茍蕓,黃國(guó)偉,趙亞倩,陳爽,張緒梅
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同型半胱氨酸對(duì)大鼠局灶性腦缺血后血管再生的影響
茍蕓,黃國(guó)偉,趙亞倩,陳爽,張緒梅△
摘要:目的探討同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)對(duì)大鼠局灶性腦缺血后梗死灶周圍區(qū)血管再生的影響,為明確血管再生的抑制因素,促進(jìn)大腦功能恢復(fù)奠定臨床基礎(chǔ)。方法將36只清潔級(jí)(SD)雄性大鼠隨機(jī)分為3組:假手術(shù)組(SO組)、大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞(MCAO)模型組(MCAO組)、MCAO+Hcy組,每組12只,SO組和MCAO組腹腔注射生理鹽水5mL/(kg·d),MCAO+Hcy組腹腔注射2%Hcy溶液5mL/(kg·d),預(yù)干預(yù)7 d后采用線栓法制作MCAO模型,于術(shù)后第7天處死取材,取材前3 d通過(guò)腹腔連續(xù)注射5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)。通過(guò)高效液相色譜(HLPC)法檢測(cè)大鼠血清中Hcy濃度,TTC染色觀察腦組織梗死灶區(qū)面積大小,采用免疫熒光染色法檢測(cè)梗死側(cè)丘腦BrdU+/lamini+細(xì)胞數(shù)目。結(jié)果MCAO+Hcy組大鼠血清Hcy濃度較SO、MCAO組顯著增高,腦組織梗死面積較MCAO組大,丘腦內(nèi)BrdU+/laminin+細(xì)胞數(shù)目較MCAO組減少(P < 0.05)。結(jié)論體內(nèi)Hcy濃度增高可增強(qiáng)腦梗死的損傷程度,并且抑制缺血區(qū)周圍部位的血管再生。
關(guān)鍵詞:腦梗死;疾病模型,動(dòng)物;大鼠, Sprague-Dawley;同型半胱氨酸;血管再生
局灶性腦缺血可引起缺血區(qū)的神經(jīng)病理性損傷,并導(dǎo)致缺血區(qū)周圍繼發(fā)性損傷,進(jìn)而影響神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)[1-2]。腦梗死發(fā)生后除了神經(jīng)病理性改變外,在其預(yù)先存在的腦血管中可以長(zhǎng)出新的毛細(xì)血管,此過(guò)程稱為血管再生,主要包括血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解[3]。一直以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)腦梗死的研究主要集中于局部缺血組織,而近年來(lái),有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血區(qū)周圍組織的繼發(fā)性損傷對(duì)腦梗死后大腦神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)同樣有重要影響,因而缺血區(qū)周圍繼發(fā)性損傷也日益受到重視[4-5]。研究表明,腦缺血可促進(jìn)同側(cè)丘腦神經(jīng)再生和血管再生[6],故相應(yīng)的促進(jìn)血管再生或者消除抑制血管再生的因素有利于腦缺血患者的恢復(fù)。新近發(fā)現(xiàn),血清同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)與腦梗死關(guān)系密切,可能是其新的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[7]。目前Hcy對(duì)腦梗死損傷發(fā)生機(jī)制的研究鮮有報(bào)道。本研究主要討論Hcy對(duì)局灶性腦缺血后血管再生的影響,為研究Hcy引起腦梗死的機(jī)制提供參考。
1.1動(dòng)物分組與預(yù)干預(yù)成年健康雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司[許可證號(hào)為SCXK(京):2014-0008],36只,體質(zhì)量200~220 g。按照體質(zhì)量分層,再用抽簽法將大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(SO組)、大腦中動(dòng)脈閉塞(MCAO)模型組(MCAO組)、MCAO+Hcy組,每組12只。SO組和MCAO組腹腔注射生理鹽水5mL/(kg·d),MCAO+Hcy組腹腔注射2%hcy溶液5mL/(kg·d),預(yù)干預(yù)7 d。
1.2方法
1.2.1MCAO模型的建立采用改良Longa法[8],用10%水合氯醛,以3mL/(kg·d)劑量腹腔注射麻醉,將大鼠仰臥固定于手術(shù)臺(tái)上,于頸部正中切口,分離左側(cè)頸總、頸內(nèi)和頸外動(dòng)脈,結(jié)扎頸總、頸外動(dòng)脈及其分支,在頸總動(dòng)脈分叉處插入栓線深度約20mm,阻斷大腦中動(dòng)脈,隨后以手術(shù)縫線固定栓線和頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈。以手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)左側(cè)Honer征(瞳孔縮小、上眼瞼下垂、眼球內(nèi)陷),右前肢癱瘓;麻醉清醒后,提尾懸空時(shí)右側(cè)前肢內(nèi)收、屈曲,自主運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)身體向右側(cè)傾倒或轉(zhuǎn)圈的大鼠為造模成功。
1.2.2腹腔注射5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶核昔(BrdU)為標(biāo)記新增殖的細(xì)胞,各組大鼠按50mg/(kg·d)劑量于處死前3 d經(jīng)腹腔注射BrdU(Sigma公司,美國(guó)),每日注射1次。
