王榮雁,陳朝軍,武世奎,高麗娜,周 南
(內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,呼和浩特 010110)
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辣椒堿藥理作用的分子機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
王榮雁,陳朝軍*,武世奎,高麗娜,周南
(內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,呼和浩特010110)
摘要:目的對(duì)近年來辣椒堿的藥理活性及其分子的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述,提高對(duì)辣椒堿的研究水平。方法查閱大量國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn),總結(jié)、提煉并闡明辣椒堿的應(yīng)用前景。結(jié)果辣椒堿具有鎮(zhèn)痛、抗癌、心血管保護(hù)以及堿脂活性作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TRPV1受體對(duì)辣椒堿藥效的發(fā)揮起到了關(guān)鍵作用。結(jié)論預(yù)見辣椒堿在抗癌、心血管保護(hù)方面有巨大的新藥開發(fā)前景。
關(guān)鍵詞:辣椒堿;抗癌;心血管保護(hù);藥理作用
辣椒堿(C18H27NO3,反-8-甲基-N-香草基-6-壬烯酰胺)是從辣椒屬植物中提取的生物堿類[1],具有辛辣氣味且難溶于水。市售辣椒堿主要有2種來源,一是以香草素與7-亞甲基-5-烯-1-羧酸酰氯反應(yīng)合成,二是從辣椒干燥果實(shí)中提取分離,二者藥理活性一致。辣椒堿透皮貼劑作為緩解神經(jīng)痛類臨床處方藥,已被美國藥典24版收載。Peppin J F[2]由實(shí)驗(yàn)得出,8%辣椒堿透皮貼劑治療外周神經(jīng)痛,鎮(zhèn)痛效果明顯,且不會(huì)帶來阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥樣的亢奮等不良反應(yīng)。近年來有關(guān)辣椒堿臨床應(yīng)用的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其在治療抗癌、肥胖、以及心血管疾病方面都發(fā)揮著積極作用,且這些作用的產(chǎn)生與TRPV1受體的激活存在著密切的關(guān)系。
1TRPV1受體
TRPV1是瞬時(shí)感受器電位超家族離子通道亞家族TRPV中的成員,TRPV由TRPV1~TRPV6組成。其中TRPV1~TRPV4是非選擇性陽離子通道,能被高溫激活,而TRPV5~TRPV6是單純的高選擇性Ca2+依賴型通道[3]。目前,TRPV1是受到關(guān)注較多的受體之一;該受體主要在周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)元中表達(dá),參與傷害性高溫及痛覺刺激引起的生理反應(yīng)[4]。有研究表明,TRPV1受體在皮膚角膜、膀胱、肺、呼吸道也有表達(dá)[5-6]。高溫及一些內(nèi)源性、外源性配體能夠激活TRPV1受體,并參與降溫及一些其他的生理反應(yīng)。具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用的辣椒堿則是作為外源性配體激活TRPV1受體從而在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮其藥效。
2辣椒堿介導(dǎo)TRPV1受體作用機(jī)制
2.1鎮(zhèn)痛機(jī)制TRPV1又稱辣椒堿受體,參與人體的溫覺感受[7],廣泛分布于大鼠及人的腦細(xì)胞中[8]。選擇特定的核糖核酸探針對(duì)大鼠腦細(xì)胞中TRPV1的表達(dá)進(jìn)行探測(cè),經(jīng)反轉(zhuǎn)錄-聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RT-PCR)證實(shí),TRPV1在皮質(zhì)、海馬、紋狀體、下丘腦、小腦等都有表達(dá)。Giordano C[9]在實(shí)驗(yàn)中證明了TRPV1參與痛覺感受,神經(jīng)痛引起前額葉皮層和下邊緣皮層活動(dòng)改變,谷氨酸纖維通過基底外側(cè)杏仁核、內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(mPFC)神經(jīng)元增強(qiáng)TRPV1興奮性,隨后谷氨酸在細(xì)胞外的水平增加,這有助于對(duì)有害刺激的處理。
