(1)全新世大暖期時,氣候溫暖濕潤,適宜生存。在對應(yīng)的歷史文化層中各粒級炭屑濃度出現(xiàn)高值區(qū),說明此時下大武地區(qū)人類活動頻繁,地方火和區(qū)域火頻繁出現(xiàn)。(2)全新世中期,季風(fēng)減弱,氣候向冷干轉(zhuǎn)變,植被退化,炭屑濃度普遍處于穩(wěn)定的低值區(qū),反映當時下大武地區(qū)人類活動的強度與范圍縮小。(3)全新世晚期以來,3700—1800 cal.a BP炭屑濃度出現(xiàn)明顯高值區(qū),指示高原區(qū)域火的發(fā)生;1800 cal.a BP以來各粒級炭屑濃度波動頻繁,粗粒炭屑濃度的波幅最大,指示下大武地區(qū)人類活動增強。

炭屑;環(huán)境;人類活動;下大武;青藏高原

火作為一種獨特且重要的生態(tài)環(huán)境因子,無論在過去還是現(xiàn)在,都對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生著重要影響?;鹧莼涗洸粌H是研究植被與生態(tài)的重要依據(jù),也是反映氣候變化的重要指標之一(李小強等,2006)。炭屑是植物有機體不完全燃燒的產(chǎn)物,常被風(fēng)和流水從產(chǎn)生地帶到沉積地保存下來(曹艷峰等,2007),作為火與植被作用的直接產(chǎn)物,是重建古森林火災(zāi)歷史與古植被的首要證據(jù)之一(Patterson et al,1987;MacDonald et al,1991;Millspaugh and Whitlock,1995)。炭屑的產(chǎn)生不僅與自然火的發(fā)生有關(guān),還與人類活動密切相關(guān)。炭屑含量的變化不僅可以指示氣候變化,而且可以反映研究區(qū)人口數(shù)量和人類活動強度的變化(Figueiral and Mosbrugger,2000),因此,炭屑不僅可以用來恢復(fù)古火災(zāi),還可以指示人類活動的強弱(郭小麗等,2011),炭屑研究對探討古野火、氣候與人類活動之間相互作用機制具有重要意義。目前對古環(huán)境中炭屑的研究主要集中在以下幾個方面:(1)炭屑的提取過程;(2)炭屑的種屬鑒定,通過對炭屑最大長度(L)和最大寬度(W)比值的分析,能夠初步分析草本植物和木本植物的差別:草本的L/W最大,灌木和喬木次之,闊葉類植物葉片炭屑的L/W最?。◤埥∑胶蛥魏襁h,2006);(3)炭屑統(tǒng)計:炭屑濃度法(曹艷峰等,2007)、面積濃度法(李小強等,2006;吳立等,2008)和沉積通量法(儲國強,2001;黃翡,2002;羅運利等,2006);(4)炭屑在古環(huán)境和人類活動研究中的應(yīng)用(儲國強,2001;李宜垠等,2009;李冰等,2012;譚志海等,2014)。干旱-半干旱區(qū)火事件時空分布特征易受氣候變化和人類土地利用方式變化的影響(Huber et al,2004),在干旱的氣候條件下,人類活動更能加速火的發(fā)生頻率和強度(姜瑩瑩等,2015)。雖然下大武遺址早在2007年就已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘,但關(guān)于下大武地區(qū)的古氣候及其人類活動研究還很少,本文通過分析下大武3號(XDW3)剖面各粒級炭屑平均濃度的變化,試探討炭屑顆粒大小與人類活動和氣候環(huán)境變化的關(guān)系。

1 研究地點和土壤剖面

下大武3號(圖1)(35°0′6.9″N,99°15′37.7″E)位于果洛州下大武鄉(xiāng),海拔3988 m,典型的高原亞寒帶半濕潤氣候,年平均氣溫在-3.8℃以下,年降水量在420—560 mm,降水多集中在春夏季節(jié),年日照時數(shù)在2300—2500 h,無絕對的霜期,光、水資源豐富。XDW3號剖面位于清水河西岸的臺地上,臺地高約10 m,臺地上目前僅保留長55步、寬15步的土堆,上置一個水泥碑——小清水細石器遺址,其他均已破壞,土堆上分布有較多的石片,崖壁上也出現(xiàn)較多的石片、石塊。XDW3#剖面(圖2)屬于自然斷面層,呈東西向,高約1.6 m,右側(cè)有一文革時期挖的大洞。0—40 cm深度為松軟的表土層,富含高等植物的根莖;40—100 cm處為文化層,其中40—90 cm為粘土質(zhì)淺色文化層,90—100 cm處為深色文化層,土壤顏色黑;100 cm以下為黃土層,本文取土樣至130 cm處。

