鄭靜潔,王海歐,周 凱
325015浙江省溫州市,溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
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·新進(jìn)展·
不對稱二甲基精氨酸在子癇前期中的研究進(jìn)展
鄭靜潔,王海歐,周 凱
325015浙江省溫州市,溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
【摘要】不對稱二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)是內(nèi)源性一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制劑,影響一氧化氮(NO)的合成。子癇前期是嚴(yán)重影響母兒健康的妊娠期特有疾病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜且涉及多種病理生理因素,至今仍不十分清楚。NO合成減少和/或活性降低在子癇前期發(fā)病過程中起重要作用。子癇前期NO生物活性受損可能并非由NOS水平或活性下降引起,而可能是由NOS內(nèi)源性抑制劑ADMA水平升高所致。在氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥等情況下,體內(nèi)ADMA水平升高,而在胎盤部位其降解酶二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶(DDAH)減少,推測子癇前期母體ADMA水平升高可能來源于胎盤,與胎盤部位DDAH活性降低有關(guān),但具體機(jī)制仍有待進(jìn)一步研究。研發(fā)特異性對抗或削弱ADMA的心血管效應(yīng)的藥物已成為現(xiàn)在研究的熱點(diǎn)。子癇前期患者補(bǔ)充L-精氨酸對血壓和妊娠結(jié)局是否有良好的效應(yīng)還存在爭議,而DDAH激動(dòng)劑有望成為心血管疾病和子癇前期新的治療選擇。本文就ADMA在子癇前期發(fā)病過程中的作用及其機(jī)制、在臨床診療中的應(yīng)用前景等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】先兆子癇;不對稱二甲基精氨酸;二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶;一氧化氮合酶;綜述
鄭靜潔,王海歐,周凱.不對稱二甲基精氨酸在子癇前期中的研究進(jìn)展[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(14):1729-1733.[www.chinagp.net]
Zheng JJ,Wang HO,Zhou K.Research progress of asymmetry dimethyl arginine in preeclampsia[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(14):1729-1733.
不對稱二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)是內(nèi)源性一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制劑,影響一氧化氮(NO)的合成。ADMA水平升高作為內(nèi)皮功能障礙的一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,參與多種疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展過程,并與子癇前期的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。子癇前期是嚴(yán)重影響母兒健康的妊娠期特有疾病,其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜且涉及多種病理生理因素,至今仍不十分清楚。本文就ADMA在子癇前期發(fā)病過程中的作用及其機(jī)制、在臨床診療中的應(yīng)用前景等方面的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1ADMA的生成與代謝
ADMA是蛋白質(zhì)中的精氨酸殘基在蛋白質(zhì)精氨酸甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(PRMTs)的作用下,進(jìn)行甲基化過程時(shí)產(chǎn)生的蛋白代謝產(chǎn)物。1992年,Vallance等[1]首次報(bào)道在人體外周血漿及尿液中檢測到ADMA。ADMA可由人體多種組織和細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,包括血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、肝臟、腎臟、腦組織等。體內(nèi)ADMA的代謝主要在肝臟和腎臟進(jìn)行[2],其代謝過程有2條途徑,約10%的ADMA經(jīng)腎臟以原形被排出體外,而90%以上的ADMA則需經(jīng)二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶(DDAH)代謝為瓜氨酸及二甲胺[3]。人類DDAH有DDAH1和DDAH2兩種亞型,主要分布于細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)。DDAH1在體內(nèi)廣泛表達(dá),如胰腺、主動(dòng)脈、中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞等,尤其在肝臟和腎臟中高表達(dá),與ADMA的主要代謝部位相吻合;而DDAH2主要表達(dá)于心血管和胎盤組織。在心血管系統(tǒng)中,DDAH2主要分布于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,即NOS表達(dá)的主要部位,此外,胎盤中DDAH2的表達(dá)相對高于母體組織中的表達(dá)[4]。正常早孕期血漿ADMA水平較非孕期降低,隨著孕周的增加,血漿ADMA水平逐漸增多,且在分娩后水平下降至非孕期水平[5]。
