李歡劉晨喬月華,3于寧
1徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)
2解放軍總醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科 耳鼻咽喉研究所
3徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科
·噪聲性聾專輯·
高壓氧治療噪聲性耳聾的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究
李歡1劉晨2喬月華1,3于寧2
1徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)
2解放軍總醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科 耳鼻咽喉研究所
3徐州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉頭頸外科
目的通過探討高壓氧治療噪聲性耳聾的時(shí)間點(diǎn)和療效的關(guān)系,為臨床應(yīng)用提供參考。方法取清潔級(jí)健康白色紅目、ABR閾值正常的豚鼠50只,雌雄不限,體重250~300g。隨機(jī)分成3組,空白對(duì)照組、噪聲組、噪聲+高壓氧治療組(壓力為2ATA,療程10天),分別于噪聲暴露后即刻、7天后、14天后給予高壓氧治療。另取5只作為噪聲暴露后即刻取材組。給予脈沖噪聲(壓力峰值142dB SPL,脈寬0.25ms)連續(xù)暴露100次。于脈沖噪聲暴露前、暴露后即刻及高壓氧治療2次后、治療6次后、治療10次后測(cè)聽性腦干反應(yīng)(ABR)。治療結(jié)束后通過對(duì)炎癥因子及氧自由基的測(cè)定觀察耳蝸的代謝變化。結(jié)果與噪聲組相比,噪聲暴露后即刻高壓氧治療可以減輕16 kHz的ABR閾值,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。噪聲暴露7天后給予高壓氧治療在click、4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz上的ABR閾值比噪聲組低(P<0.05)。噪聲暴露14天后給予高壓氧治療在各頻率上與噪聲組相比,均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,甚至在click、4kHz時(shí)高壓氧治療組ABR閾值高于噪聲組。噪聲+高壓氧治療組的8-OHdG、TNF-α、IL-1β含量較噪聲組低(P<0.05),噪聲+高壓氧治療組的HIF-1α含量雖較噪聲組低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論高壓氧在治療噪聲性耳聾方面有顯著效果,噪聲暴露7天后給予高壓氧治療效果最好,噪聲暴露14天后不但效果差,有的甚至有不利影響。
高壓氧;噪聲性耳聾;治療
Financial funds:This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(# 2012CB967900 and#2014CB943002),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(#81271081,#81528005,#81470700 and# 81470684),theArmy Noise Project(JDZYY20132、BWS14J045、2014ZX09J14101-06C)
Declaration of interest:The authors report no conflicts of interest.
據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織報(bào)道有11億的青少年和青壯年由于不安全的使用個(gè)人音頻設(shè)備和暴露在嘈雜的娛樂場(chǎng)所面臨聽力下降的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1]。噪聲性耳聾是由強(qiáng)噪聲刺激引起內(nèi)耳毛細(xì)胞損傷后所產(chǎn)生的一種感音神經(jīng)性耳聾,目前有機(jī)械性損傷和代謝性損傷學(xué)說兩種機(jī)制。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)噪聲可以引起耳蝸組織缺氧、缺血,產(chǎn)生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)與活性氮(reactive nitrogen species,RNS),在直接破壞內(nèi)耳細(xì)胞DNA的同時(shí),還可啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生[2],從而使聽力下降甚至喪失。高壓氧在臨床廣泛應(yīng)用,能夠通過顯著提高組織血液的氧分壓及血氧含量,增加血氧彌散距離,從而改善內(nèi)耳聽器的缺氧環(huán)境,恢復(fù)內(nèi)耳聽器的功能[3]。目前關(guān)于噪聲性耳聾的高壓氧治療的研究雖較多[3-4],但關(guān)于干預(yù)時(shí)機(jī)的選擇尚無統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過高壓氧治療噪聲性聽力損失后聽力學(xué)的變化和分子機(jī)制的研究,探討高壓氧在噪聲性耳聾治療中的應(yīng)用,為臨床治療噪聲性耳聾提供直接依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
SPF級(jí)健康白色紅目、耳廓反射靈敏、ABR閾值正常的Hartley豚鼠50只,體重250~300g,雌雄不限,購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑
8-羥基脫氧鳥苷(8-OHdG)酶聯(lián)免疫檢測(cè)試劑盒;腫瘤壞死因子-α酶聯(lián)免疫檢測(cè)試劑盒(TNF-α);白細(xì)胞介素-1β酶聯(lián)免疫檢測(cè)試劑盒(IL-1β);低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α酶聯(lián)免疫檢測(cè)試劑盒(HIF-1α)。
1.3 動(dòng)物分組
隨機(jī)分成3組,空白對(duì)照組(A組)15只、噪聲組(B組)15只、噪聲+高壓氧治療組(C組)15只,每組再隨機(jī)分成3小組,分別為噪聲暴露后即刻組(即A1組、B1組、C1組),噪聲暴露后7天組(即A2組、B2組、C2組),噪聲暴露后14天組(即A3組、B3組、C3組),每小組5只,另取5只作為噪聲暴露后即刻取材組D組。