2 研究方法和斷代依據(jù)

清理剖面0—20 cm處的地表土,從20 cm處開始每2 cm取一個樣品,共采集樣品55個,將采集的樣品在室內(nèi)自然風(fēng)干后,進行炭屑的測定。炭屑測定采用重液浮選法將炭屑分離出來,并采用花粉流程法對分離出的炭屑進行統(tǒng)計。分析流程如下:1)稱重:從采集的樣品中取土樣10 g,置于250 mL的燒杯中,然后在每個樣品中加入一粒石松孢子;2)加鹽酸:取濃度為10% 的鹽酸150—200 mL入燒杯中;3)加水中和:向加入鹽酸的樣品中加水,靜置7個小時以上,此步驟至少重復(fù)4遍;4)抽取上清液,離心,直到玻璃杯中的樣品全部沖洗干凈為止;5)重液配置及離心;6)制片;7)上機。

炭屑顆粒大小可以反映火源的遠近,區(qū)分不同粒級的炭屑,并對其進行統(tǒng)計分析,有助于判斷炭屑來源,進而探討火發(fā)生的特征和地區(qū)(Clark,1988;Ohlson and Tryterud,2000)。根據(jù)炭屑最長軸將其分為3個等級:< 50 μm(細粒)、50—125 μm(中粒)和> 125 μm(粗顆粒)。粗粒炭屑(> 125 μm)代表地方性火活動事件, 細粒炭屑則主要反映區(qū)域性火活動事件(李小強等,2006)。利用粗粒炭屑、中粒炭屑和細粒炭屑的比值同樣可以表達炭屑沉積地與火災(zāi)源區(qū)的距離遠近,比值越大,火災(zāi)源區(qū)越近,反之,火災(zāi)源區(qū)越遠(孫湘君等,2000)。根據(jù)Ward和Hardy的研究知道,隨著火災(zāi)頻率的增加,炭屑顆粒也會相應(yīng)增大(Ward and Hardy,1991)。炭屑濃度變化指示歷史野火強度和頻率變化(Huang et al,2006)。炭屑濃度高指示火活動強烈,反之火活動微弱。氣候越干旱,火災(zāi)發(fā)生的可能性越大,頻率越高。另外,在對全新世和近2000年的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),火的發(fā)生往往與人類活動密切相關(guān)(郭小麗等,2011)。

圖1 下大武(XDW)地理位置Fig.1 The location of XDW

炭屑濃度換算方法為:

其中:W為炭屑濃度(粒/克),A為統(tǒng)計的炭屑粒數(shù)(粒),B為統(tǒng)計的外加石松孢子數(shù)(粒),C為樣品中的外加石松孢子數(shù)(27600 粒),G為所取土樣的重量(10 g)。

選取剖面不同深度采集的4個炭屑樣品送交北京大學(xué)第四紀年代實驗室進行14C年代測定,并建立年代—深度關(guān)系(圖 2)(相關(guān)年代有專文論述)。不同深度采用不同年代—深度計算方法:0—58 cm 深度采用Y= 14.93X;57—85 cm 深度采用Y= 191.96X- 1009;85—126 cm 深度采用Y= 4284e0.0043X。

3 結(jié)果與分析

3.1 炭屑總濃度變化特征

從整個剖面炭屑總濃度的變化特征(圖3)來看,炭屑濃度平均值為21756粒/克,其中最小值出現(xiàn)在750 cal.a BP 時,為1813粒/克,平均濃度最大值出現(xiàn)在2200 cal.a BP 時,為76594粒/克。炭屑平均濃度變化出現(xiàn)三個峰值區(qū),一級峰值區(qū)出現(xiàn)在2200 cal.a BP,在2600 cal.a BP 呈現(xiàn)逐漸增加趨勢,到2200 cal.a BP 達到最大值,期間炭屑平均濃度變化范圍為13887—76594粒/克,波動幅度為62307粒/克,次一級的兩個峰值區(qū)分別出現(xiàn)在6500 cal.a BP 和 630 cal.a BP,6200—2600 cal.a BP炭屑平均濃度波動平穩(wěn),保持在11817粒/克 左右。