2ADMA與心血管疾病
NO作為內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的公認(rèn)的調(diào)節(jié)血管張力和組織血流的有力血管擴(kuò)張劑,由L-精氨酸在NOS的作用下生成。NO在維持血管的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能平衡中發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用,其表達(dá)的減少和/或活性的減弱可作為血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙的標(biāo)志性表現(xiàn)。Vallance等[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),ADMA可通過抑制NOS,進(jìn)而抑制血管內(nèi)皮依賴性血管舒張,將ADMA注入豚鼠體內(nèi)可引起豚鼠動(dòng)脈環(huán)收縮、血壓升高。在心血管疾病患者中,血漿ADMA水平異常升高,并通過競爭性替代NOS的作用底物L(fēng)-精氨酸而減弱NOS的活性[6]。Cardounel等[7]實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在體外血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中ADMA水平與NOS活性間呈負(fù)相關(guān)。利用穩(wěn)定同位素標(biāo)記技術(shù)已證明,ADMA可抑制NOS的活性,且抑制效應(yīng)呈濃度依賴性[8]。上述研究結(jié)果均提示,病理生理濃度的ADMA是調(diào)節(jié)NOS生物活性的重要物質(zhì)。而且,靜脈注射ADMA可直接誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮功能障礙[1]、總外周阻力增加,而使血壓升高[9]、心輸出量降低[10]等。Magne等[11]研究結(jié)果顯示,在高同型半胱氨酸血癥患者中ADMA水平顯著升高,并與內(nèi)皮功能障礙相關(guān)。從這些研究可得出,ADMA作為NOS的重要抑制劑,是內(nèi)皮功能障礙的標(biāo)志物和遞質(zhì),而內(nèi)皮功能障礙又是未來心血管事件的早期預(yù)測標(biāo)志物。多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果提示,ADMA水平升高作為內(nèi)皮功能障礙的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,參與原發(fā)性高血壓病、糖尿病、高膽固醇血癥、腎衰竭、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等多種疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展過程[12-14]。
3ADMA與子癇前期
3.1ADMA在子癇前期中的表達(dá)及作用子癇前期是指妊娠20周以后出現(xiàn)的以高血壓、蛋白尿?yàn)橹饕卣?,可累及腦、眼、肝臟、腎臟等多個(gè)器官的系統(tǒng)性疾病,是妊娠期最常見的高血壓疾病。子癇前期是嚴(yán)重影響母兒健康的妊娠期特有疾病,圍生兒病死率高,目前其發(fā)病率為5%~10%[15]。除對母體產(chǎn)生多系統(tǒng)損害外,子癇前期還與不良妊娠結(jié)局有關(guān),包括胎兒宮內(nèi)生長受限、胎盤早剝、羊水過少、胎心監(jiān)護(hù)異常等。子癇前期根據(jù)病情嚴(yán)重程度分為輕度與重度,重度子癇前期患者血壓、尿蛋白升高更明顯,并伴有其他器官功能障礙。子癇前期根據(jù)病情發(fā)生時(shí)間分為早發(fā)型和晚發(fā)型,但目前對子癇前期早發(fā)型和晚發(fā)型的孕周定義尚未明確。子癇前期復(fù)雜的病理生理學(xué)過程涉及多種因素,目前仍不十分清楚,這使得該疾病到目前為止仍以對癥治療為主,缺乏針對病因的治療方法,最有效的治療仍是終止妊娠。比較明確的病理生理機(jī)制包括胎盤床血管重塑不足、胎盤缺血缺氧和系統(tǒng)性內(nèi)皮損傷和/或激活[16]。子癇前期患者血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的調(diào)控功能受損,導(dǎo)致胎盤灌注不足,其分子機(jī)制已成為近年研究熱點(diǎn)問題。
在子癇前期中觀察到的血管異常改變似乎有一個(gè)共同的發(fā)動(dòng)者,即血管內(nèi)皮依賴性的胎盤血流調(diào)節(jié)破壞。近年來多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)性或臨床性研究均證明子癇前期的發(fā)生與血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙有關(guān),甚至認(rèn)為后者是子癇前期重要的致病因素[17-18]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在子癇前期患者外周血清中NO的主要代謝產(chǎn)物(NO2/NO3)顯著減少,而受NO調(diào)控的血流介導(dǎo)的血管舒張功能(FMD)亦明顯受損,提示NO產(chǎn)生減少和/或活性降低在子癇前期的發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[19]。
