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激光治療白癜風(fēng)的研究進(jìn)展

2016-01-26 04:09王婷婷閔仲生施建新
關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)色準(zhǔn)分子黑素細(xì)胞

王婷婷 閔仲生 施建新

激光治療白癜風(fēng)的研究進(jìn)展

王婷婷1閔仲生2施建新2

現(xiàn)階段白癜風(fēng)的激光治療方法主要有308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光、CO2點(diǎn)陣激光以及氦氖激光,與傳統(tǒng)療法相比,具有快捷、可調(diào)控、不良反應(yīng)少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在局限型白癜風(fēng)治療中越來(lái)越受到重視,本文將激光治療白癜風(fēng)的進(jìn)展做一綜述。

白癜風(fēng); 308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光; CO2點(diǎn)陣激光; 氦氖激光

近年來(lái)308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光、CO2點(diǎn)陣激光、氦氖激光在白癜風(fēng)的治療中越來(lái)越受到人們的關(guān)注,與傳統(tǒng)療法相比,具有快捷、可調(diào)控、不良反應(yīng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),本文對(duì)其進(jìn)行綜述。

1 308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光(308 nm excimer laser)

目前皮膚科臨床治療用的308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光(以下簡(jiǎn)稱準(zhǔn)分子激光)是氯化氙(XeCl)準(zhǔn)分子激光,脈寬一般為10~30 ns,照射人體后會(huì)產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。目前認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)分子激光治療白癜風(fēng)的機(jī)制為:①誘導(dǎo)皮損處病理性T淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡[1];②通過(guò)影響角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞的活力,使角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞分泌干細(xì)胞因子(SCF)、集落細(xì)胞刺激因子(GM-CSF)、堿性成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)等具有促使黑素細(xì)胞增殖、分化及黑素合成的細(xì)胞因子,通過(guò)以上的細(xì)胞因子間接作用于黑素細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)黑素細(xì)胞移行、增殖、分化及加速黑素合成;③通過(guò)作用于角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞間接誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞凋亡,轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β1(TGF-β1)在準(zhǔn)分子激光誘導(dǎo)T淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡中起重要作用[2];④刺激殘存的黑素細(xì)胞聚集于外周毛囊外根鞘[3]。

準(zhǔn)分子激光與NB-UVB兩者機(jī)制大致相同,但準(zhǔn)分子激光具有高能量、單色性及方向性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且可調(diào)節(jié)光束、光斑大小、治療部位,保護(hù)正常皮膚。2002年,Spencer等[4]首先報(bào)道了18例白癜風(fēng)患者的29處皮損應(yīng)用準(zhǔn)分子激光進(jìn)行每周3次,共12次的治療。結(jié)果顯示,在完成6次治療的12例患者23處皮損中,13處有明顯的色素恢復(fù);在完成12次治療的6例患者11處皮損中,有9處有明顯的色素恢復(fù),其中有3處皮損色素恢復(fù)面積超過(guò)了25%,2處超過(guò)75%,而對(duì)照組的皮損則無(wú)明顯變化。Hadi等[5]通過(guò)對(duì)32例患者共55處皮損進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)分子激光治療,治療30次左右后有超過(guò)50.0%的皮損復(fù)色率達(dá)75.0%或者更高。Do[6]等采用準(zhǔn)分子激光治療節(jié)段型白癜風(fēng)患者80例,平均治療時(shí)間達(dá)20.6個(gè)月,結(jié)果顯示23.8%的患者復(fù)色率達(dá)IV級(jí)(76%~99%),20.0%的患者復(fù)色率達(dá)III級(jí)(51%~75%),56.2%的患者復(fù)色率為I-II級(jí)(1%~50%),沒(méi)有完全復(fù)色的患者。不同部位的皮損對(duì)308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光的反應(yīng)不同,Greve等[7]通過(guò)研究證實(shí)308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光治療局限性白癜風(fēng)在面部、頸部的療效較手足、膝蓋的療效顯著。