1.4 噪聲暴露
將清醒狀態(tài)的豚鼠固定于特制的籠內(nèi),放在專用的消聲室自由聲場(chǎng)中,揚(yáng)聲器置于動(dòng)物頭前方水平位,距離豚鼠雙耳約2cm,給予壓力峰值為142dB SPL,脈寬為0.25ms的脈沖噪聲,連續(xù)暴露100次。
1.5 高壓氧治療(Hyperbaric oxygen therapy,HBOT)
C1組于噪聲暴露后即刻、C2組于噪聲暴露后第7天、C3于噪聲暴露后第14天分別開始給予高壓氧治療,采用NG90-ⅢB單人醫(yī)用高壓氧艙,壓力為2ATA,升壓、穩(wěn)壓、降壓時(shí)間分別為15min、60min、15min,總用時(shí)為90min,每天1次,療程為10天。
1.6 聽力檢測(cè)
于脈沖噪聲暴露前、暴露后即刻、高壓氧治療2次后、治療6次后、治療10次后測(cè)試聽性腦干反應(yīng)(ABR)閾值。測(cè)試采用美國(guó)TDT系統(tǒng),在隔聲屏蔽室內(nèi)將清醒狀態(tài)的豚鼠固定于特制的裝置中,使用針式電極,記錄電極置于顱頂正中皮下,參考電極置于測(cè)試耳耳廓皮下,接地電極置于對(duì)側(cè)耳耳廓皮下,采用短聲(click)、短純音(Tone Burst)4000Hz、8000Hz、16000Hz、32000Hz為刺激聲,每次刺激1024次,以能分辨出可重復(fù)的ABR波Ⅲ的最低刺激強(qiáng)度來判斷閾值。
1.7 酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定試劑盒(Elisa試劑盒)測(cè)定耳蝸組織中8-OHdG、TNF-α、IL-1β、HIF-1α的水平
高壓氧治療結(jié)束并測(cè)試完ABR閾值后,A1、B1、C1、D組中分別取5只動(dòng)物,D組噪聲暴露后即刻進(jìn)行,10%水合氯醛(0.4mL/100g)腹腔注射麻醉,斷頭后取出雙耳聽泡,分離出耳蝸,放入預(yù)冷生理鹽水中,冰浴下在解剖顯微鏡下去除骨性蝸殼,在基底部斷窩軸,取蝸殼內(nèi)所有組織,放入2mL EP管中,1只豚鼠的2個(gè)耳蝸組織作為1個(gè)標(biāo)本,操作過程需迅速,最好控制在3分鐘之內(nèi),稱重后,以標(biāo)本重量g:生理鹽水體積mL=1:9的比例,加入相應(yīng)體積的生理鹽水,冰浴下用一次性研磨杵研磨,研磨充分后,放入離心機(jī)中,4℃、9000G離心20分鐘,取上清,放入-80℃冰箱中備用。8-OHdG、TNF-α、IL-1β、HIF-1α含量的測(cè)定方法按照Elisa試劑盒的說明書進(jìn)行。
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1 聽力檢測(cè)結(jié)果
脈沖噪聲暴露前,各組的ABR閾值基本相同,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,噪聲組與噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值均較空白對(duì)照組的閾值高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而噪聲組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組之間的ABR閾值的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與噪聲組相比,噪聲暴露后即刻高壓氧治療可以減輕16 kHz的ABR閾值,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05(F=6.721,P=0.018),噪聲暴露7天后給予高壓氧治療在click、4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz上的ABR閾值比噪聲組低,P<0.05(F=6.453,P= 0.021;F=12.393,P=0.002;F=12.827,P=0.002;F= 8.627,P=0.009),其中在4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz上的ABR閾值與噪聲組相比,差異有顯著的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),噪聲暴露14天后給予高壓氧治療在各頻率上與噪聲組相比,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,甚至在click、4kHz時(shí)高壓氧治療組ABR閾值高于噪聲組。在高壓氧治療開始后,比較各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的ABR閾值結(jié)果,噪聲暴露后即刻組中,在頻率為16 kHz時(shí),高壓氧治療2次后、6次后、10次后噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值均較噪聲組低(P<0.05);噪聲暴露后7天組中,在給予click、4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz聲音時(shí),高壓氧治療2次后、6次后、10次后噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值明顯低于噪聲組(P<0.01),在給予32 kHz聲音時(shí),高壓氧治療10次后噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值低于噪聲組(P<0.05);噪聲暴露后14天組中,各頻率在高壓氧治療后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的ABR閾值噪聲+高壓氧治療組與噪聲組之間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。(見圖1-圖3)
