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成人發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的診治現(xiàn)狀

2016-01-24 05:34程亮亮趙德偉
中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志 2016年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:髖臼骨性假體

程亮亮 趙德偉

. 綜述 Review .

成人發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良的診治現(xiàn)狀

程亮亮 趙德偉

關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,髖;髖關(guān)節(jié);髖脫位,先天性;人工關(guān)節(jié);髖臼;髖發(fā)育不良

髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良是因?yàn)轶y臼先天性發(fā)育缺陷所導(dǎo)致長期生物力學(xué)異常而逐漸出現(xiàn)的股骨頭半脫位或脫位,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)負(fù)重區(qū)軟骨退變、軟骨下骨壞死,最后發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重骨關(guān)節(jié)炎[1]。該疾病的患者往往在新生兒階段即可出現(xiàn)髖關(guān)節(jié)的異常,因此在過去稱之為先天性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良 (congenital dysplasia of the hip,CDH)[2],因?yàn)樵摬〉陌l(fā)展演變與年齡密切相關(guān),所以近些年更多的學(xué)者稱其為發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良 (developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)。目前,每 1000 例新生兒中約有 1~2 例存在髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,但是約有 15~20 例存在髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)[3]。盡管已有許多新生兒 DDH 的篩查手段[4],但仍有不少兒童被漏診或者沒有得到恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委?。DDH 的病理改變主要為髖臼纖維環(huán)變扁或翻轉(zhuǎn)、股骨頭骨化中心發(fā)育異常、髖臼外傾角增大、股骨頭覆蓋率下降等。成人 DDH 患者的髖關(guān)節(jié)局部解剖及生物力學(xué)的異常以及繼發(fā)的骨關(guān)節(jié)炎等因素導(dǎo)致手術(shù)難度高,其手術(shù)治療一直是骨科醫(yī)生的挑戰(zhàn)?,F(xiàn)對 DDH的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷、治療及存在的問題綜述如下。

一、臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷與分型

1. 臨床表現(xiàn):成人 DDH 主要表現(xiàn)為腹股溝區(qū)疼痛,活動后疼痛加重。年輕患者也可表現(xiàn)為髖關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)疼痛,患肢翹二郎腿或拉伸髖外展肌時疼痛加重[5]。當(dāng)患者髖關(guān)節(jié)出現(xiàn)盂唇撕裂或關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的病理改變時,可表現(xiàn)為髖關(guān)節(jié)絞鎖、黏滯感、無力感[5]。部分患者有無痛性髖關(guān)節(jié)彈響,主要原因?yàn)轺难』^股骨頭表面而產(chǎn)生的彈響[6]。當(dāng)髖關(guān)節(jié)無明顯的半脫位且無繼發(fā)性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎表現(xiàn)時,髖關(guān)節(jié)活動范圍往往是正常的[5]。年輕患者往往因股骨頸過度前傾,而表現(xiàn)為髖關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)旋活動范圍增大,而內(nèi)旋活動減小則常提示可能繼發(fā)了骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎。內(nèi)旋擠壓碰撞試驗(yàn)(屈曲、內(nèi)收、內(nèi)旋髖關(guān)節(jié)) 用于檢測盂唇損傷或盂唇與股骨頭頸交界處是否有撞擊,有較高的敏感性。術(shù)前下肢長度的測量至關(guān)重要,可通過臨床查體及 X 線片測量。

2. 診斷:常用的 X 線檢查包括站立位骨盆正位 X 線片及髖關(guān)節(jié)側(cè)位 X 線片,測量中心邊緣角 (CE 角) 和臼頂負(fù)重區(qū)域傾斜角 (又稱髖臼指數(shù),AI) 可輔助診斷。CE角在正位 X 線片與側(cè)位 X 線片均可測得,>25° 為正常,20°~25° 為臨界值,<20° 認(rèn)為是發(fā)育不良[7]。正位 X 線片 CE 角<20° 提示髖臼外側(cè)股骨頭覆蓋不全,側(cè)位 X 線片 CE 角<18° 提示髖臼前方股骨頭覆蓋不全[5]。AI<10°為正常。Murphy 等[8]認(rèn)為,CE 角<15° 的 DDH 患者在70 歲以后均會出現(xiàn)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎。