3.2 <50 μm炭屑平均濃度變化特征

從整個剖面<50 μm炭屑平均濃度的變化特征(圖3)來看,炭屑濃度平均值為10673粒/克,最小值出現(xiàn)在750 cal.a BP,約為1633粒/克,最大值出現(xiàn)在2600 cal.a BP,為75936粒/克。與炭屑總濃度變化曲線大致相同,<50 μm的炭屑濃度變化亦出現(xiàn)三個峰值區(qū),在7300—6200 cal.a BP期間炭屑平均濃度值波動劇烈,但波幅不大;2600—1800 cal.a BP 炭屑平均濃度值總體波動幅度較大,約為62871粒/克;750 cal.a BP 炭屑平均濃度波動頻繁。6200—2600 cal.a BP波動平穩(wěn),保持在11657粒/克左右;1800—750 cal.a BP 炭屑平均濃度值平穩(wěn)下滑。

圖2 土壤剖面及深度—年代關(guān)系圖Fig.2 The profile of XDW3 and strata depth-age relation of XDW3

3.3 50—125 μm炭屑平均濃度變化特征

從整個剖面50—125 μm 的炭屑濃度值變化特征(圖3)來看,其炭屑濃度平均值明顯低于< 50 μm 的炭屑濃度平均值,為316粒/克,炭屑平均濃度最大值出現(xiàn)在6500 cal.a BP,最小值降至0粒/克,多次出現(xiàn)。6590—6530 cal.a BP 炭屑平均濃度變幅較大,由69粒/克 迅速上升為1866 粒/克,波動幅度為1796 粒/克。與< 50 μm的炭屑平均濃度相比,50—125 μm 的炭屑平均濃度在 2600 cal.a BP 左右僅出現(xiàn)一個小峰值。

3.4 >125 μm的炭屑平均濃度變化特征

從整個剖面炭屑平均濃度的變化特征(圖3)來看,> 125 μm 炭屑平均濃度值最低,波動幅度最小。其炭屑濃度平均值為97.13粒/克,最小值降至為0粒/克,在剖面中多次出現(xiàn)。炭屑平均濃度出現(xiàn)三個峰值區(qū),630 cal.a BP 出現(xiàn)最大峰值,炭屑平均濃度值為622粒/克 ,6500 cal.a BP 為次級峰值區(qū),2200 cal.a BP 左右為三級峰值區(qū),炭屑平均濃度值在7300—6200 cal.a BP 期間和750 cal.a BP 至今波動頻繁。

圖3 XDW3剖面不同粒級的炭屑濃度變化Fig.3 Change of concentration in different sizefraction of charcoal in XDW3

4 討論

分析整個剖面炭屑濃度變化特征曲線,可以發(fā)現(xiàn):< 50 μm 的炭屑濃度平均值在整個剖面炭屑總濃度中所占比重最大,平均值為106733粒/克,而50—125 μm 和> 125 μm 粒級的炭屑平均濃度所占比重較??;> 125 μm 的炭屑濃度波動較大,出現(xiàn)多次峰值,< 50 μm 的炭屑平均濃度也有明顯峰值,50—125 μm 的炭屑濃度波動較為穩(wěn)定;全新世大暖期和中世紀暖期,各粒級炭屑濃度波動頻繁,出現(xiàn)峰值。分析結(jié)果表明:

(1)7400—6200 cal.a BP:處于全新世最為溫濕的階段,炭屑濃度比較高,中、粗粒級炭屑平均濃度值波動較細粒級的炭屑明顯,在6500 cal.a BP炭屑濃度值均達到此階段的最大值,明顯高出平均值,在深度上對應(yīng)土壤剖面中90—100 cm 處的文化層,說明當時下大武地區(qū)受人類活動的影響發(fā)生地方性火災(zāi)。同時,< 50 μm 炭屑平均濃度值所占比重高,說明火災(zāi)不是局部性的而是區(qū)域性的,推斷當時下大武及其周邊地區(qū)都有火災(zāi)的發(fā)生。

