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黨河南山烏里溝中酸性巖體鋯石U-Pb年齡、地球化學(xué)特征及與金礦成礦關(guān)系

2016-01-31 00:48張莉莉汪祿波
關(guān)鍵詞:金礦

張 翔, 張莉莉, 汪祿波, 劉 博, 戴 霜

金治鵬4, 蒙 珍4, 楊懷玉4

(1.蘭州大學(xué) 資源環(huán)境學(xué)院、西部環(huán)境教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,蘭州 730000;

2.甘肅省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,蘭州 730000; 3.甘肅省西部礦產(chǎn)資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 蘭州 730000;

4.甘肅省第二地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查院,蘭州 730030)

黨河南山烏里溝中酸性巖體鋯石U-Pb年齡、地球化學(xué)特征及與金礦成礦關(guān)系

張翔1,2, 張莉莉1,3, 汪祿波1,3, 劉博1,3, 戴霜1,3

金治鵬4, 蒙珍4, 楊懷玉4

(1.蘭州大學(xué) 資源環(huán)境學(xué)院、西部環(huán)境教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,蘭州 730000;

2.甘肅省地質(zhì)調(diào)查院,蘭州 730000; 3.甘肅省西部礦產(chǎn)資源重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 蘭州 730000;

4.甘肅省第二地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)勘查院,蘭州 730030)

[摘要]通過對南祁連山黨河南山東段烏里溝金礦區(qū)中酸性侵入巖鋯石U-Pb年齡測定及巖石地球化學(xué)分析,探討了巖體形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境及其與金礦成礦的關(guān)系。礦區(qū)角閃石閃長巖體侵位年齡為457±6.3 Ma,巖石中各組分的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù):SiO2為48.98%~59.16%,Al2O3為14.51%~16.77%,K2O+Na2O為8.24%~9.47%,屬準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)、堿性-過堿性巖系列;DI為58~79,屬I型花崗巖類;巖石Cr和Mg#值較低,Na2O和K2O含量接近,表明源巖含有較多的殼源成分;稀土總量中等,輕稀土富集,具弱Eu負(fù)異常;相對富集大離子親石元素Rb、Ba、Th、K、U,虧損Nb、Ta、P、Ti。礦區(qū)二長花崗巖屬堿性巖系列,比角閃石閃長巖稀土總量低、更加虧損Nb、Ta等,與角閃石閃長巖屬同一巖漿源,分異程度比角閃石閃長巖高。兩種巖石均具島弧巖漿巖特征,是中晚奧陶世南祁連俯沖到較淺部位熔融形成。巖體金含量高,目前探明的礦體產(chǎn)于巖體內(nèi)部及接觸帶,圍巖蝕變強(qiáng)烈,顯示巖體為金礦成礦提供物質(zhì)來源和成礦熱液。

[關(guān)鍵詞]巖石地球化學(xué);鋯石U-Pb年齡;小巖體;金礦;黨河南山

Zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemical characteristics of

neutral-acidic intrusions of Wuligou in South Qilian Mountains:

their implications on forming gold deposit

ZHANG Xiang1,2, ZHANG Li-li1,3, WANG Lu-bo1,3, LIU Bo1,3

DAI Shuang1,3, JIN Zhi-peng4, MENG Zhen4, YANG Huai-yu4

黨河南山位于南祁連山西段,大地構(gòu)造位置位于秦祁昆造山系中-南祁連弧盆系南祁連巖漿弧,南連北宗務(wù)隆山-夏河甘加裂谷,北臨疏勒南山-拉脊山蛇綠混雜巖帶,西界阿爾金斷裂帶[1](圖1-A),屬秦祁昆成礦域南祁連加里東期Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Gr-石棉成礦帶黨河南山加里東期Au-Cu-Pb成礦亞帶,區(qū)內(nèi)構(gòu)造-巖漿活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈,成礦條件良好,已相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)了一批有價(jià)值的化探異常和十多處較大規(guī)模的金銅多金屬礦產(chǎn)地,金的遠(yuǎn)景儲量達(dá)100 t以上,是近年來秦祁昆成礦帶找礦效果較好的地區(qū)之一。