圖1 噪聲暴露后即刻組各組豚鼠ABR閾值的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露前,各組的ABR閾值正常,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,噪聲組與噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值均較空白對(duì)照組的閾值高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而噪聲組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組之間的ABR閾值的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與噪聲組相比,噪聲暴露后即刻高壓氧治療可以減輕16 kHz的ABR閾值,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P<0.05(F= 6.721,P=0.018),在頻率為16 kHz時(shí),高壓氧治療2次后、6次后、10次后噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值均較噪聲組低(P<0.05)。注:**P<0.01:vs.空白對(duì)照組;#P<0.05,##P<0.01:噪聲+高壓氧治療組vs.噪聲組。n=10耳Fig.1 Comparison of ABR thresholds for guinea pigs in each group in the group of immediately after exposure to noise.The threshold of ABR was normal before exposure to pulse noise, and there was no significant difference among the groups(P>0.05),The ABR thresholds of the noise group and the noise+ HBOT group were higher than those of the control group at the moment of impulse noise exposure(P<0.01),but between the noise group and the noise+HBOT therapy group The difference of ABR threshold was not significant(P>0.05).Compared with the noise group,hyperbaric oxygen therapy immediately after exposure to noise can reduce the ABR threshold of 16 kHz,the difference was statistically significant,P<0.05(F=6.721,P= 0.018).At the frequency of 16 kHz,the ABR thresholds of the noise+HBOT group were lower than those of the noise group after 2 times,6 times,and 10 times of hyperbaric oxygen therapy(P<0.05).Note:**P<0.01:vs.control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01:noise+HBOT group vs.noise group.n=10ears
圖2 噪聲暴露后7天組各組豚鼠ABR閾值的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露前,各組的ABR閾值正常,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,噪聲組與噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值均較空白對(duì)照組的閾值高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而噪聲組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組之間的ABR閾值的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與噪聲組相比,噪聲暴露7天后給予高壓氧治療在click、4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz上的ABR閾值比噪聲組低,P<0.05(F=6.453,P=0.021;F=12.393,P=0.002;F= 12.827,P=0.002;F=8.627,P=0.009),在給予click、4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz聲音時(shí),高壓氧治療2次后、6次后、10次后噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值明顯低于噪聲組(P<0.01),在給予32 kHz聲音時(shí),高壓氧治療10次后噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值低于噪聲組(P<0.05)。注:**P<0.01:vs.空白對(duì)照組;#P<0.05,##P<0.01:噪聲+高壓氧治療組vs.噪聲組。n=10耳Fig.2 Comparison of ABR thresholds for guinea pigs in each group in the group of 7 days after noise exposure.The threshold of ABR was normal before exposure to pulse noise,and there was no significant difference among the groups(P>0.05),The ABR thresholds of the noise group and the noise+HBOT group were higher than those of the control group at the moment of impulse noise exposure(P<0.01),but between the noise group and the noise+HBOT therapy group The difference of ABR threshold was not significant(P>0.05).Compared with the noise group,the ABR thresholds of the guinea pigs at click、4kHz、8 kHz、16 kHz which were given the hyperbaric oxygen therapy at 7 days after noise exposure were lower than that of the