辣椒堿競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制TRPV1活性,從而使節(jié)前纖維對(duì)各種刺激,如物理刺激、內(nèi)源性、外源性化學(xué)刺激以及炎癥因子刺激均無應(yīng)答[10]。從分子學(xué)水平上說辣椒堿導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞外鈣依賴性受體蛋白構(gòu)型發(fā)生變化,鈣通道關(guān)閉使刺激無應(yīng)答[11]。一定濃度的辣椒堿激活TRPV1,使其釋放感覺神經(jīng)肽[12],辣椒堿通過阻斷P物質(zhì)和感覺神經(jīng)元內(nèi)生長抑制激素的軸漿運(yùn)輸而阻止神經(jīng)肽恢復(fù),由此神經(jīng)肽被消耗而濃度下降,從而達(dá)到緩解疼痛效果。辣椒堿不單是通過耗盡神經(jīng)肽物質(zhì),而是通過一系列機(jī)制導(dǎo)致痛覺纖維的功能喪失(功能喪失包括膜電位下降、神經(jīng)肽耗盡、無法運(yùn)送神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子、表皮和真皮神經(jīng)纖維末端可逆收縮)。TRPV1刺激傳入神經(jīng)導(dǎo)致的機(jī)能喪失致使整個(gè)神經(jīng)元長期功能和表型改建。然而,辣椒堿能損傷感覺神經(jīng),反復(fù)局部用藥會(huì)引起皮膚自主神經(jīng)纖維退化,對(duì)痛覺敏感程度下降[13]。
2.2抗癌機(jī)制最近一系列研究結(jié)果顯示,辣椒堿激活TRPV1使細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度增加,一定程度上也加速了腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡。
Han Bai等[14]采用注射蛙皮素方法誘導(dǎo)小鼠發(fā)生慢性胰腺炎和胰腺上皮內(nèi)腫瘤病變,根據(jù)炎細(xì)胞浸潤、間質(zhì)纖維化以及腺泡極性損失等指標(biāo)判斷小鼠感染了胰腺炎,進(jìn)一步發(fā)生胰腺上皮內(nèi)腫瘤病變,當(dāng)以一定劑量辣椒堿處理被誘導(dǎo)小鼠8周后,增殖細(xì)胞核標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞增殖顯著下降,細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶磷酸化得到顯著抑制。由此得出辣椒堿通過抑制胰腺炎、K-ras基因突變達(dá)到了預(yù)防胰腺癌的效果。
辣椒堿能誘導(dǎo)胰腺癌[15]、骨瘤細(xì)胞癌[16]、膀胱癌[17]、膽管癌[18]等癌細(xì)胞凋亡,抗癌效果明顯。在辣椒堿誘導(dǎo)小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞(SCLC)凋亡的實(shí)驗(yàn)中表明[19],辣椒堿對(duì)SCLC促凋亡作用不是受辣椒堿受體TRPV1支配,而是由TRPV6介導(dǎo)的。在這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),正常肺細(xì)胞中TRPV6表達(dá)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于SCLC中TRPV6表達(dá),因此辣椒堿通過激活TRPV6而誘導(dǎo)的肺癌細(xì)胞凋亡機(jī)制對(duì)正常細(xì)胞損傷程度極低,更有利于臨床上小細(xì)胞肺癌的治療。
線粒體是細(xì)胞凋亡的控制中心。線粒體膜電位降低,外膜通透性變高釋放細(xì)胞色素C,細(xì)胞色素C在dATP存在下與凋亡相關(guān)因子(Apaf)結(jié)合,形成多聚體后與caspase-9結(jié)合成凋亡小體,進(jìn)而激活caspase-3誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。線粒體還能釋放一些凋亡誘導(dǎo)因子,如AIF,參與細(xì)胞凋亡。辣椒堿作為抗腫瘤藥物的作用機(jī)制是通過作用于線粒體,促使人咽鱗癌細(xì)胞[20]、肝癌細(xì)胞[21]、結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞[22]、乳腺癌細(xì)胞[23]的生長周期停滯于G1、G2期,進(jìn)而抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。此外,Kathleen C. Brown等[24]在研究以辣椒堿對(duì)抗人小細(xì)胞肺癌的增殖實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),辣椒堿抗增殖活性與蛋白質(zhì)內(nèi)E2F轉(zhuǎn)錄因子、細(xì)胞周期蛋白質(zhì)E表達(dá)能力下降有關(guān)。
2.3減肥機(jī)制肥胖是近年來威脅人類健康的巨大隱患。2008年Arianne L. Motter等[25]對(duì)TRPV1缺失的小鼠及正常小鼠飼喂高脂飼料,顯示TRPV1缺失小鼠的脂肪新陳代謝速率明顯高于正常小鼠,對(duì)TRPV1敏感的神經(jīng)可能與調(diào)節(jié)脂肪代謝有關(guān)。Yu Q等[26]在研究辣椒堿對(duì)兔子(與人類TRPV1基因序列更接近)肥胖抑制作用中發(fā)現(xiàn),食用辣椒堿可以減少飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖發(fā)生。Leung F W[27]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)服用辣椒堿可以增加脂聯(lián)素及其受體的表達(dá),從而降低肥胖大鼠的代謝異常。TRPV1在脂肪組織和373-L1脂肪細(xì)胞中都有表達(dá),TRPV1受體能通過抑制前脂肪細(xì)胞向成熟細(xì)胞分化,負(fù)向調(diào)控脂肪細(xì)胞分化成熟從而阻止脂肪的生成。