1.2.3高效液相色譜(high performance liquid chromatogra?phy,HPLC)法檢測(cè)血漿Hcy濃度取120 μL血漿和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Hcy溶液,分別加入50 μL 1.43mol/L NaBH4溶液和8 μL正戊醇混勻,于冰上靜置30min;緩慢加入50 μL 0.6mol/L高氯酸,充分混勻,于室溫下靜置10min后13 000 r/min離心10min;取上清25 μL,依次加入5 μL 1.55mol/L NaOH溶液,63 μL 0.125mol/L硼酸鹽緩沖液,25 μL 1 g/L SBD-F溶液,混勻后置于60℃避光振蕩水浴60min,冰浴冷卻后上樣分析。色譜條件:柱溫為室溫,流動(dòng)相為0.08mol/L乙酸-乙酸鈉緩沖液(pH 4.0),流速1mL/min,洗脫時(shí)間40min,上樣量20 μL。熒光檢測(cè)激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)390 nm,發(fā)射波長(zhǎng)470 nm。
1.2.4TTC染色法計(jì)算梗死灶面積百分比各組大鼠取6只于MCAO術(shù)后第7天迅速斷頭取腦,腦組織置于-20℃冷凍30min后,從額極至枕極沿冠狀切成5個(gè)層面,每個(gè)層面的厚度為約2mm,置于2% TTC溶液中,37℃避光孵育30min;再放入4%多聚甲醛中固定過(guò)夜,拍照。采用Image-Pro-Plus 6.0軟件計(jì)算梗死灶體積(V)。V=t×(A1+A2+…+ An),t代表腦片厚度,A代表腦片梗死面積,梗死體積百分比=梗死體積/全腦體積×100%。
1.2.5腦組織石蠟切片制備取各組剩余6只大鼠,于MCAO術(shù)后第7天經(jīng)10%水合氯醛麻醉,通過(guò)心臟灌注生理鹽水120mL,再用4%多聚甲醛灌注100mL,然后取出梗死側(cè)腦組織,于4%多聚甲醛中固定。梯度蔗糖脫水,常規(guī)石蠟包埋。將腦組織以梗死灶為中心冠狀切開(kāi),隔4取1,切片厚度為6 μm。
1.2.6免疫熒光雙標(biāo)記檢測(cè)丘腦血管再生石蠟切片脫蠟至水,PBS(pH 7.4)洗3次后用2mol/LhCl及0.1mol/L硼酸溶液(pH 8.5)預(yù)處理,經(jīng)3%過(guò)氧化氫封閉內(nèi)源性過(guò)氧化物酶和抗原修復(fù)后用山羊血清封閉1h,滴加一抗混合液[兔抗大鼠laminin(1∶100,Abcam公司,美國(guó))和小鼠抗大鼠BrdU (1∶100,Sigma公司,美國(guó))],4℃冰箱孵育過(guò)夜。PBS洗3次后滴加熒光二抗混合液(山羊抗兔FITC 1∶100,山羊抗小鼠TIRTC 1∶100),25℃避光孵育1h,用抗熒光衰減猝滅劑封片。陰性對(duì)照片不加一抗,采用PBS代替,其余步驟相同。熒光倒置顯微鏡(Olympus BX51,日本)拍片,圖像結(jié)果采用Image-Pro-Plus6.0軟件進(jìn)行分析。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料以±s表示,采用單因素方差分析進(jìn)行多組間比較,若組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,則采用SNK- q檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行各組間多重比較。P < 0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1各組Hcy濃度比較HPLC結(jié)果顯示,與SO 組[(11.09±0.46)μmol/L]和MCAO組[(11.52±0.97)μmol/L]相比,MCAO+Hcy組[(17.38±0.47)μmol/L]大鼠血清Hcy濃度顯著增高(n=6,F(xiàn)=162.212,P< 0.05),表明MCAO+Hcy組大鼠體內(nèi)Hcy富集,并形成高同型半胱氨酸血癥。
2.2Hcy對(duì)大鼠腦組織梗死灶的影響經(jīng)TTC染色,SO組腦組織呈紅色,基本沒(méi)有梗死灶(0)。MCAO、MCAO+Hcy組梗死側(cè)腦組織皮質(zhì)區(qū)可見(jiàn)明顯白色梗死灶,見(jiàn)圖1。MCAO+Hcy組梗死體積百分比為31.51%±0.98%,大于MCAO組的14.16%± 1.01%(n=6,F(xiàn)=2 256.778,P < 0.05)。
2.3Hcy對(duì)梗死側(cè)丘腦血管再生的影響結(jié)果顯示,正常大腦丘腦內(nèi)BrdU+/laminin+細(xì)胞數(shù)較少(1.83±0.41),只有少量的新生血管。在MCAO術(shù)后第7天,MCAO+Hcy組梗死側(cè)丘腦內(nèi)BrdU+/laminin+細(xì)胞數(shù)目(1.00±0.00)較MCAO組(13.33±0.48)顯著減少(n=6,F(xiàn)=235.367,P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖2。
Hcy是蛋氨酸代謝過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重要中間產(chǎn)物。大量研究表明,體內(nèi)Hcy濃度過(guò)高不僅可致動(dòng)脈硬化,容易引起心腦血管疾病[9],而且還與阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease, AD)、帕金森病(Parkin?son′s disease, PD)、抑郁癥和精神分裂癥等多種神經(jīng)退行性疾病[10]和精神疾病密切相關(guān)[11]。本次研究通過(guò)腹腔注射Hcy使大鼠形成高同型半胱氨酸血癥,采用線栓法建立MCAO模型觀察Hcy對(duì)局灶性腦缺血后梗死灶大小的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy可加重缺血后腦損傷的程度,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明體內(nèi)高濃度的Hcy具有一定的神經(jīng)毒性作用,并影響腦缺血患者的預(yù)后。
局灶性腦缺血后可導(dǎo)致腦部供血不足,能使缺血區(qū)周圍的組織灌流得到改善的是在損傷部位新形成的側(cè)支血管[12],損傷部位周圍的血管再生是改善腦缺血的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),對(duì)于腦缺血的治療和預(yù)后有十分重要的作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在缺血性腦卒中患者中,Hcy含量顯著升高[13],但高同型半胱氨酸血癥導(dǎo)致腦血管病的機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,目前研究主要認(rèn)為Hcy能氧化低密度脂蛋白、使血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,動(dòng)脈血管管壁纖維化,血栓沉積,動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化形成[14-15],進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致心腦血管疾病發(fā)生,此外Hcy還與氧化應(yīng)激有關(guān)[16]。