由于單一療法的療效有時(shí)不是很理想,越來(lái)越多的學(xué)者提出聯(lián)合療法,其中他克莫司與準(zhǔn)分子激光的聯(lián)合療法越來(lái)越受到肯定。Matin等[8]采用準(zhǔn)分子激光聯(lián)合他克莫司軟膏治療白癜風(fēng)150例,結(jié)果顯示準(zhǔn)分子激光聯(lián)合他克莫司軟膏組復(fù)色率超過(guò)75%的患者比單用準(zhǔn)分子激光治療的患者高41.3%。Park等[9]運(yùn)用準(zhǔn)分子激光聯(lián)合他克莫司軟膏治療非節(jié)段型白癜風(fēng)276例,結(jié)果顯示前6個(gè)月聯(lián)合治療的療效顯著高于單一療法,但其同時(shí)指出聯(lián)合療法>6個(gè)月的療效可能不比單一療法的療效高。Jang等[10]采用準(zhǔn)分子激光聯(lián)合口服小劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素與外用他克莫司軟膏治療初發(fā)的局限型白癜風(fēng)14例,結(jié)果顯示37.5%的患者完全復(fù)色,28.6%的患者復(fù)色率超過(guò)75%。Bae等[11]亦發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)分子激光聯(lián)合口服糖皮質(zhì)激素與外用他克莫司軟膏治療節(jié)段型白癜風(fēng)療效顯著。此外,準(zhǔn)分子激光聯(lián)合NB-UVB、細(xì)胞移植療效均顯著。Shin等[12]采用NB-UVB聯(lián)合準(zhǔn)分子激光治療白癜風(fēng)80例,67.5%的患者在對(duì)NB-UVB不敏感后加用準(zhǔn)分子激光后復(fù)色明顯。Ebadi等[13]采用細(xì)胞移植聯(lián)合準(zhǔn)分子激光治療白癜風(fēng),結(jié)果顯示聯(lián)合治療皮損的平均復(fù)色率高出單用細(xì)胞移植治療1526%。總體看來(lái),聯(lián)合治療的療效比單一治療療效高。

2 CO2點(diǎn)陣激光(CO2laser)

點(diǎn)陣激光于2004年由Manstein提出[14]。CO2點(diǎn)陣激光在皮膚科應(yīng)用于痤瘡瘢痕、皮膚光老化等[15,16],其作用機(jī)制為局灶性光熱作用原理,刺激膠原蛋白重組與新生。CO2點(diǎn)陣激光治療白癜風(fēng)的機(jī)制可能為:①點(diǎn)陣激光產(chǎn)生的熱作用可增大MC胞體,增加樹(shù)突數(shù)量,減少細(xì)胞數(shù)目,提升酪氨酸酶活性,增加黑素合成[17];②點(diǎn)陣激光產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)傷后愈合過(guò)程中皮損區(qū)分泌各種細(xì)胞因子及生長(zhǎng)因子促進(jìn)了黑素細(xì)胞的分裂增殖;③點(diǎn)陣激光后產(chǎn)生金屬蛋白酶-2促進(jìn)了周邊正常組織的黑素細(xì)胞遷移至皮損區(qū)域[18];④點(diǎn)陣激光的熱作用使得膠原束發(fā)生變性,進(jìn)而使皮損區(qū)域的組織發(fā)生收縮,皮損變小。點(diǎn)陣激光刺激了未損傷正常組織的外毛囊根鞘部的成黑素細(xì)胞的活化、增殖和遷移[19]。因此,與傳統(tǒng)治療方式相比,CO2點(diǎn)陣激光在四肢末端及骨突出等濾泡型黑素細(xì)胞相對(duì)匱乏、血液循環(huán)相對(duì)較差的部位,療效相對(duì)較好。

多項(xiàng)研究表明CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合療法對(duì)于難治性白癜風(fēng)的療效顯著。Shin等[18]采用CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合NB-UVB治療難治性非節(jié)段型白癜風(fēng),結(jié)果顯示,不管是從臨床復(fù)色率還是患者滿意度來(lái)看,CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合NB-UVB都高于單用NB-UVB治療。Li等[20]采用CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合外用倍他米松及NBUVB治療難治性白癜風(fēng)25例共25對(duì)皮損,結(jié)果顯示治療3個(gè)月時(shí)治療組(CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合外用倍他米松及NB-UVB)有40%的患者復(fù)色率超過(guò)50%,高于對(duì)照組(CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合NB-UVB)32%。治療結(jié)束時(shí)治療組復(fù)色率超過(guò)50%的患者高于對(duì)照組36%。Vachiramon等[21]采用CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合NB-UVB及丙酸氯倍他索外用治療難治性白癜風(fēng)26例,共26對(duì)皮損,結(jié)果顯示治療組(CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合NB-UVB及丙酸氯倍他索外用)有23.1%,對(duì)照組(NB-UVB聯(lián)合丙酸氯倍他索外用)僅有3.9%的皮損復(fù)色率超過(guò)75%,其還指出皮損位于手背的復(fù)色率高于手指部。通過(guò)分析,CO2點(diǎn)陣激光聯(lián)合療法對(duì)于面頸、軀干、四肢的白癜風(fēng)療效較骨關(guān)節(jié)部位以及手足部的療效好,但其對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)治療方式不敏感的難治性白癜風(fēng),尤其是手足部的白癜風(fēng)療效顯著優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)治療方式,其單一療效還需更多的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)證實(shí)。

