文/張 鑫
渤海之濱的星星之火
文/張 鑫
THE SINGLE SPARK OF BOHAI SEA COAST
○從渤海灣到海南島:1945年10月,渤海區(qū)老七師、獨立師進軍東北,后被編為四野六縱、中國人民解放軍第四十三軍。這支部隊被稱為“攻堅老虎”,從東北一直打到海南島,行程數(shù)萬里,參加重要戰(zhàn)役、戰(zhàn)斗數(shù)百次,殲敵18萬。圖為戰(zhàn)士們戰(zhàn)前宣誓。From Bohai Bay to Hainan Island: in October 1945, the old 7th division and independent division of the Bohai Sea area marched into the Northeast, which was later programmed as the 6th Column of the 4th Field Army and, the 43rd Armed Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, This force, called the “assault fortified tiger”, kept fighting from the Northeast to the Hainan Island marching over tens of thousands’ of miles. They participated in hundreds of important battles and fights, and annihilated 180,000 enemies. The picture shows that the soldiers swore an oath before the war.
以濱州市為中心的渤海老區(qū)是革命戰(zhàn)爭年代中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的山東重要抗日根據(jù)地和解放戰(zhàn)爭后期山東三大戰(zhàn)略區(qū)之一(另為膠東區(qū)、魯中南區(qū))。其東至膠萊河,西抵津浦線,南跨膠濟路,北止天津南,東北瀕臨渤海,版圖面積最大時達5.4萬平方公里,人口1114萬,下轄6個行政專署(地委、軍分區(qū)),所轄區(qū)域涉及現(xiàn)在山東省的濱州、濟南、淄博、濰坊、東營、德州等六市和河北省滄州市及天津市下轄的共51個縣、區(qū)。中心地域在現(xiàn)濱州市。解放戰(zhàn)爭時期,渤海區(qū)黨政軍領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機關(guān)駐今惠民縣城及惠民縣何坊鄉(xiāng)。1950年5月因形勢和任務(wù)的需要,渤海區(qū)奉命撤銷。
抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期,渤海區(qū)的前身——清河區(qū)、冀魯邊區(qū)的廣大軍民堅持冀魯平原敵后抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭,粉碎了日偽軍的“掃蕩”和國民黨頑固派的反共摩擦,開創(chuàng)了以黃河入??跒橹行牡膲▍^(qū)抗日根據(jù)地。“七七”事變后,日本侵略軍自北平、天津大舉南下,冀魯邊區(qū)首先進行抵抗。
中共津南工委于1937年7月15日在鹽山縣發(fā)動武裝起義,建立了華北民眾抗日救國會和華北民眾抗日救國軍,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)開展平原抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭。在清河區(qū),中共山東省委派從延安來山東的紅軍干部及出獄干部,分赴小清河流域各地,恢復(fù)和建立黨的組織,開展抗日救亡活動和發(fā)動武裝起義。1937年12月26日爆發(fā)黑鐵山起義,建立山東人民抗日救國軍第五軍;12月29日,發(fā)動壽光牛頭鎮(zhèn)起義,建立了八路軍魯東游擊隊第八支隊;此后在濰縣、昌邑、廣饒、臨朐、益都、臨淄、博興等地先后組織抗日武裝起義,組建了八路軍魯東游擊隊第七、第九、第十支隊及臨淄青年學(xué)生志愿軍訓(xùn)團、博興抗日人民志愿軍等。這些武裝建立之后,積極開展抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭,為創(chuàng)立渤海區(qū)抗日根據(jù)地打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。黨中央、中央軍委和八路軍總部對這一地區(qū)的斗爭十分重視。
1938年9月,肖華率八路軍115師東進抗日挺進縱隊抵達冀魯邊區(qū),整編地方部隊,建立黨政軍各級組織,創(chuàng)辦抗日軍政學(xué)校培訓(xùn)干部;團結(jié)國民革命軍第十軍團高樹勛部抗日,粉碎了國民黨頑固派策劃的“冀魯聯(lián)防”;先后組織了韓集伏擊戰(zhàn)、三打燈明寺、激戰(zhàn)大宗家等戰(zhàn)斗,狠狠打擊入侵的日寇??谷諔?zhàn)爭進入戰(zhàn)略相持階段后,日軍陸續(xù)侵占清河區(qū)、冀魯邊區(qū)境內(nèi)各縣城及較大村鎮(zhèn),開始頻繁的“掃蕩”、“蠶食”,推行所謂“治安強化”運動;國民黨頑固派在其“溶共、防共、限共、反共”的反動政策指導(dǎo)下,不斷挑起摩擦,制造了震驚全國的“太河慘案”。清河區(qū)、冀魯邊區(qū)的抗戰(zhàn)形勢日益惡化。
1939年6月在鄒平縣境內(nèi)爆發(fā)劉家井戰(zhàn)斗。7月,八路軍山東縱隊第三支隊(由原第五軍等部隊改編)司令員馬耀南在率部轉(zhuǎn)移途中遭敵伏擊,壯烈犧牲。當(dāng)時,如何開展和堅持平原游擊戰(zhàn)爭是擺在清河區(qū)黨政軍領(lǐng)導(dǎo)面前必須解決的重大問題。1939年10月,八路軍第一縱隊司令員徐向前等就清河區(qū)抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭的發(fā)展給予重要指示。此后,在許世友所率領(lǐng)的八路軍山東縱隊第三旅的支持下,清河區(qū)在黃河入??趦砂稄V闊荒原地帶創(chuàng)建了山東最大的平原抗日根據(jù)地,從此我軍基本上跳出了原在膠濟鐵路兩側(cè)活動的狹小圈子,作戰(zhàn)由內(nèi)線轉(zhuǎn)入外線,由被動轉(zhuǎn)為主動。