2.4其他藥理活性機(jī)制TRPV1分布在心肌血管靠近心外膜[28]和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞[29]的感覺神經(jīng)中。當(dāng)心肌回血量下降會(huì)激動(dòng)TRPV1釋放活性氧自由基,TRPV1通過神經(jīng)肽的釋放在血流血壓中起調(diào)節(jié)作用。血管舒張是由神經(jīng)元和TRPV1激動(dòng)引起的血管效應(yīng)機(jī)制共同作用的結(jié)果,感覺神經(jīng)中TRPV1激動(dòng),釋放降血鈣素基因肽(CGRP),引起血管舒張。就血管機(jī)制而言,激動(dòng)TRPV1導(dǎo)致蛋白激酶A和上皮細(xì)胞一氧化氮合酶釋放,從而釋放一氧化氮,使血管舒張[30]。研究顯示[31],TRPV1參與心肌梗死引發(fā)的胸部刺痛,對(duì)非缺血性心臟傷害有保護(hù)作用。
E. Ternesten-Hasseus等[32]在一組臨床試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),服用辣椒堿可減輕環(huán)境刺激引起的慢性咳嗽,且該結(jié)果具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,然而其作用機(jī)制尚在研究中,可能是由辣椒堿激活TRPV1通道引起的。
3辣椒堿類似物
CH-19甜在美國和日本以天然辣椒素酯命名,含有天然辣椒素酯類物質(zhì)DHC約20%。Sasahara I等[33]通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,CH-19甜中所含辣椒素酯(CST)、二氫辣椒素酯(DTC)、降二氫辣椒素酯(NDTC)與辣椒堿中所含該類物質(zhì)具有相似的生物學(xué)效價(jià),且對(duì)小鼠眼部、內(nèi)臟幾乎無毒性作用。灌胃CH-19甜可增加小鼠耗氧量,提高能量脂肪氧化。
4展望
目前,多項(xiàng)研究表明,辣椒堿在臨床方面有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,然而這些發(fā)現(xiàn)尚處于起步階段。辣椒堿在腎結(jié)石所引起的疼痛、痛風(fēng)、緊張性頭痛等方面的應(yīng)用還需要進(jìn)一步研究,現(xiàn)已報(bào)道文獻(xiàn)中缺乏安全性和臨床應(yīng)用方面的審查。辣椒堿因其低親和力、高親脂性、弱效力使其在臨床應(yīng)用方面受到限制。辣椒堿具有強(qiáng)烈的灼燒感,病人順應(yīng)性差。若將辣椒堿封裝在脂質(zhì)體[34]內(nèi)制成微囊或采用電離子導(dǎo)入法,可避免其灼熱刺激。將納米技術(shù)應(yīng)用于辣椒堿緩釋制劑的制備,或?qū)⒓{米辣椒堿聯(lián)合其他藥物如抗癌藥物,可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)抗癌藥物的治療效果。
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Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of capsaicin′s pharmacological effect
WANG Rongyan,CHEN Chaojun*,WU Shikui,GAO Lina,ZHOU Nan(College of Phanmacy, Inner Mongonlia Medical University,Hohhot 010110,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo review the recent pharmacological action and phamacokinetics researches of capsaicin both domestic and abroad. MethodsRecent literatures were summarized and analyzed. ResultCapsaicin has the analgesic,anti-cancer,cardiovascular protective and reducing fat effect. Recent studies found that capsaicin receptor TRPV1 plays a key role in its pharmacological effects. ConclusionIt is anticipated that capsaicin has great prospects for new drugs development in anticancer and cardiovascular protection.
Key words:capsaicin;anti-cancer;cardiovascular protection;pharmacological effects
收稿日期:(2015-04-20)
通信作者:*陳朝軍,女,教授
作者簡(jiǎn)介:王榮雁,女,在讀碩士研究生
中圖分類號(hào):R965
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1004-2407(2016)01-0108-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2407.2016.01.034