noise group,P<0.05(F=6.453,P=0.021;F=12.393,P=0.002;F=12.827,P=0.002;F=8.627,P=0.009).The thresholds of ABR in noise+HBOT group were significantly lower than those in the noise group after 2 times,6 times,and 10 times of hyperbaric oxygen therapy at click,4 kHz,8 kHz,16 kHz(P<0.01).At the frequency of 32 kHz,The ABR threshold of the noise+HBOT group after 10 times of hyperbaric oxygen therapy was lower than that of the noise group(P<0.05).Note:**P<0.01:vs.control group;#P<0.05,##P<0.01:noise+HBOT group vs.noise group.n=10ears
圖3 噪聲暴露后14天組各組豚鼠ABR閾值的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露前,各組的ABR閾值正常,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,噪聲組與噪聲+高壓氧治療組的ABR閾值均較空白對(duì)照組的閾值高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),而噪聲組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組之間的ABR閾值的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。噪聲暴露14天后給予高壓氧治療在各頻率上與噪聲組相比,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),各頻率在高壓氧治療后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的ABR閾值噪聲+高壓氧治療組與噪聲組之間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。注:**P<0.01:vs空白對(duì)照組。n=10耳Fig.3 Comparison of ABR thresholds for guinea pigs in each group in the group of 14 days after noise exposure.The threshold of ABR was normal before exposure to pulse noise,and there was no significant difference among the groups(P>0.05), The ABR thresholds of the noise group and the noise+HBOT group were higher than those of the control group at the moment of impulse noise exposure(P<0.01),but between the noise group and the noise+HBOT therapy group The difference of ABR threshold was not significant(P>0.05).Given the hyperbaric oxygen therapy at 14 days after noise exposure, there was no significant difference in all frequency between the noise+HBOT group and the noise group(P>0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in ABR threshold between noise+HBOT group and noise group at each time point after hyperbaric oxygen therapy in each frequency(P>0.05).Note:** P<0.01:vs.control group.n=10ears
2.2 耳蝸內(nèi)細(xì)胞因子測(cè)定結(jié)果
噪聲暴露后即刻,耳蝸組織中的8-OHdG較空白對(duì)照組增加,P<0.05(P=0.029),噪聲組8-OHdG的含量高于空白對(duì)照組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組,P<0.05(P=0.033;P=0.039),空白對(duì)照組與噪聲+高壓氧治療組之間的8-OHdG含量基本相同,無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。(見圖4)
圖4 脈沖噪聲前后各組豚鼠耳蝸組織中8-OHdG含量的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中8-OHdG含量增加,P<0.05(P=0.029),噪聲組8-OHdG的含量高于空白對(duì)照組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組,P<0.05(P=0.033;P=0.039)。注:A1組:空白對(duì)照組;D組:噪聲暴露后即刻取材組;C1組:噪聲+高壓氧治療組(噪聲暴露后即刻);B1組:噪聲組;*P<0.05 VS A1組;#P<0.05 D組VS C1組;△P<0.05 C1組VS B1組。n=5Fig.4 Comparison of 8-OHdG levels in the cochlea of guinea pigs before and after impulse noise.The content of 8-OHdG in the cochlea of guinea pigs was increased immediately after the impulse noise exposure,P<0.05(P=0.029),The content of 8-OHdG in the noise group was higher than that in the control group and noise+HBOT group,P<0.05(P=0.033;P=0.039). Note:A1 group:Control group;D group:Drawn the materials from guinea pigs Immediately after exposure to noise;C1 group:Noise+HBOT group(immediately after noise exposure);B1 group:Noise group;*P<0.05 VS A1 group;#P<0.05 D group VS C1 group;△P<0.05 C1 group VS B1 group.n=5
脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中IL-1β的含量較空白對(duì)照組明顯增高,P<0.01(P=0.001),噪聲組IL-1β的含量明顯高于空白對(duì)照組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組,P<0.01(P=0.005;P=0.001)。噪聲+高壓氧治療組IL-1β的含量低于空白對(duì)照組,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。(見圖5)
圖5 脈沖噪聲前后各組豚鼠耳蝸組織中IL-1β含量的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中IL-1β含量明顯增加,P<0.01(P=0.001),噪聲組IL-1β的含量明顯高于空白對(duì)照組和噪聲+高壓氧治療組,P<0.01(P=0.005;P=0.001)。注:A1組:空白對(duì)照組;D組:噪聲暴露后即刻取材組;C1組:噪聲+高壓氧治療組(噪聲暴露后即刻);B1組:噪聲組;**P<0.01 VS A1組;##P<0.01 D組VS C1組;△△P<0.01 C1組VS B1組。n=5Fig.5 Comparison of the levels of IL-1β in the cochlea of guinea pigs before and after impulse noise.Immediately after exposure to impulse noise,the concentration of IL-1β in the cochlea of guinea pigs was significantly increased,P<0.01(P=0.001). The content of IL-1β in the noise group was significantly higher than that in the control group and noise+HBOT group,P<0.01(P=0.005;P=0.001).Note:A1 group:Control group;D group: Drawn the materials from guinea pigs Immediately after exposure to noise;C1 group:Noise+HBOT group(immediately after noise exposure);B1 group:Noise group;**P<0.01 VS A1 group;##P<0.01 D group VS C1 group;△△P<0.01 C1 group VS B1 group.n=5
脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中TNF-α的含量較空白對(duì)照組增高,P<0.05(P=0.015),噪聲+高壓氧治療組TNF-α的含量低于噪聲組,P<0.05(P= 0.042)。噪聲+高壓氧治療組TNF-α的含量低于空白對(duì)照組,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。(見圖6)
圖6 脈沖噪聲前后各組豚鼠耳蝸組織中TNF-α含量的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中TNF-α含量增加,P<0.05(P=0.015),噪聲組TNF-α的含量高于噪聲+高壓氧治療組,P<0.05(P=0.042)。注:A1組:空白對(duì)照組;D組:噪聲暴露后即刻取材組;C1組:噪聲+高壓氧治療組(噪聲暴露后即刻);B1組:噪聲組;*P<0.05 VS A1組;#P<0.05 D組VS C1組;△P<0.05 C1組VS B1組。n=5
脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中HIF-1α的含量較空白對(duì)照組增高,P<0.05(P=0.031),噪聲組HIF-1α的含量高于空白對(duì)照組,P<0.05(P=0.03),噪聲組HIF-1α的含量高于噪聲+高壓氧治療組,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。噪聲+高壓氧治療組HIF-1α的含量高于空白對(duì)照組,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。(見圖7)
圖7 脈沖噪聲前后各組豚鼠耳蝸組織中HIF-1α含量的比較。脈沖噪聲暴露后即刻,豚鼠耳蝸組織中HIF-1α含量增加,P<0.05(P=0.031),噪聲組HIF-1α的含量高于空白對(duì)照組,P<0.05(P=0.03),噪聲+高壓氧治療組的HIF-1α含量比噪聲組低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。注:A1組:空白對(duì)照組;D組:噪聲暴露后即刻取材組;C1組:噪聲+高壓氧治療組(噪聲暴露后即刻);B1組:噪聲組;*P<0.05 VS A1組。n=5Fig.7 Comparison of HIF-1α levels in the cochlea of guinea pigs before and after impulse noise.The content of HIF-1αin the cochlea of guinea pigs was increased immediately after the impulse noise exposure,P<0.05(P=0.031),The content of HIF-1αin the noise group was higher than that in the control group,P<0.05(P=0.03).The level of HIF-1α in the noise+ HBOT group was lower than that in the noise group,but there was no statistical significance.Note:A1 group:Control group; D group:Drawn the materials from guinea pigs Immediately after exposure to noise;C1 group:Noise+HBOT group(immediately after noise exposure);B1 group:Noise group;*P<0.05 VSA1 group.n=5