○早于新中國成立就取得解放的渤海區(qū),為了從根本上摧垮地主階級對廣大農(nóng)民群眾的統(tǒng)治,使根據(jù)地人民得到徹底解放,從誰能滿足農(nóng)民有地種、有飯吃的基本要求,廣大農(nóng)民就擁護誰的樸素道理出發(fā),創(chuàng)造性地開展群眾工作,在積極支援戰(zhàn)爭的同時,先后開展了減租減息、反奸訴苦、反特剿匪、護村自衛(wèi)、土地改革、治黃立功等運動,為最廣大群眾謀取實實在在的利益。圖為,1946年11月,渤海區(qū)第四屆參議員大會在惠民市召開,全體駐會議員合影。In order to completely destroy the landlord class’s rule over the broad masses of peasants and thoroughly emancipate the people in base areas, the Bohai Sea area, achieving liberation before the founding of new China, creatively carried out the mass work. While actively supporting the war, it successively launched a series of measures, such as reduction of rent and interest rates, protection of the villages and self-defense, land reform, meritorious service for harnessing the Yellow River, and so on, to seek tangible interest for the most broad masses of people. The photo show, the Fourth Senator Assembly of Bohai Sea area held in Huimin city in November 1946. All the resident senators took a group photo.
1942年始,日偽對清河區(qū)根據(jù)地軍事上實行大規(guī)?!皰呤帯薄ⅰ扒褰恕?,政治上實行法西斯統(tǒng)治,經(jīng)濟上實行掠奪政策,使根據(jù)地受到很大損失。清河區(qū)黨政軍民堅持黨中央、毛澤東同志制定的獨立自主的抗日民主統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線政策,加強團結(jié),咬緊牙關(guān),堅持平原抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭,大挖“抗日溝”,改造平原地形,利用青紗帳,開展“小部隊”(敵后武工隊)活動,創(chuàng)造了在平原地區(qū)堅持抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭的經(jīng)驗,并在1942、1943年兩次組織夏季反“蠶食”戰(zhàn)役,取得重大勝利。在冀魯邊區(qū),自1939年底始,八路軍東進抗日挺進縱隊和邊區(qū)主力部隊陸續(xù)奉命轉(zhuǎn)移后,邊區(qū)的黨政軍民在極其艱苦的條件下,堅持了反“掃蕩”、反“蠶食”、反摩擦斗爭。1941年中央北方局巡視團來邊區(qū)后,深入貫徹執(zhí)行中央關(guān)于抗日根據(jù)地建設(shè)的政策、策略,全區(qū)人民團結(jié)一心,克服困難,堅持和鞏固了抗日根據(jù)地。1942年6月,日偽軍繼在冀中實施五一大“掃蕩”后,對冀魯邊區(qū)進行了空前規(guī)模的大“掃蕩”,我方遭受重大損失。邊區(qū)抗戰(zhàn)進入最殘酷、最困難的時期。根據(jù)劉少奇同志對冀魯邊區(qū)關(guān)于堅持抗戰(zhàn)、渡過難關(guān)和斗爭形式要適應(yīng)形勢變化的重要指示,邊區(qū)軍民采取化整為零、分散隱蔽、敵進我進、靈活多樣的斗爭策略,不斷打擊敵人,形勢逐漸好轉(zhuǎn)。1943年6月,八路軍冀魯邊軍區(qū)副司令員黃驊遭叛徒殺害。冀魯邊區(qū)的抗戰(zhàn)斗爭形勢日益嚴峻。
1944年初,根據(jù)形勢的發(fā)展,為便于清河區(qū)與冀魯邊區(qū)互相依托、互相配合、統(tǒng)一指揮、有利作戰(zhàn),經(jīng)中央北方局批準,清河區(qū)與冀魯邊區(qū)合并為渤海區(qū)。景曉村任中共渤海區(qū)黨委書記兼渤海軍區(qū)政委,楊國夫任八路軍渤海軍區(qū)司令員(后為袁也烈),劉其人任渤海區(qū)行署主任(后為李人鳳)。渤海軍區(qū)于1944年相繼發(fā)起夏、秋、冬三季戰(zhàn)略攻勢,全部恢復(fù)被“蠶食”的益(都)壽(光)臨(淄)廣(饒)四邊根據(jù)地,先后攻克魯北重鎮(zhèn)利津等4座縣城。1945年4月,渤海軍區(qū)發(fā)起討伐頑軍張景月部的戰(zhàn)役;同年6月,發(fā)起蒲(臺)濱(縣)戰(zhàn)役,先后解放蒲臺、濱縣城及道旭、北鎮(zhèn)等日偽據(jù)點;同時,各軍分區(qū)部隊先后解放吳橋、南皮、德平、慶云、沾化、高苑等縣城。1945年8月,日本帝國主義宣布無條件投降。渤海軍區(qū)遵照中共山東分局、八路軍山東軍區(qū)的命令,組成山東第四前線指揮部和山東野戰(zhàn)軍第七師(老七師),兵分三路展開大反攻。至9月底,渤海區(qū)部隊共殲敵2.6萬人,解放縣城25座,人口575 萬。除津浦、膠濟兩鐵路線上部分城鎮(zhèn)尚為日偽控制外,渤海區(qū)內(nèi)敵偽已被我軍全部肅清。