CO2點(diǎn)陣激光的不良反應(yīng)有疼痛、灼燒感、紅斑、水腫等,紅斑持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),一個(gè)月內(nèi)可消失,其他反應(yīng)一般在一天內(nèi)可以緩解,一周內(nèi)結(jié)痂脫落,未見(jiàn)疤痕、同形反應(yīng)、感染等副作用。

3 氦氖激光(He-Ne laser)

氦氖激光波長(zhǎng)為632.8 nm,是一種低能量激光,其治療白癜風(fēng)的原理是直接對(duì)暴露細(xì)胞的生物刺激,如角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、成黑素細(xì)胞等,此外氦氖激光照射后可以增強(qiáng)黑素細(xì)胞對(duì)IV型膠原的附著,同時(shí)抑制了黑素細(xì)胞的可動(dòng)性,但加強(qiáng)了I型膠原上黑素細(xì)胞的遷移;氦氖激光照射后α2β1整聯(lián)蛋白的表達(dá)增強(qiáng),從而促進(jìn)了黑素細(xì)胞的增殖[22]。Lan等[23]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氦氖激光通過(guò) Ca2+依賴的通道可激活線粒體的退化信號(hào),對(duì)線粒體的細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶的影響與其刺激黑素母細(xì)胞的分化有密切關(guān)系。氦氖激光還可以刺激原始色素細(xì)胞,致使其分化,這種作用即使是大劑量甚至是造成損害劑量的UVB也未出現(xiàn)過(guò)。有研究比較He-Ne laser、UVA和NB-UVB對(duì)白癜風(fēng)白斑處色素增長(zhǎng)的作用,結(jié)果顯示三者對(duì)白癜風(fēng)的治療療效相近[24]。Wu等[25]對(duì)40例節(jié)段型白癜風(fēng)患者進(jìn)行了氦氖激光治療,皮損選取的部位為頭部或頸部,照射皮損處的劑量為3.0 J/cm2,每周1次或2次。在進(jìn)行17個(gè)療程后,約60%的患者有超過(guò)50%的復(fù)色率。Byun等[26]采用氦氖激光聯(lián)合外用他克莫司軟膏治療兒童白癜風(fēng)1例,治療48周后大部分皮損明顯復(fù)色。氦氖激光與其他傳統(tǒng)療法相比,具有易操作、便宜等特點(diǎn),并且無(wú)紅斑、燒傷等副作用。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

308 nm準(zhǔn)分子激光已廣泛應(yīng)用于白癜風(fēng)的臨床治療,其療效越來(lái)越受到肯定,但其對(duì)于肢端型白癜風(fēng)的療效較CO2點(diǎn)陣激光弱。CO2點(diǎn)陣激光作為最新的白癜風(fēng)的激光療法,需要進(jìn)一步探索明確其作用機(jī)制及臨床療效。氦氖激光的療效缺乏大量的臨床數(shù)據(jù)支持,需要更多的臨床探索。綜上所述,激光療法的相對(duì)快捷、有效、副作用少的特點(diǎn),對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)療法療效不佳、用藥依從性較差的患者來(lái)說(shuō)是一種較好的選擇。

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(收稿:2015-08-14 修回:2015-10-21)

UPdate of laser treatment in vitiligo

WANG Tingting1,MIN Zhongsheng2,SHI Jianxin2.
1.Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210023,China;2.Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM,Nanjing 210029,China

[Abstract]Now the laser treatment in vitiligo mainly includes 308 nm excimer laser,CO2fractional laser and he-ne laser,which are high efficiency,easy to regulate,less adverse reaction and have been used widely.The laser treatment in vitiligo is summarized in this paper.

vitiligo;308 nm excimer laser;fractional carbon dioxide laser;He-Ne laser

1南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),南京,210029
2江蘇省中醫(yī)院,南京,210029

準(zhǔn)分子激光的不良反應(yīng)有一過(guò)性紅斑、瘙癢、灼痛、水皰、脫屑等,但一般均可耐受,無(wú)需特殊治療。

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