強(qiáng)脈沖噪聲引起的噪聲性耳聾的致病機(jī)制[2,5,6]主要為機(jī)械性損傷學(xué)說以及繼發(fā)的代謝性損傷學(xué)說。強(qiáng)脈沖噪聲首先引起毛細(xì)胞損傷或缺失,纖毛倒伏,支持細(xì)胞損傷,血管破裂,聽神經(jīng)損傷等機(jī)械性損傷,導(dǎo)致耳蝸組織內(nèi)缺血、缺氧,產(chǎn)生大量的ROS與RNS,破壞耳蝸內(nèi)的酶代謝平衡以及離子濃度的穩(wěn)定,引起耳蝸內(nèi)的細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞核內(nèi)的DNA損傷,啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生,也能引起促炎細(xì)胞因子的釋放,從而使聽力下降甚至喪失。
8-OHdG是DNA損傷的標(biāo)志物,Kurioka等[7]的研究表明在豚鼠中8-OHdG的免疫反應(yīng)性在噪聲暴露后5h最強(qiáng)。TNF-α、IL-1β是參與炎癥反應(yīng)的主要細(xì)胞因子,F(xiàn)ujioka等[8]的研究顯示IL-6和IL-1β在噪聲暴露后的第3小時(shí)增加并在24小時(shí)內(nèi)下降至基線水平。在TNF-α中也觀察到類似的趨勢(shì)。Arslan等[9]研究結(jié)果表明HBOT-3小時(shí)組的IL-1β水平顯著高于噪聲組、地塞米松組和HBOT-24小時(shí)組(P<0.05);在3個(gè)治療組,噪聲組和對(duì)照組中,TNF-α沒有顯著差異(P>0.05)。HIF-1α是反應(yīng)體內(nèi)低氧情況的指標(biāo),氧濃度的降低可以誘導(dǎo)HIF-1α的表達(dá)。本文中主要檢測(cè)了以上這四種物質(zhì)在各組中的含量,噪聲暴露后即刻,耳蝸組織中這四種物質(zhì)均增多(P<0.05),給予高壓氧治療后,8-OHdG、TNF-α、IL-1β的含量較噪聲組低(P<0.05),HIF-1α含量雖較噪聲組低,但無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。綜合以上結(jié)果,可以看出,高壓氧治療噪聲性耳聾的機(jī)制與減少DNA損傷、減輕炎癥反應(yīng)及改善缺氧情況有關(guān)。
高壓氧治療噪聲性耳聾的效果及開始干預(yù)的時(shí)機(jī)目前仍存在很大爭(zhēng)議,尚無公認(rèn)的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Co?lombari等[10]的研究表明,噪聲暴露后即刻給予高壓氧治療,ABR閾值與對(duì)照組相比無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但可減少外毛細(xì)胞的損傷。Lamm等[11]的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示在噪聲暴露后1h給予高壓氧治療更有效。Kuok?kanen等[12]提到HBOT在聲創(chuàng)傷后2-3h開始給予有有益的效果。但也有部分研究有相反的結(jié)果,如Ca?kir等[13]的研究顯示在給予高壓氧治療10d后,對(duì)照組和6h治療組、24h治療組、48h治療組的信噪比均恢復(fù)到噪聲暴露前水平而噪聲暴露后1h治療組和噪聲暴露后2h治療組未完全恢復(fù)。另一項(xiàng)研究也顯示HBOT-24小時(shí)組的ABR閾值顯著低于HBOT-3小時(shí)組,噪聲暴露后3h給予HBOT不但沒有益處,反而有害[9]。本文中主要選取了三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)給予高壓氧治療,從結(jié)果看,與噪聲組相比,噪聲暴露后即刻給予高壓氧治療可以減輕16 kHz的ABR閾值,有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。噪聲暴露7天后給予高壓氧治療除了32kHz外,其余各頻率ABR閾值均較噪聲組低(P<0.05)。噪聲暴露14天后給予高壓氧治療在各頻率上與噪聲組相比,均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,甚至在click、4kHz時(shí)高壓氧治療組ABR閾值高于噪聲組。高壓氧在治療噪聲性耳聾方面有顯著效果,噪聲暴露7天后給予高壓氧治療效果最好,噪聲暴露14天后不但效果差,有的甚至有不利影響。有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,在噪聲暴露后7-10天是自由基產(chǎn)生的高峰期,有時(shí)自由基的產(chǎn)生甚至可持續(xù)到14天[14]。這很好的解釋了本實(shí)驗(yàn)的測(cè)聽結(jié)果,噪聲暴露后即刻給予高壓氧治療,雖有一定效果,但不理想,可能與豚鼠處于損傷的急性期,體內(nèi)的酶代謝失衡,有害物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生過多,高壓氧雖可改善體內(nèi)缺氧情況,但高壓也可使一些損傷血管閉合,造成血管阻塞,形成血栓,妨礙聽力的恢復(fù)。噪聲暴露后7天給予高壓氧治療,此時(shí)正處于自由基產(chǎn)生的高峰期,高壓氧治療可以有效地減少這些自由基的產(chǎn)生,減輕繼發(fā)的代謝性損傷,從而改善聽力。噪聲暴露后14天給予高壓氧治療,此時(shí)機(jī)械性損傷以及繼發(fā)的代謝性損傷已經(jīng)形成,高壓氧治療效果不佳。
高壓氧治療有一定的副作用,如中耳壓力失衡[15],咽鼓管功能障礙[16],耳部或竇性氣壓性損傷[17],某種程度的幽閉性焦慮[15、17]等。在臨床中,應(yīng)該給予患者正確的治療指導(dǎo)以及相應(yīng)的心理干預(yù),以減少副作用的發(fā)生,應(yīng)該綜合考慮患者情況,合理應(yīng)用這一治療方法。
本文研究了不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)給予高壓氧治療后聽力的恢復(fù)情況,為臨床上使用高壓氧治療噪聲性耳聾的干預(yù)時(shí)機(jī)提供了參考。