黨河南山地區(qū)金礦成礦作用多與古生代中酸性巖體有關(guān)[2-6]。野外考察發(fā)現(xiàn),中酸性侵入巖在西部清水溝-扎子溝-半截溝一帶出露廣泛,在東部僅在黑刺溝-雞叫溝-東洞溝一線有規(guī)模較小的花崗閃長巖、角閃石閃長巖、二長花崗巖巖枝或巖株產(chǎn)出(圖1-B)。扎子溝巖體是該區(qū)最大的巖體,出露在黨河南山北坡西部扎子溝至大紅溝一帶,面積達(dá)200 km2,Rb-Sr同位素年齡為510.85±14 Ma[2],侵位于震旦紀(jì)中基性火山巖系(Rb-Sr等時(shí)年齡為684.89±71 Ma和666.63±1.6 Ma[7])中,目前在該巖體周邊尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦化。而一些規(guī)模較小的巖體(面積<2 km2)如石塊地、賈公臺、雞叫溝、烏里溝等巖體,大多呈巖株、巖枝侵入于早古生代地層中,目前都發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同規(guī)模的金礦化,在西部石塊地和東部賈公臺一帶形成2個(gè)金礦集中分布區(qū)(圖1-B)。其中賈公臺金礦已探獲Au資源量數(shù)十噸,初步顯示具有湯中立(2002)提出的“小巖體成大礦”的規(guī)律[8]。近年來在外圍烏里溝新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)中型金礦,成礦也與中酸性小型侵入體有關(guān)。但由于綜合研究程度低,對這些巖體的巖石地球化學(xué)性質(zhì)、巖漿起源及構(gòu)造環(huán)境目前還不明確,一定程度上制約著對該區(qū)找礦方向和找礦前景的認(rèn)識。本文選擇黨河南山東段的烏里溝巖體,通過巖體鋯石U-Pb年代學(xué)及巖石地球化學(xué)特征研究,結(jié)合與烏里溝金礦床成礦關(guān)系分析,探討巖體巖漿作用及其與金礦成礦作用的關(guān)系,對研究該區(qū)巖漿作用與構(gòu)造演化、金礦成礦作用及指導(dǎo)礦產(chǎn)勘查具有重要意義。

1巖體地質(zhì)與巖相學(xué)特征

圖1 研究區(qū)的大地構(gòu)造位置及地質(zhì)簡圖Fig.1 The tectonic location map and simplified geological map of study area(據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[1]、[2]和[9]修改)1.上古生界-中生界; 2.志留系; 3.奧陶系; 4.元古界; 5.奧陶紀(jì)火山巖; 6.花崗巖類侵入巖; 7.斷裂; 8.金礦點(diǎn); 9.金礦床; 10.烏里溝金礦床; 11.礦床集中區(qū)

烏里溝巖體在地表呈不規(guī)則狀出露,巖性主要為角閃石閃長巖和二長花崗巖。角閃石閃長巖出露于礦區(qū)西部,侵入于下奧陶統(tǒng)含礫砂巖及細(xì)粒砂巖之中,地表出露面積約為0.05 km2,向東隱伏,深部在平硐PD5201和鉆孔ZK5202中見到(圖2)。巖體與圍巖接觸面呈波狀,可見細(xì)小巖脈呈樹枝狀穿插圍巖。圍巖蝕變強(qiáng)烈,普遍發(fā)育硅化、絹云母化、黃鐵礦化,及高嶺土化、褐鐵礦化、毒砂化等。金礦體多分布在巖體和地層的內(nèi)外接觸帶上,礦體多沿北西西向斷裂平行展布,礦體多呈脈狀、透鏡狀(圖2)。角閃石閃長巖呈灰白—灰色,半自形粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造,礦物組合中各組分的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(w):中性斜長石為40%~50%,微斜長石<20%,石英≤7%,角閃石為25%~35%,黑云母<5%。角閃石呈柱狀,晶型完好(圖3-A)。偶見輝石殘晶,副礦物的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為3%~4%,有榍石和磷灰石、黃鐵礦、毒砂等。巖體相變特征明顯,中心部位礦物結(jié)晶程度較高,鉀長石含量較少,角閃石含量略高,邊緣部位礦物粒度較小,角閃石含量變少,鉀長石含量明顯變多。