CT 可輔助判斷髖關(guān)節(jié)的骨質(zhì)情況,另外,股骨側(cè)可通過 CT 測量股骨頸前傾角。MRI 便于診斷盂唇撕裂、軟骨損傷等病變,這些損傷在 X 線或 CT 檢查中無法判斷。對于高度懷疑髖關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)存在病變但影像學(xué)又無明顯異常的患者,可考慮行髖關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查。

3. 分型:DDH 最常用的分型為 Crowe 分型[9]和Hartofilakidis 分型[10]。

Crowe 分型通過兩種方法對髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良進(jìn)行量化。一種是通過比較股骨頭上移程度分型 (I 型,上移程度<50%;II 型,上移程度 50%~75%;III 型,上移75%~100%;IV 型,上移>100%),另一種是通過淚滴線到頭頸交界線之間距離與坐骨結(jié)節(jié)線到髂骨翼頂點(diǎn)線之間距離的比值分型 (I 型,比值<0.10;II 型,比值為0.10~0.15;III 型,比值為 0.16~0.20;IV 型,比值>0.20)[9]。Hartofilakidis 分型根據(jù)股骨頭脫位的程度將 DDH分為 3 型:A 型,髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良;B 型,低位髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位;C 型,高位髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位[10]。

兩種分型均可靠且可重復(fù)[11]。在一項(xiàng)研究中,3 位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的醫(yī)生分別對 145 例 DDH 患者進(jìn)行 Crowe 分型和Hartofilakidis 分型,兩種分型的觀察者間誤差 Kappa 值分別為 0.90~0.92 和 0.85~0.93[11]。

二、治療方式

隨著髖關(guān)節(jié)生物力學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展和對 DDH 疾病研究的不斷深入,目前認(rèn)為 DDH 繼發(fā)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的主要是由于關(guān)節(jié)面匹配度的丟失和股骨頭覆蓋面積的減少,進(jìn)而關(guān)節(jié)局部應(yīng)力異常集中所致。DDH 的外科治療的目的是解除疼痛、恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)功能,對于尚未出現(xiàn)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者可采取截骨保髖手術(shù),而已發(fā)生嚴(yán)重骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者則需行人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。

1. 保髖手術(shù):保留關(guān)節(jié)的外科手術(shù)主要是通過改善關(guān)節(jié)面的匹配度、增加髖臼對股骨頭的覆蓋[12],糾正或改善髖關(guān)節(jié)局部的應(yīng)力集中,延緩或終止繼發(fā)性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)展,推遲或避免人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)。

Ganz 等[13]學(xué)者于 1988 年首先報道了髖臼周圍截骨術(shù)(periacetabular osteotomy,PAO),通過小切口為髖臼提供最佳的位置校正[14]。PAO 可以糾正髖關(guān)節(jié)畸形,有效的緩解疼痛和改善關(guān)節(jié)功能[15]。對于軟骨損傷輕微的患者,可考慮選擇 PAO 及股骨截骨[16-17]。文獻(xiàn)報道 PAO 后髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評分明顯提高,預(yù)防了骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎的進(jìn)展[18-19]。即使已經(jīng)存在一定程度的骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎的表現(xiàn),PAO 并重建正常髖臼的對線也可在數(shù)年內(nèi)緩解癥狀[20-21]。已有報道,T?nnis 3 度、4 度骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者通過截骨手術(shù)也獲得了較好的臨床效果,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨間隙也獲得了較大的改善[22]。但 PAO 需要極長的學(xué)習(xí)曲線,有報道顯示臨床并發(fā)癥高達(dá) 15%[23]。目前普遍認(rèn)為 PAO 適用于較年輕,且頭臼匹配優(yōu)良的患者[24-25]。但是 Ida 等[26]報道 40% 的DDH 患者的股骨頭形態(tài)有異常,髖臼旋轉(zhuǎn)后常常會出現(xiàn)髖臼與股骨頭頸結(jié)合部的撞擊[27],必要時可切開關(guān)節(jié)囊或借助關(guān)節(jié)鏡進(jìn)行修復(fù)。肥胖的患者需要謹(jǐn)慎選擇 PAO,已經(jīng)證實(shí)肥胖為術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的一個主要風(fēng)險因素[28]。