如前所述,ADMA作為一種存在于人循環(huán)血漿中的可溶性因子,可影響內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞NO的產(chǎn)生,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮功能障礙,已成為子癇前期的臨床研究重點(diǎn)[20]。Fickling等[21]在較早前報(bào)道的一項(xiàng)橫斷面研究中比較了子癇前期患者、正常妊娠婦女及非妊娠婦女外周血中ADMA的水平,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)正常妊娠婦女外周血中ADMA水平較非妊娠婦女降低,而子癇前期患者外周血中ADMA水平顯著升高。近幾年來不同的研究均證明子癇前期患者血漿ADMA水平比正常晚孕期婦女顯著升高[22-23]。Rizos等[24]通過一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究調(diào)查了孕早、中、晚期婦女外周血清中ADMA水平,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在正常妊娠婦女中,隨著孕周增加,ADMA水平也增加,推測可能是為分娩時(shí)子宮肌層更強(qiáng)的收縮力而對抗NO誘導(dǎo)的子宮松弛做準(zhǔn)備;另外,子癇前期患者在孕中期ADMA水平就已升高,分析還發(fā)現(xiàn)ADMA和多普勒動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)指數(shù)(PI)可作為子癇前期的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素,二者與妊娠婦女的體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)聯(lián)合預(yù)測子癇前期發(fā)生的靈敏度為67%,特異度達(dá)93%。進(jìn)一步研究結(jié)果還提示隨著子癇前期病情程度的加重,外周血中ADMA水平亦隨之升高[25]。Laskowska等[23]研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),子癇前期合并胎兒宮內(nèi)生長受限的患者血清ADMA水平異常升高,并由此推論,在子癇前期發(fā)病機(jī)制中NO生物活性受損并非由內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)水平或活性下降引起,而可能是由于eNOS內(nèi)源性抑制劑ADMA水平升高所致。而Eleuterio等[26]研究結(jié)果提示,ADMA可能通過干擾脂聯(lián)素對eNOS的激活過程而參與NO合成減少的病理生理機(jī)制。
近年來國內(nèi)外研究者分別探討子癇前期早發(fā)型(孕32周前發(fā)病)與晚發(fā)型(孕32周后發(fā)病)的發(fā)生機(jī)制,并推測其發(fā)生機(jī)制不盡相同,然而,其具體不同之處仍未十分清楚。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在早發(fā)型重度子癇前期母體血中ADMA水平異常升高可抑制NO合成導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮功能障礙,引起胎盤形成不良而最終導(dǎo)致疾病發(fā)生[27],且在早發(fā)型與晚發(fā)型子癇前期母體血漿中的ADMD水平無差異[28]。最新研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),早發(fā)型子癇前期從發(fā)病前的早孕期開始,外周血中ADMA/L-精氨酸、ADMA/L-高精氨酸比例升高,而在晚發(fā)型子癇前期并未觀察到以上變化,推測早發(fā)型子癇前期可能自早孕期開始便存在血管NO代謝和/或合成障礙[29]。
以上研究一致認(rèn)為,ADMA在子癇前期發(fā)生機(jī)制中有促進(jìn)作用,然而,與此不同的是,哥倫比亞人群的研究顯示,ADMA升高與子癇前期之間沒有明確的關(guān)聯(lián)[30]。這種差異提示,不同國家與地區(qū)子癇前期的病理生理學(xué)可能存在不同:在西歐地區(qū),多為動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的危險(xiǎn)因素累積而導(dǎo)致亞臨床血管疾病,而妊娠期母體循環(huán)則可能表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮功能障礙;而在某些發(fā)展中地區(qū),慢性亞臨床傳染性或炎性疾病可促進(jìn)NO氧化失活而使內(nèi)皮功能障礙、血管適應(yīng)不良,最終導(dǎo)致子癇前期。ADMA不僅在不同地域人群中表現(xiàn)不同,而且在不同人種之間也存在差異。對正常妊娠婦女及子癇前期患者的白種人與黑種人血漿中的ADMA水平進(jìn)行比較后發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是正常妊娠婦女還是子癇前期患者,黑種人外周血中ADMA水平高于白種人[31]。而關(guān)于黃種人的相關(guān)研究尚未見報(bào)道。
3.2子癇前期中ADMA水平變化的機(jī)制關(guān)于ADMA在子癇前期發(fā)生中的病理生理機(jī)制并不十分清楚。早前有報(bào)道指出,在ADMA水平升高的組織中,ADMA的主要降解酶DDAH顯著減少[32]。DDAH在多種組織中均有表達(dá),包括血管內(nèi)皮、腦組織等,然而,ADMA的代謝主要在肝臟和腎臟中進(jìn)行。在很多病理情況下,由于DDAH減少或活性降低,引起ADMA在體內(nèi)累積,與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)的NOS競爭NO合成底物——L-精氨酸,從而使得NOS活性減弱,進(jìn)而引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞合成NO減少,血管擴(kuò)張減弱,導(dǎo)致下游的病理生理變化,如氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥等刺激可導(dǎo)致誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性增高,NO反應(yīng)性短暫性增多,在超氧化物自由基的作用下生成過氧亞硝酸鹽,其可使DDAH的活性區(qū)域發(fā)生亞硝基化作用,從而使DDAH活性減弱,導(dǎo)致ADMA堆積,最終引起NO水平下降。然而,關(guān)于DDAH在子癇前期中的病理生理變化及其機(jī)制仍不清楚[33]。臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),子癇前期患者同型半胱氨酸和ADMA水平呈正相關(guān),而外周血中同型半胱氨酸、ADMA水平與NO水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[34]。而且,有學(xué)者推測,同型半胱氨酸可能通過抑制DDAH的活性,使ADMA堆積,導(dǎo)致NO合成受阻[35-36]。最新的研究證實(shí),胎兒血液循環(huán)中ADMA水平約為母體循環(huán)中的3倍,且子癇前期患者和正常妊娠者的胎兒血液循環(huán)中ADMA水平無差異,然而臍靜脈血中ADMA的水平顯著高于臍動(dòng)脈血,提示胎盤可能為ADMA的重要來源[37]。在正常妊娠者中,胎盤組織高度表達(dá)DDAH,且主要為DDAH2亞型,可能參與清除胎盤部位的ADMA,以保證母體外周循環(huán)中ADMA處于低水平。目前,有關(guān)子癇前期胎盤中DDAH水平的相關(guān)研究結(jié)論存在爭議[38-39]。有研究表明,子癇前期胎盤DDAH1、DDAH2的mRNA表達(dá)及活性以及NO水平均明顯低于正常妊娠胎盤[17,39]。然而,Siroen等[38]研究顯示,在子癇前期或HELLP綜合征患者中,外周循環(huán)中ADMA水平明顯升高,胎盤DDAH活性卻沒有顯著性改變。近年來研究局限于母體外周血中ADMA水平的變化,而關(guān)于胎盤AMDA及DDAH的水平變化及具體機(jī)制仍需要進(jìn)一步系統(tǒng)性研究。
除DDAH活性下降外,ADMA水平的升高可能還與其合成增強(qiáng)有關(guān),例如氧化應(yīng)激可直接刺激精氨酸甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(PRMTs)增多,引起ADMA合成活躍而使其水平升高。Alacam等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氧化應(yīng)激和ADMA共同參與子癇前期的發(fā)生,在子癇前期患者臍帶血中ADMA水平顯著升高,而其水解產(chǎn)物瓜氨酸水平與正常妊娠對照組之間無差異,提示子癇前期ADMA水平升高可能主要為合成增加,而非水解減少。
3.3ADMA在子癇前期臨床診療中的應(yīng)用前景AMDA有望成為新的子癇前期重要標(biāo)志物[41]。早前Savvidou等[42]通過評估妊娠23~25周婦女的子宮動(dòng)脈血流模式篩選出子宮灌注不足的孕婦,后發(fā)展為子癇前期的婦女血漿ADMA水平升高,提示外周血ADMA水平升高可能預(yù)示子癇前期的發(fā)生。最近的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道認(rèn)為,早孕期母體血清ADMA水平以及中孕期子宮動(dòng)脈阻力指數(shù)可用于預(yù)測子癇前期的發(fā)生[43]。另一方面,針對ADMA的靶向治療可能成為新的子癇前期治療方案。ADMA發(fā)揮其心血管有害效應(yīng)是通過替代L-精氨酸與NOS結(jié)合,從而減弱NOS的活性,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮中NO的產(chǎn)生減少[12]。因此,通過外源性攝入L-精氨酸作為補(bǔ)給來對抗ADMA的效應(yīng)可能是治療子癇前期的新途徑。一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模的多中心、隨機(jī)、雙盲、對照臨床試驗(yàn)(ARAMI試驗(yàn))結(jié)果顯示,在急性心肌梗死患者中,補(bǔ)充L-精氨酸表現(xiàn)出幾乎完美的安全性和耐受性[44]。研究表明,給予子癇前期患者補(bǔ)充L-精氨酸對血壓和妊娠結(jié)局有良好的效果[45]。在一項(xiàng)雙盲、安慰劑對照研究中,靜脈注射L-精氨酸20 g/d,連續(xù)4 d,與安慰劑相比,前者顯著降低了妊娠期高血壓綜合征患者的收縮壓和舒張壓;且效果與抗高血壓藥物無關(guān),納入患者均對L-精氨酸耐受,無明顯不良反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)[46]。最新雙盲對照試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,給予高危孕婦服用L-精氨酸及維生素可顯著降低子癇前期發(fā)病率,且均未發(fā)生明顯的藥物不良反應(yīng),該研究建議在孕24周前即開始補(bǔ)充L-精氨酸及維生素[47]。然而,亦有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道服用L-精氨酸并不影響子癇前期的發(fā)病率[48]。VINTAGE試驗(yàn)[49]納入153例發(fā)生急性心肌梗死后的患者,觀察組給予3 g L-精氨酸 3次/d,結(jié)果觀察組患者病死率較安慰劑組更高,L-精氨酸的攝入與死亡的關(guān)聯(lián)并不明確[50],但該結(jié)果為L-精氨酸治療策略提供了警示作用。另外,新近的研究提示,持續(xù)給予L-精氨酸可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)藥物耐藥性,具體機(jī)制可能是通過誘導(dǎo)精氨酸酶活性,使L-精氨酸轉(zhuǎn)化為鳥氨酸,從而不再參與NO的代謝[51]。同時(shí),Sankaralingam等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氧化應(yīng)激參與子癇前期的發(fā)生,這種情況下,補(bǔ)充L-精氨酸可能會(huì)加強(qiáng)過氧亞硝酸鹽的效應(yīng)而具有有害作用,只有在抑制了氧化應(yīng)激通路的前提下再補(bǔ)充L-精氨酸才可能對子癇前期患者有利。有些研究團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)開始研發(fā)特異性對抗或削弱ADMA在心血管中效應(yīng)的藥物。DDAH激動(dòng)劑有望成為心血管疾病和子癇前期新的治療選擇,然而需要特別注意的是,以刺激DDAH為基礎(chǔ)的治療方法可能具有促進(jìn)腫瘤生長的潛能[53]。一般說來,酶激動(dòng)劑的研發(fā)較酶拮抗劑常需要更長的時(shí)間,目前尚無特異的DDAH激動(dòng)劑,仍需不斷深入研究與探索。