圖2 烏里溝金礦區(qū)地質(zhì)簡圖及52線剖面圖Fig.2 The geological map and profile of No.52 exploration line in the Wuligou gold deposit1.第四系; 2.下奧陶統(tǒng)中細(xì)粒含礫砂巖; 3.下奧陶統(tǒng)中細(xì)粒巖屑砂巖; 4.二長花崗巖; 5.角閃石閃長巖; 6.金礦體; 7.斷裂

二長花崗巖出露于礦區(qū)東部,侵入于下奧陶統(tǒng)含礫砂巖及細(xì)粒砂巖之中(圖2),面積<0.02 km2,巖體與圍巖接觸面呈波狀、樹枝狀及順層注入狀。巖石為灰白-肉紅色,半自形中粗粒結(jié)構(gòu),塊狀構(gòu)造,礦物成分為酸性斜長石40%(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))、微斜長石30%、石英20%±、黑云母≤8%。斜長石板狀,粒徑可達(dá)3 mm(圖3-B)。副礦物見磁鐵礦、黃鐵礦、榍石、磷灰石、簾石、鋯石等。斜長石被微斜長石包嵌,微斜長石包嵌黑云母、磷灰石、簾石等,磷灰石與榍石均呈自形。

圖3 烏里溝巖體巖石顯微特征Fig.3 Microscope photographs of the rocks from Wuligou單偏光,40×。(A)角閃石閃長巖; (B)二長花崗巖。Pl.斜長石; Mi.微斜長石; Qz.石英; Hb.角閃石; Bi.黑云母

2鋯石U-Pb年齡

樣品采自烏里溝PD5201探硐的角閃石閃長巖,樣品新鮮,質(zhì)量約為2 kg。實(shí)驗(yàn)室將樣品粉碎至80~200目,用水淘洗粉塵后,用磁力分選儀分選出非磁性礦物,再用三溴甲烷和二碘乙烷進(jìn)行重液分選。然后在雙目鏡下人工分選出鋯石,挑選晶型較完好的鋯石作為測定對象。鋯石制靶、CL圖像拍照和鋯石測齡均在西北大學(xué)大陸動(dòng)力學(xué)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成。制靶時(shí)將鋯石置于環(huán)氧樹脂中,固結(jié)后打磨,使鋯石內(nèi)部充分暴露。鋯石測齡在Agilent7500型ICP-MS、ComPex102 ArF準(zhǔn)分子激光器(工作物質(zhì)ArF,波長193 nm)以及GeoLas00M光學(xué)系統(tǒng)聯(lián)機(jī)上進(jìn)行,激光束斑直徑為30 μm,激光剝蝕樣品的深度為20~40 μm,采用He作為剝蝕物質(zhì)的載氣,用NIST610進(jìn)行儀器最佳化,鋯石年齡采用國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋯石91500作為外標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì),元素含量采用NIST610作為外標(biāo),29Si作為內(nèi)標(biāo)[10]。原始數(shù)據(jù)處理采用GLITTER(ver4.0, Macyuaria University)程序,年齡計(jì)算采用ISOPLOT(ver3.00)軟件進(jìn)行[11]。