(2)6200—3700 cal.a BP:在距今5700年左右中國西部地區(qū)進入冰進期(水濤,2001),在6200 cal.a BP 和4000 cal.a BP 都有冷事件發(fā)生,其中4000 cal.a BP 降溫事件規(guī)模較大(侯光良和方修琦,2012),鄂崇毅等在對中亞則克臺黃土剖面研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),中全新世的6 ka和4 ka分別出現(xiàn)粘粒組分突然減少事件(鄂崇毅等,2014),季風(fēng)開始衰弱,氣候表現(xiàn)出冷暖波動并向冷干轉(zhuǎn)變,植被退化,區(qū)域火發(fā)生的概率降低,炭屑濃度普遍處在低值區(qū)。僅50—125 μm 炭屑濃度值在4800 cal.a BP 出現(xiàn)一個小的峰值,此時下大武地區(qū)可能有短時間的地方性火災(zāi)發(fā)生。

(3)3700—1800 cal.a BP:全新世晚期是又一相對干旱的階段,炭屑平均濃度值呈逐漸增大趨勢,各粒級炭屑濃度值在2600 cal.a BP 均出現(xiàn)峰值,其中< 50 μm 的炭屑平均濃度達到了前所未有的高值,炭屑平均濃度值達到75936粒/克,區(qū)域火的趨勢增強;而50—125 μm 和>125 μm 的炭屑濃度僅為小峰值區(qū),表明此時下大武地區(qū)的區(qū)域火明顯,而地方火的概率較低。在3000 cal.a BP左右人類已經(jīng)能在4000 m 以上的高海拔地區(qū)長期生存(候光良等,2013),此時炭屑濃度的峰值可能與該時期高原人類的火活動有關(guān)。

(4)1800 cal.a BP—:1800—750 cal.a BP 期間,50—125 μm 和>125 μm 粒級炭屑平均濃度一度降至0粒/克,<50 μm 的炭屑濃度仍然比較高,說明此時鮮有地方性火災(zāi)發(fā)生,而有區(qū)域火的發(fā)生。中世紀暖期以來,炭屑濃度值高于前一時期,且波動頻繁,>125 μm 的炭屑濃度的波動最為劇烈,在630 cal.a BP 時各級炭屑平均濃度均達到峰值,可能與人類活動強度加大有關(guān)。

5 結(jié)論

(1)全新世大暖期時,氣候溫暖濕潤,適宜生存。古文化興盛時期各粒級炭屑的平均濃度出現(xiàn)高值區(qū),說明此時下大武地區(qū)人類活動頻繁,地方火和區(qū)域火頻繁出現(xiàn)。

(2)全新世中期,氣候向冷干轉(zhuǎn)變,植被退化,炭屑濃度普遍處于穩(wěn)定的低值區(qū),僅有部分小的峰值區(qū),指示地方火或區(qū)域火的發(fā)生,反映當時下大武地區(qū)人類活動的強度與范圍縮小。

(3)全新世晚期以來,3700—1800 cal.a BP細粒炭屑濃度出現(xiàn)明顯高值區(qū),指示高原區(qū)域火的發(fā)生;1800 cal.a BP 以來各粒級炭屑濃度波動頻繁,粗粒炭屑濃度的波幅最大,指示下大武地區(qū)人類活動增強。

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Charcoal concentration re fl ect of environment change and human activities in Xiadawu Relic, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

ZHAO Yajuan1,2, HOU Guangliang1,2, E Chongyi1,2, YANG long1,2, WANG Qingbo1,2
(1. Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Environment and Resource, MOE, School of Life and Geographic Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China)