PAO 術(shù)后全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換是可行的。Parvizi 等[29]對此類關(guān)節(jié)置換病例進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后所有患者疼痛均明顯減輕,且安裝髖臼假體后髖臼骨量良好,但作者同時指出 41 例中 23 例髖臼假體術(shù)后有后傾傾向。

保髖手術(shù)除了 PAO 之外,還有二聯(lián)骨盆截骨術(shù)、髖臼造蓋術(shù)等,其目的都是為了增加髖臼對股骨頭的包容性,改善髖關(guān)節(jié)的力學(xué)環(huán)境。但目前應(yīng)用最為普遍的還是PAO,該術(shù)式療效確切,目前已被廣大骨科醫(yī)生所接受,并發(fā)展成為成人 DDH 保髖治療的主要手術(shù)方式。

2. 人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù):DDH 晚期可繼發(fā)嚴(yán)重的骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎,關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞、軟骨下骨囊性變、骨質(zhì)增生、關(guān)節(jié)間隙狹窄或消失,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致患者關(guān)節(jié)疼痛明顯、活動受限,嚴(yán)重影響生活質(zhì)量。此時最佳的手術(shù)方式為全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),DDH 的患者常常因?yàn)槠浣馄式Y(jié)構(gòu)的異常使得手術(shù)難度提高[30],如何更好地重建髖臼、選擇與安放股骨假體、平衡下肢長度是做好 DDH 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。

3. 髖臼重建:最理想的髖臼假體位置應(yīng)該位于真臼內(nèi),Crowe III 和 IV 型的 DDH 術(shù)中定位真臼常常比較困難,可選擇坐骨與恥骨交匯處或髖臼橫韌帶作為參考水平。術(shù)中需保證充足的暴露骨性標(biāo)志、徹底清除髖臼內(nèi)軟組織以便評估臼底深度,可利用術(shù)中透視確定髖臼高度及深度。

高位髖臼且髖關(guān)節(jié)中心不外偏是可以接受的。Nawabi 等[31]報道高位髖臼技術(shù)在 DDH 患者中取得滿意療效,提供了超過 10 年的耐久固定。高位髖臼的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是手術(shù)技術(shù)較確定真臼簡單,而且高位髖臼可依靠自身骨質(zhì)減少對植骨的需求,但是高位髖臼往往因?yàn)榫时耐庖坪蜕弦剖沟猛庹辜」δ芮芳选⒅w長度平衡不良,另外因高位髖臼沒有能夠重建骨量也給翻修手術(shù)帶來困難。有文獻(xiàn)報道高位臼杯會增加下肢跛行及脫位發(fā)生的風(fēng)險,臼杯固定界面能產(chǎn)生更高的剪切力和增加假體松動率[32]。一項(xiàng)對生物型髖臼假體治療 53 例 DDH 患者至少隨訪 10 年的研究表明,當(dāng)髖臼假體外翻>45° 或臼杯外移>25 mm 時,聚乙烯內(nèi)襯磨損率明顯增大[33]。

如已經(jīng)確定臼杯的高度,則可在磨挫臼底前用電鉆將臼底鉆一小孔,用測深器測出臼底骨質(zhì)深度,一般需磨挫至距髖臼內(nèi)壁 3~4 mm,以便為翻修提供足夠的骨量[34]。髖臼假體內(nèi)移時需避免過度磨挫髖臼、骨量過度丟失及髖臼骨折。對于髖臼緣完整、內(nèi)壁厚度>8 mm 的髖臼可行內(nèi)壁截骨髖臼內(nèi)陷[35]。內(nèi)壁截骨可以優(yōu)化髖臼杯的位置和穩(wěn)定性,更有效地內(nèi)移髖關(guān)節(jié)旋轉(zhuǎn)中心并且增加骨覆蓋,且可以選擇較大直徑的髖臼杯。髖臼內(nèi)陷可以增加外展肌力臂,有效改善髖關(guān)節(jié)生物力學(xué)環(huán)境,同時可以增加負(fù)重區(qū)宿主骨覆蓋。