本次測量鋯石11顆,單顆粒鋯石U-Pb含量及年齡等數(shù)據(jù)詳見表1。鋯石長寬比為1∶1~2∶1,最大鋯石長200 μm,寬100 μm。陰極發(fā)光圖像顯示(圖4-A),鋯石多呈港灣狀,裂紋發(fā)育,無分帶、弱分帶或海綿狀分帶,多數(shù)鋯石發(fā)黑,可能與U、Th含量高有關(guān),部分鋯石顆粒中見有不規(guī)則殘留核。wTh/wU=0.65~1.36(表1),平均值為0.92,反映了巖漿成因鋯石特點(diǎn)[12]。一些鋯石陰極發(fā)光具有白色色斑,可能為變質(zhì)重結(jié)晶的結(jié)果;部分樣品具有黑邊(鋯石2和6),可能受到后期流體改造,鋯石的206Pb/238U年齡分別為487±6.87 Ma和497±7.1 Ma,比其余鋯石年齡偏老20~50 Ma,在年齡平均時(shí)剔除不用。其余9顆鋯石的206Pb/238U年齡較一致,范圍為447.1~467.2 Ma,加權(quán)平均年齡為457.8±6.3 Ma(圖4-B),代表烏里溝角閃石閃長巖的主要結(jié)晶年齡。這一年齡與雞叫溝角閃石閃長巖年齡相近[13],可能是同一構(gòu)造活動(dòng)過程的產(chǎn)物。

圖4 烏里溝角閃石閃長巖鋯石的陰極發(fā)光圖像和鋯石U-Pb諧和圖與均值圖Fig.4 CL images of zircon and U-Pb concordia plot and weighted average plot for the amphibole diorite from Wuligou

3主元素、微量元素特征

野外共采集新鮮巖石樣品4件,其中角閃石閃長巖3件,二長花崗巖1件。巖石主元素在蘭州大學(xué)西部環(huán)境教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室Philips? PW2403 型XRF上測量,稀土和微量元素在長安大學(xué)國土資源部成礦作用及其動(dòng)力學(xué)開放研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室7700E型電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜(ICP-MS)分析儀上完成,結(jié)果見表2。

角閃石閃長巖中各組分的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(w):SiO2為48.98%~59.16%,平均為53%;全堿(K2O+Na2O)為4.09%~4.30%,平均為4.19%;w(Na2O)/w(K2O)平均為1.31,兩者含量較接近;MgO為1.45%~3.47%,平均為2.67%;CaO為4.01%~8.02%,平均為6.55%;Al2O3為14.51%~16.77%,平均為15.65%。堿度指數(shù)(AR)為2.07~2.85,平均為2.35,屬于過堿性-堿性巖系列(圖5-A);含鋁指數(shù)(A/NKC)為0.56~0.75,平均為0.65,為準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)(圖5-B),屬I型花崗巖類[15,16];分異指數(shù)(DI)為58~79,平均為65,從中性到酸性,巖漿分異程度增高,說明該期巖漿后期分異程度高??傮w看來,烏里溝角閃石閃長巖與雞叫溝角閃石閃長巖(石英二長巖[13])的巖石地球化學(xué)相似,只是后者的鉀鈉和分異指數(shù)更高一些[13]。

二長花崗巖中各組分的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)(w):SiO2為61.4%;全堿(K2O+Na2O)為4.41%,wNa2O/wK2O為1.31;MgO為1.2%;CaO為3.34%;A12O3為 15.76%。AR=2.68,屬于堿性巖系列(圖5-A);A/CNK=0.81,為準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)(圖5-B);DI=81,相對于角閃石閃長巖,二長花崗巖鋁質(zhì)指數(shù)和分異程度都高,說明該區(qū)巖漿后期分異程度增高。

圖5 烏里溝巖體AR-SiO2圖解與A/NK-A/CNKFig.5 Diagrams of AR-SiO2 and A/NK-A/CNK for the Wuligou intrusions(A)作圖方法據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[14]; (B)作圖方法據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[15,16]