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An experimental study on hyperbaric oxygen therapy for noise-induced hearing loss
LI Huan1,LIU Chen2,QIAO Yuehua1,3,YU Ning2
1 Xuzhou Medical University
2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Chinese PLA General Hospital&Ear Institute
3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Corresponding author:QIAO Yuehua Email:oto8558@163.com
ObjectiveTo study the timing and efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy(HBOT)in treating noise-induced hearing loss,for potential translation to clinical applications.MethodsFifty healthy guinea pigs with normal ABR thresholds,weighing 250-300 g were used.Forty five guinea pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups,i.e.control,noise exposure,noise+hyperbaric oxygen therapy(2ATA,10 days)groups.HBOT was given immediately,and at 7 and 14 days after noise exposure.The rest five guinea pigs were randomly selected as specimen donors immediately after noise exposure.Impulse noise(peak sound pressure 142 dB SPL,pulse width 0.25 ms)was given at 100 pulses in succession.Auditory brainstem responses(ABRs)were measured before and immediately after exposure,and repeated after two,six and ten sessions of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.At the end of HBOT,changes in cochlear metabolism were measured by levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxygen free radicals.ResultsCompared with the noise exposure group,hyperbaric oxygen therapy immediately after noise exposure led to reduced ABR threshold shifts at 16 kHz(P<0.05).Thresholds of click ABRs and tone bursts ABRs at 4,8,and 16 kHz were better in the hyperbaric oxygen therapy group on Day 7(P<0.05)than those in thenoise exposure only group.There was no significant difference at all tested frequencies between the noise exposure and the hyperbaric oxygen therapy groups on Day 14 day,with click and 4 kHz tone burst ABR thresholds in the hyperbaric oxygen therapy group being somewhat worse than those in the noise exposure group.Levels of 8-OHdG,TNF-α and IL-1β in the hyperbaric oxygen treated group were lower than those in the noise only group(P<0.05).The level of HIF-1α in noise+hyperbaric oxygen treated group was also lower than that in the noise exposure group,but showing no statistical significance. Conclusion HBOT has a significant effect in treating noise-induced hearing loss,showing its best effects on Day 7 following exposure to noise.Its effects are not only poor on Day14 after exposure to noise,but show signs of adverse effects.
Hyperbaric oxygen;Noise-induced hearing loss;Therapy
R764
A
1672-2922(2016)06-740-7
2016-12-09)
10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2016.06.009
本文由國(guó)家973計(jì)劃重大科學(xué)研究計(jì)劃干細(xì)胞項(xiàng)目(2012CB967900與2014CB943002)、國(guó)家自然基金項(xiàng)目(81271081、81528005、81470700與81470684)、軍隊(duì)噪聲項(xiàng)目(JDZYY20132、BWS14J045、2014ZX09J14101-06C)支持完成。
李歡,碩士,研究方向:噪聲性耳聾的防治
李歡和劉晨為并列第一作者
喬月華,Email:oto8558@163.com