○全民奮起抗戰(zhàn)。1937年,“七七”事變爆發(fā)。在大敵當(dāng)前、民族危亡的緊要關(guān)頭,在渤海區(qū)前身的冀魯邊區(qū)和清河區(qū),黨的基層組織迅速行動起來,宣傳、發(fā)動、組織廣大群眾,在各地發(fā)起抗日武裝起義,組建抗日武裝,開展平原抗日游擊戰(zhàn)爭,開辟和創(chuàng)建抗日根據(jù)地,進行了艱苦卓絕的斗爭,逐步發(fā)展成為保衛(wèi)民族獨立和人民利益的堅強力量。1938年6月,山東人民抗日救國軍第五軍等部在鄒平城改編為“八路軍山東抗日游擊第三支隊”。In 1937, the Lugouqiao incident took place. In the border areas of Hebei and Shandong, the Party organizations at the primary level organized broad masses to establish anti-Japanese base areas for anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare. In June 1938, the fifth Shandong people’s Anti Japanese National Salvation Army was renamed as the third detachment of the Eighth Route Army Shandong Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Units in Zoucheng.
○粉碎日偽“掃蕩”。敵人的殘暴并沒有嚇倒志在保家衛(wèi)國的山東漢子。而有了當(dāng)?shù)匕傩盏闹С趾蛶椭?,我們的抗日隊伍在這片平原上一次次不斷地創(chuàng)造戰(zhàn)爭奇跡。八路軍主力部隊恢復(fù)發(fā)展,縣大隊、區(qū)中隊、村民兵組織不斷壯大,青救會、婦救會、兒童團、各救會一齊上陣!破襲戰(zhàn)、游擊戰(zhàn)、地道戰(zhàn),拔據(jù)點、炸碉堡、挖抗日溝、炸火車、破公路,處處閃現(xiàn)著我軍民反“蠶食”、反“掃蕩”,保衛(wèi)根據(jù)地的不屈身影……1944年夏季攻勢取得勝利后,楊國夫司令員在祝捷大會上講話。With the support and help of the local people, our Anti-Japanese troops constantly performed military miracles on this plain. The main force of the Eighth Route Army redeveloped. The county brigade, the district squadron, the village militia organization constantly expanded. Everywhere in the activities of sabotage operations, guerrilla warfare, tunnel warfare, pulling down strongholds, bombing the blockhouses, digging Anti-Japanese trenches, bombing trains or blocking roads, there shone the indomitable figure of our defense base of the army and the people. After the victory of the summer offensive in 1944, the commander Yang Guofu made a speech at the victory celebration conference.
The Bohai old liberated area centered on Binzhou city was the Shandong Anti-Japanese base, as well as one of Shandong’s three strategic zones (others were the Jiaodong area and central-south area of Shandong) during the later period of the War of Liberation led by the Communist Party of China during the revolutionary war years. During the Anti-Japanese War period, the broad masses of soldiers and civilians in Qinghe District, Hebei and Shandong Border District whose predecessor was the Bohai Sea area adhered to carrying forward the Anti-Japanese guerrilla warfare behind the enemy lines in Hebei and Shandong plain, creating the Anti- Japanese base area in the reclamation area centered on the Yellow River estuary. After the July 7th Incident, the Japanese invaders vigorously marched towards the south area from Peiping and Tianjin. Hebei and Shandong Border District made a first stand, which made a great contribution to the victory in the Anti-Japanese war and lit the raging fire of revolution.