烏里溝角閃石閃長巖2個(gè)樣品的稀土元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為270.8×10-6和423.3×10-6,在球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化分布模式圖上呈向右傾斜的平滑曲線(圖6-A),具弱負(fù)Eu異常(δEu=0.81~0.82),wLREE/wHREE為14.38~15.94,(wLa/wYb)N=24.48~28.81,巖石輕稀土富集,重稀土相對虧損;二長花崗巖稀土含量相對較低,為213.27×10-6,具極弱負(fù)Eu異常(δEu為0.88)。二長花崗巖稀土元素球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化模式與角閃石閃長巖基本一致,表明兩者為同一巖漿源的結(jié)晶分異演化產(chǎn)物。兩種巖石都具有弱的負(fù)銪異常,可能說明巖漿上升侵位的運(yùn)移速度較快,巖漿成巖過程中的結(jié)晶分異程度較弱。比較而言,二長花崗巖分異指數(shù)DI(81)比角閃石閃長巖(58~79)高,指示輕稀土相對富集程度的(wLa/wYb)N值(43.89)比角閃石閃長巖(24.48~28.81)大,說明二長花崗巖輕重稀土分餾作用較角閃石閃長巖強(qiáng),總體反映二長花崗巖比角閃石閃長巖分異程度高。

圖6 烏里溝巖體巖石球粒隕石標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化稀土元素模式圖解與原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化微量元素蛛網(wǎng)圖解Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and primitive mantle normalized trace element patterns for the Wuligou rocks(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)據(jù)來自文獻(xiàn)[19])

微量元素原始地幔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖上,總體呈現(xiàn)峰谷交錯(cuò)的曲線形式(圖6-B)。角閃石閃長巖明顯富集大離子親石元素Rb、Ba、Th、K、U、Pb、Eu,相對虧損高場強(qiáng)元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,總體顯示TNT(Ta-Nb-Ti)負(fù)異常,是俯沖帶島弧系統(tǒng)巖漿巖微量元素組合的典型特征[17,18]。二長花崗巖微量元素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化蛛網(wǎng)圖與角閃石閃長巖相似,但相比角閃石閃長巖虧損高場強(qiáng)元素Nb、Ta、Sm、Eu、Dy、Y、Ho、Yb、Lu,說明二長花崗巖巖漿分異程度比角閃石閃長巖強(qiáng)。

表1 烏里溝角閃石閃長巖LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb年齡測試結(jié)果Table1 The LA-ICP-M S U-Pb dating for the zircon of the Wuligou amphibole diorite

表2 烏里溝巖體主元素(w/%)、微量元素和稀土元素(w/10-6)分析結(jié)果Table2 Major elements,trace element and rare earth elements (REE) composition of the Wuligou intrusions

XT1、XT2、XT3為角閃石閃長巖,XT4為二長花崗巖;A/NCK=Al2O3/(Na2O+CaO+K2O)(摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)之比);A/NK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O)(摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)之比);DI=Qz+Or+Ab+Ne+Lc+Kp(為CIPW標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后礦物);AR=(Al2O3+CaO+Na2O+K2O)/(Al2O3+CaO-(Na2O+K2O))(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)之比).

4討 論

4.1 巖體成因與構(gòu)造環(huán)境

烏里溝角閃石閃長巖地球化學(xué)特征表明其為典型的弧火成巖,屬I型花崗巖類;A/MF-C/MF圖解[20]表明其可能為基性巖部分熔融形成(圖7);巖石Na2O和K2O含量接近,說明源巖含有較多的殼源成分[21]。通常認(rèn)為俯沖大洋板片熔融形成的熔體如果經(jīng)過地幔楔,與地幔橄欖巖發(fā)生交代平衡,則會顯示較高的MgO、Ni、Cr含量[22,23];而本區(qū)角閃石閃長巖Cr(wCr=15.38×10-6~44.76×10-6)、Ni(wNi=20.93×10-6~22.32×10-6)和Mg#(43.23~51.76)較低,暗示熔體在上升過程中與地幔楔發(fā)生交代程度非常有限。角閃石閃長巖和二長花崗巖均富集輕稀土,表明巖漿重熔與深部地質(zhì)過程有關(guān),可能是幔源巖漿底侵(或地幔底劈)觸發(fā)深部地殼重熔形成了長英質(zhì)巖漿。該巖體與扎子溝花崗閃長巖巖石地球化學(xué)特征[2,4]相似,但扎子溝花崗閃長巖侵位時(shí)代(全巖Rb-Sr同位素年齡為510.85±14 Ma[2])比該巖體早,二者是否有成因聯(lián)系還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