Laminin是基底膜的重要組成部分,能夠參與細(xì)胞的代謝、存活、遷移、增殖和分化,免疫熒光標(biāo)記體內(nèi)laminin可反映血管密度[17]。此外,laminin與細(xì)胞增殖的標(biāo)志物BrdU共標(biāo)記可表示新增殖的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MCAO+Hcy組laminin+/BrdU+細(xì)胞表達(dá)較MCAO組減少,說(shuō)明Hcy可以抑制局灶性腦缺血后血管再生,從而影響腦缺血患者的恢復(fù),即Hcy可能通過(guò)抑制血管再生而導(dǎo)致腦部供血不及時(shí),抑制神經(jīng)再生功能,使腦缺血患者梗死部位病變加重,阻礙自我修復(fù)。本研究將為Hcy引起腦梗死的機(jī)制探討提供參考。
(圖1、2見(jiàn)插頁(yè))
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(2015-06-24收稿2015-07-25修回)
(本文編輯李鵬)
Effects ofhomocysteine on post-cerebral ischemic angiogenesis in rats
GOU Yun,hUANG Guowei, ZHAO Yaqian, CHEN Shuang, ZHANG Xumei△
Department of Nutrition and Foodhygiene, School of Publichealth, Tianjinmedical University, Tianjin 300070, China
△Corresponding Author E-mail:zhangxumei@tijmu.edu.cn
Abstract:Objective To explore the role ofhomocysteine(Hcy)on angiogenesis at peri infarct region after focal cere?bral ischemia in rats, to elucidate inhibitory factors of angiogenesis, and to establish a clinic foundation for clinical brain functional recovery.Methods Spragur-Dawley (SD)male rats (n=36) were randomly divided into three groups with 12 rats in each group including Sham Operation (SO) group,middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group andmCAO+Hcy group.The rats in Sham andmCAO groups were intra-peritoneally injected with 5mL/(kg·d) saline and rats inmCAO +hcy group were injected with 2% 5mL/(kg·d)hey solution from the same route.MCAO was introduced by intraluminal filamentmeth?od after 7 dhcy intervention.Rat brains wereharvested on the 7thday aftermCAO.BrdU(50mg/kg, as amarker of cell pro?liferation)was intraperitoneally injected three days before the rats were killed.High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)was used tomeasure serumhcy concentration in rats.Brain infarction size was observed by TTC staining.Immuno?fluorescence staining was used to detect the number of BrdU+/laminin+cells at the thalamus of infarction side.Results Se?rumhcy concentration significantlyhigher inmCAO +hcy group than in SO andmCAO groups(P < 0.05).Brain damage increased and the number of BrdU+/laminin+cells decreased inmCAO +hcy group compared with those ofmCAO group (P < 0.05).ConclusionIncreasedhcy concentration in rats lead tomore severe damage of cerebral infarction as well as to inhibit the angiogenesis at surrounding ischemia area.
Key words:brain infarction;diseasemodels, animal;rats, Sprague-Dawley;homocysteine;angiogenesis
通訊作者△E-mail:zhangxumei@tijmu.edu.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:茍蕓(1990),女,碩士在讀,主要從事?tīng)I(yíng)養(yǎng)與神經(jīng)退行性疾病研究
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81373003);中國(guó)博士后科學(xué)基金(2014M550148)
中圖分類號(hào):R743
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
DOI:10.11958/59123
作者單位:天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院營(yíng)養(yǎng)與食品衛(wèi)生學(xué)系(郵編300070)