Background, aim, and scopeFire as an unique and important ecological factor, both in past and present, has a signi fi cant impact on the environment. Charcoal is the direct product of fi re and vegetation, it’s related to both climatic changes and human activities. Therefore, charcoal not only can be used to reconstruct ancient fi re event, but also indicate the strength of human activities. Xiadawu site which is located on Tibetan Plateau with 4000 meters elevation has been excavated in 2007. However, the research on the relationship between the ancient climate and human activities is rarely. In this paper, we analyzed the concentration of each granular level of charcoal in Xiadawu site, and attempted to explore its relationship with human activities and the environment changes.Materials and methodsSoil samples were collected for determination of charcoal. Heavy liquid flotation was used to isolate the charcoal, and pollen circuit method was used to count the charcoal which was separated from soil samples. According to the long axis of charcoal, charcoal samples were separated for grading: <50 μm (fines), 50—125 μm (medium grain) and >125 μm (coarse). Coarse-grainedcharcoal indicated local fire events, and fine-grained charcoal indicated region fire events with large area. Charcoal concentration re fl ected the intensity and frequency of the fi re. Four charcoal samples were collected for radiocarbon dating.ResultsThe results showed that: (1) The average concentration values of each grade showed obvious peak value during the Holocene Optimum Period and the Medieval Warm Period, fl uctuated frequently. (2) The average concentration of fi ne-grained charcoal took a great proportion in the total concentration of charcoal, and the average concentration of coarse-grained charcoal was lowest. (3) In the whole pro fi le, the average concentration of fi ne-grained charcoal reached maximum during 2200 cal.a BP.Discussion(1) During the Holocene Optimum Period, the climate was warm and wet, it was suitable for survival. The high concentration of each granular level of charcoal occured in the corresponding historical cultural layer, which indicated that human activity was frequent in Xiadawu at that moment, local and regional fi re happened frequently. (2) During the mid-holocene, the climate conditions changed drier and colder, and vegetation began to degenerate with the weaking summer monsoon, and the concentration of charcoal was generally lay in the stable low-value zone, indicating that human activity intensity and range have greatly shrunk in Xiadawu at that moment. (3) Since late Holocene, human had relatively continuous and stable activities at the high elevation region above 4000 m a.s.l. The peak concentrations of charcoal were more closely related to human activities.ConclusionsChanges in the average concentration of charcoal in Xiadawu region not only related to the natural environment, but also closely related to human activities. The average concentration values of each grade showed obvious peak value during the Holocene Optimum Period and the Medieval Warm Period, fluctuated frequently. (1) During the Holocene Optimum Period (7400—6200 cal.a BP), the climate was warm and wet, it was suitable for survival. The high concentration of each granular level of charcoal occured in the corresponding historical cultural layer, which indicated that human activity was frequent in Xiadawu at that moment, and local and regional fi re event happened frequently. (2) During the mid-Holocene (6200—3700 cal.a BP), the climate conditions changed drier and colder, and vegetation began to degenerate with the weaking summer monsoon, and the concentration of charcoal was generally lay in the stable low-value zone, indicating that human activity intensity and range had greatly shrunk in Xiadawu at that moment. (3) Since late Holocene: 3700 cal.a BP—), this period can be divided into two stages: 3700—1800 cal.a BP and 1800 cal.a BP—. The average concentration of charcoal was gradually increasing, reached a peak in 2600 cal.a BP. The average concentration of fine-grained charcoal reached an unprecedented high value, indicating that the trend of the regional fi re event enhanced. Meanwhile the average concentration of medium-grained and coarse-grained only reached a small peak, implying that during this period the regional in large scale area fi re activity was obvious, but low occurring probability of the local fi re. During 3000—1800 cal.a BP, relatively continuous and stable human activities at the high elevation region above 4000 m a.s.l implied permanent colony on high elevation. The peak concentrations of charcoal were more closely related to human activities. During 1800—750 cal.a BP, the average concentration of medium-grained and coarse-grained charcoal fell to 0 grain·g-1, and the average concentration of fi ne-grained was still relatively high, indicating that during this period there was little local fi re while the regional fi re happened frequently. Near 630 cal.a BP, the average concentration of each grade of charcoal reached another peak, which maybe associated with human activity intensity.Recommendations andperspectivesChanges in concentration index of charcoal during Holocene have a good correspondence with previous studies on the surrounding area. It indicates that charcoal concentration of different grain-size is a sensitive proxy to reconstruct the plaeocliamte change and human history of fi re using. However, in this paper, we only use charcoal concentration without any other environmental index, which can not support our story strongly. Thus, it is necessary to use other environmental indicators for further veri fi cation.

charcoal; environment evolution; human activities; Xiadawu; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

HOU Guangliang, E-mail: hgl20@163.com

10.7515/JEE201601003

2015-10-29;錄用日期:2015-12-28

Received Date:2015-10-29;Accepted Date:2015-12-28

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(41550001,41161018)

Foundation Item:National Natural Science Foundation of China (41550001, 41161018)

候光良,E-mail: hgl20@163.com

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