圖7 烏里溝花崗巖A/MF-C/MF投影圖Fig.7 Plot of A/MF-C/MF of the Wuligou granite作圖方法據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[20]。A/MF=Al2O3/(TFeO+MgO)(摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)之比);C/MF=CaO/(TFeO+MgO)(摩爾分?jǐn)?shù)之比)。a.變質(zhì)泥巖部分熔融; b.變質(zhì)砂巖部分熔融; c.變質(zhì)基性巖部分熔融

黨河南山位于中-南祁連弧盆系南祁連巖漿弧[1]。寒武紀(jì),南祁連東段拉脊山一帶出露的玄武巖的微量元素顯示介于板內(nèi)與過渡洋中脊之間的特征,總體顯示為大陸裂谷向陸間裂谷過渡的小洋盆環(huán)境[24-26];而南祁連西段黨河南山地區(qū)的洋殼擴(kuò)張可能在晚震旦世就已經(jīng)開始[3],直至晚寒武世開始閉合,在扎子溝一帶有島弧型、I型花崗巖侵入[2,4,27]。早奧陶世,黨河南山地區(qū)火山巖為典型的島弧火山巖[28],可能說明晚寒武世開始的洋殼閉合持續(xù)到早奧陶世,在洋殼基礎(chǔ)上形成了洋內(nèi)弧火山巖。中奧陶世火山巖以噴溢相熔巖類為主,地球化學(xué)特征反映其形成于島弧環(huán)境[29];而同期的烏里溝中酸性侵入巖,在Pearce的構(gòu)造判別圖中,樣品均落入島弧環(huán)境(圖8),指示烏里溝巖體應(yīng)為俯沖環(huán)境所形成,說明南祁連洋自晚寒武世開始的匯聚過程一直持續(xù)到了中奧陶世。同時(shí),中奧陶世在黨河南山地區(qū)發(fā)育大量的復(fù)理石沉積建造[27],反映此時(shí)的板塊俯沖導(dǎo)致的地殼強(qiáng)烈活動(dòng)影響范圍有限。這一匯聚過程的驅(qū)動(dòng)力可能還與黨河南山以南的柴達(dá)木北緣的島弧活動(dòng)和大陸俯沖碰撞有關(guān)。柴北緣島弧火山巖的鋯石U-Pb年齡為514.2±8.5 Ma,表明柴北緣在晚寒武-早奧陶世就開始俯沖[30];而柴北緣榴輝巖的變質(zhì)年齡(443~473 Ma)代表大洋地殼俯沖時(shí)代[31,32],這次俯沖可能與黨河南山地區(qū)烏里溝中酸性巖體代表的洋殼俯沖過程具有統(tǒng)一的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制。另外,柴北緣柯石英片麻巖和石榴橄欖巖所限定的超高壓變質(zhì)時(shí)代為420~426 Ma B.P.[31],可能代表整個(gè)中-南祁連地區(qū)碰撞造山成陸時(shí)期。

圖8 花崗巖類構(gòu)造環(huán)境的微量元素判別圖Fig.8 Trace elements discrimination diagram of the Wuligou granitoid作圖方法據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[38]。Syn-COLG.同碰撞花崗巖; WPG.板內(nèi)花崗巖; VAG.火山島弧花崗巖; ORG.洋脊花崗巖