4小結(jié)與展望
綜上所述,ADMA作為一種心血管疾病的新標(biāo)志物,其水平在子癇前期患者中亦明顯升高,然而目前的研究局限于子癇前期母體外周血中ADMA水平的變化,至于血清中過量ADMA的來源及產(chǎn)生機(jī)制仍不十分清楚,未來的研究可能需深入研究胎盤組織ADMA的水平及DDAH的表達(dá)及活性變化。當(dāng)下的臨床研究已經(jīng)證明,ADMA適合于在預(yù)先存在心血管疾病或健康的人群中預(yù)測其發(fā)生主要心血管事件和死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);但其ADMA能否作為子癇前期的有力診斷工具尚需進(jìn)一步研究。隨著對ADMA的生化、生理及病理生理特點(diǎn)研究的深入,ADMA可能會(huì)成為子癇前期藥物干預(yù)的新靶點(diǎn)。
作者貢獻(xiàn):鄭靜潔進(jìn)行資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對文章負(fù)責(zé);王海歐協(xié)助進(jìn)行資料收集整理、撰寫論文;周凱進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:吳立波)
Research Progress of Asymmetry Dimethyl Arginine in Preeclampsia
ZHENGJing-jie,WANGHai-ou,ZHOUKai.
DepartmentofGynaecologyandObstetrics,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofWenzhouMedicalUniversity,Wenzhou325015,China
【Abstract】Asymmetry dimethyl arginine(ADMA) is an endogenous nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibitor of nitric oxide(NO) synthesis.Preeclampsia is a special disease that occurs during pregnancy and seriously impacts the health of mothers and infants.Its pathogenesis is complicated and involves many pathophysiological factors,and is not clear yet.The reduction of NO synthesis and/or activity reduction plays an important role in the pathogenic process of preeclampsia.The damage of NO activity in preeclampsia may not be reduced by the reduction of NO slevel and/or activity reduction,but may be induced by the elevation of ADMA level.If oxidative stress and inflammation occur,the ADMA level increases,while the DDAH level in placenta decreases,which may suggest that the elevation of ADMA level in matrix during preeclampsia may derive from placenta and may be related with the decrease of activity of DDAH in placenta,while specific mechanism needs to be further researched.The research and development of drugs confronting or weankening the cardiovascular effect of ADMA has become a hot research topic.It is still controvesial about whether the complement of L-arginine could bring favorable effect to blood pressure and pregnancy outcomes.DDAH agonist has potential to become a treatment option for cardiovascular disease and preeclampsia.The article made a review about the role and mechanism of ADMA in the pathogenic process of preeclampsia and research progress in the prospects of its application in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
【Key words】Pre-eclampsia;Asymmetric dimethyl arginine; Dimethyl arginine dimethylamine hydrolase;Nitric oxide synthase;Review
通信作者:周凱,325015浙江省溫州市,溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科;E-mail:zhouk_2006@qq.com
【中圖分類號(hào)】R 714.244
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.14.026
(收稿日期:2015-09-22;修回日期:2015-12-17)