烏里溝中酸性巖體形成環(huán)境揭示的大地構(gòu)造演化,在北祁連地區(qū)也有顯示,表現(xiàn)為早寒武世開始的洋殼擴(kuò)張,在早奧陶世洋殼向北俯沖,形成走廊南山島弧活動(dòng)帶和走廊弧后盆地,形成大規(guī)模的奧陶紀(jì)島弧及弧后盆地火山巖、弧花崗巖和碰撞型花崗巖[33-37],結(jié)合北祁連地區(qū)榴輝巖形成時(shí)代(460~490 Ma B.P.),北祁連洋最終在445 Ma B.P.左右閉合[31,32,37],形成北祁連典型的溝-弧-盆體系。

4.2 巖體與金礦成礦關(guān)系

烏里溝金礦位于賈公臺金礦的西延地段,礦區(qū)出露地層為下奧陶統(tǒng)烏里溝組中細(xì)粒含礫砂巖和中細(xì)粒巖屑砂巖,角閃石閃長巖和二長花崗巖侵位于其中,發(fā)育北西西向斷層,礦體發(fā)育在侵入體的內(nèi)、外接觸帶中,受北西西向斷層控制(圖2)。礦化帶長2 km,共圈定金礦體15條,礦體多呈脈狀(圖2-B)。目前探明Au金屬量6 t以上,平均品位(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù))為2.08×10-6。礦石呈半自形-自形結(jié)構(gòu),星點(diǎn)狀構(gòu)造和浸染狀構(gòu)造。主要金屬礦物為黃鐵礦,其次是褐鐵礦、輝銻礦、自然金等,脈石礦物為石英、長石、絹云母、白云石和方解石等,金包裹于石英和黃鐵礦中。部分礦化地段可見輝銻礦化、毒砂化等,表明礦床形成于中、低溫?zé)嵋夯顒?dòng)階段。

空間上,礦化主要發(fā)育在巖體內(nèi)、外接觸帶上。在角閃石閃長巖與圍巖接觸帶上,發(fā)育黃鐵礦化、褐鐵礦化、高嶺土化、絹云母化等;同時(shí)巖體含金屬硫化物,多為晚期巖漿階段的晶出物。在二長花崗巖與圍巖接觸帶,發(fā)育黃鐵礦化、褐鐵礦化、硅化、碳酸鹽化、黏土化等;黃鐵礦與碳酸鹽一起呈集晶充填在巖漿巖礦物之裂隙,并對其進(jìn)行交代,像是晚巖漿或巖漿期后礦化所致。這些都說明巖體可能在就位時(shí),為成礦過程提供了熱源。

本次研究工作在烏里溝礦區(qū)采得化學(xué)分析樣品10件,其中圍巖樣品3件,角閃石閃長巖6件,二長花崗巖1件,通過對與金成礦關(guān)系密切的Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi等元素含量測試和對比分析(表3)發(fā)現(xiàn),中奧陶統(tǒng)長石砂巖的金元素豐度值普遍較低,接近地殼克拉克值;礦體多分布在角閃石閃長巖及其與長石砂巖接觸帶或構(gòu)造形成的蝕變帶中,而且遠(yuǎn)離巖體的地層內(nèi)雖然也見斷裂,但很少見金礦化,說明地層不可能為金礦成礦提供物質(zhì)來源。而角閃石閃長巖Au高出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)花崗巖平均值50倍以上,水系沉積物測量顯示巖體下游土壤中金元素明顯富集,Sb、As、Cu、Bi、Ag等元素套合良好,其中Au、As、Sb變異系數(shù)及離差值均很高,顯示出強(qiáng)分異的特征,說明角閃石閃長巖提供了成礦物質(zhì)來源??梢娊情W石閃長巖對烏里溝金礦成礦起主導(dǎo)作用,既提供了熱源,也提供了成礦物質(zhì)。

表3 烏里溝礦區(qū)巖石成礦元素測量結(jié)果Table 3 The measured results of the metallogenic elements of the rocks in the Wuligou ore-field

烏里溝角閃石閃長巖與其東南部的雞叫溝角閃石閃長巖(石英二長巖[13])的年齡相近、地球化學(xué)性質(zhì)相似,形成的構(gòu)造環(huán)境也一致[13],雞叫溝石英二長巖為黑刺溝金礦提供了礦源物質(zhì)[4],從側(cè)面說明烏里溝角閃石閃長巖是烏里溝金礦成礦物質(zhì)來源。其成礦過程可以概括為:中晚奧陶世,南祁連洋向北俯沖過程中,洋殼熔融形成烏里溝角閃石閃長巖,在巖漿活動(dòng)晚期及期后,與巖漿活動(dòng)有關(guān)的成礦流體沿深大斷裂侵入,攜帶大量含礦組分進(jìn)入到斷裂較為發(fā)育的巖體與砂巖接觸帶,在有利部位充填而成礦。

5結(jié) 論

a.本文利用鋯石U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)法獲得了烏里溝角閃石閃長巖巖體年齡為457.8±6.3 Ma。

b.巖石地球化學(xué)測量結(jié)果顯示巖石富Al和堿質(zhì),屬準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)系列及過堿性-堿性巖石系列,為I型花崗巖類。角閃石閃長巖和二長花崗巖屬同一巖漿源,后者比前者分異程度高,都形成于島弧環(huán)境,巖石具較低的Cr、Ni含量和Mg#值,顯示源巖與地幔沒有直接聯(lián)系,巖漿是南祁連洋殼向北俯沖過程中發(fā)生熔融形成的。

c.烏里溝巖體與金礦蝕變礦化空間關(guān)系密切,巖體Au元素豐度值高,巖體為成礦提供了物源和熱源。

王崇禮教授鑒定了巖石薄片,張瑞、魯永朋、浪萬玲參加了部分野外工作,作者在此一并向他們致謝。

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簡訊

1.CollegeofEarthandEnvironmentalSciences,KeyLaboratoryofWesternChina’s

EnvironmentalSystems(MinistryofEducation),Lanzhou730000,China;

2.GansuInstituteofGeologicalSurvey,Lanzhou730000,China;

3.KeyLaboratoryofWesternChina’sMineralResourcesofGansuProvince,LanzhouUniversity,

Lanzhou730000,China;

4.GansuSecondInstituteofGeologicalandMineralResourceExploration,Lanzhou730030,China

Abstract:This paper reports the zircon U-Pb dating and the lithogeochemistry of the small-scale neutral-acidic intrusions in the Wuligou gold deposit in the east of Danghenanshan, South Qilian Mt., and interprets their tectonic settings and the linkage to gold mineralization. Our data show that the emplacement age of the amphibole diorite is 457±6.3 Ma. The mass fraction of SiO2is 48.98%~59.16%, that of A12O3is 14.51%~16.77%, that of (K2O+Na2O) is 8.24%~9.47% and that of DI is 58~79, indicating that the amphibole diorite belongs to the ultra-alkaline to alkaline, sub-aluminous rock series and I-type granitoid rocks. The amphibole diorite is poor in Cr and has low value of Mg#, suggesting that its source rock has many crust materials. The total REE is moderate and LREE is rich, with slightly negative Eu abnormity. The large ion lithophile elements of Rb, Ba, Th, K, U are relatively rich and Nb, Ta, P, Ti are poor. The monzonitic granite belongs to the alkaline rock series, and its total REE is lower than that of the amphibole diorite and its Nb and Ta are more poor. These two types of rocks are originated from the same magma source. The differentiation of the monzonitic granite is higher than that of the amphibole diorite. They have geochemical characteristics of the island arc magmatic rock, and formed in the island arc when the north margin of Qaidam subducted beneath South Qilian during middle-late Ordovician. The Wuligou gold deposit is temporally and genetically related to the intrusions, because the alternation and the mineralization occur in the intrusion’s contact zones, and the Au content is extremely higher than that in the crust. All these show that the intrusions provide both the metallogenic materials and the thermal fluids for the formation of the gold deposit.

Key words:zircon U-Pb age; geochemical characteristics; neutral-acidic intrusion; Wuligou; Danghenanshan area

[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼][分類號] P588.121 A

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