如果髖臼假體前方及后方骨量充足,保證 75%~80%的髖臼假體覆蓋即可[36-37]。如果臼杯試模測試時外上方30% 的范圍或者前外側(cè) 1.5 cm 無骨性覆蓋,則選擇結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨 (植骨造蓋術(shù))。髖臼植骨造蓋可以提供髖臼外側(cè)支撐,并可為翻修提供一定的骨量[38],文獻(xiàn)顯示有良好的早期[39]和遠(yuǎn)期效果[40-41]。臨床上常采用取自體股骨頭截取部分骨塊固定于缺損區(qū),進(jìn)行髖臼造蓋植骨[42]。如髖臼有囊性變,清理囊變后可行髖臼內(nèi)植骨,常取股骨頭內(nèi)松質(zhì)骨,植入髖臼內(nèi),使用髖臼銼反轉(zhuǎn)磨挫至與髖臼假體匹配后植入假體,位于假體和髖臼之間的顆粒樣植骨可以促進(jìn)假體與髖臼愈合,此方法又稱扶壁植骨 (flying-buttress graft)。Gill 等[43]對 87 例嚴(yán)重 DDH 患者使用了 Müller 加強(qiáng)環(huán)重建缺損髖臼,其中 42 例采用了自體股骨頭顆粒樣植骨,取得了較好的臨床療效。另外,大多數(shù)的 DDH 患者都比較年輕,因此軟組織平衡也很重要,尤其是外展肌的保護(hù)[44]。做好軟組織平衡,最大程度的恢復(fù)髖關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后功能。

總之,DDH 患者的髖臼假體應(yīng)該置于真臼水平,并保證合適的傾斜角、前傾角,其臨床效果要優(yōu)于將假體置于外上方的假臼內(nèi)。當(dāng)髖臼假體覆蓋不全時,可通過高位髖臼、髖臼內(nèi)陷、結(jié)構(gòu)性植骨、髖臼加強(qiáng)環(huán)等方案解決。

4. 股骨側(cè)重建:DDH 患者的股骨側(cè)常會表現(xiàn)為股骨髓腔狹窄、股骨頸前傾增大、髖周肌肉韌帶攣縮等異常,有的患者既往有轉(zhuǎn)子間或轉(zhuǎn)子下截骨手術(shù)治療的病史,這些對關(guān)節(jié)置換時股骨假體的植入均造成一定的困難。如果髖臼側(cè)在術(shù)中進(jìn)行了旋轉(zhuǎn)中心的下移,則股骨側(cè)可能需要進(jìn)行短縮截骨以防過分牽拉而造成血管神經(jīng)損傷[45]。尤其是 Crowe IV 型的 DDH 患者,如果髖關(guān)節(jié)中心下移>4 cm易導(dǎo)致坐骨神經(jīng)麻痹[46]。術(shù)中可通過肌電圖檢測和喚醒試驗(yàn)以確定是否有神經(jīng)損傷。股骨短縮截骨可減少神經(jīng)損傷的風(fēng)險,同時可以通過股骨近端的旋轉(zhuǎn)調(diào)整股骨頸的前傾角。截骨常采取股骨近端或轉(zhuǎn)子下截骨,所需短縮的長度由術(shù)前及術(shù)中測量髖臼中心下移的高度與肢體長度來決定[47-48]。Holinka 等[49]提出在手術(shù)之前通過髂股外架牽引髖關(guān)節(jié),使股骨頭回到髖關(guān)節(jié)真臼的位置,從而恢復(fù)肢體長度。

當(dāng)股骨前傾角>40° 時,往往需要進(jìn)行股骨旋轉(zhuǎn)截骨糾正前傾角,但旋轉(zhuǎn)截骨近端糾正前傾角時股骨大粗隆也轉(zhuǎn)向前,使外展肌作用減弱。Silber 等[50]認(rèn)識到此問題的重要性后,最早提出了組配型股骨假體,他們報道在股骨形態(tài)變異較大時選擇組配型假體調(diào)整股骨前傾角。另外,使用小號的小錐度直型柄可以在股骨髓腔內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)假體以獲得適度的前傾角,從而可以避免進(jìn)行股骨旋轉(zhuǎn)截骨,該方法操作簡單、費(fèi)用較低、無需特殊假體。一般認(rèn)為,如果需要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)子下截骨,則建議使用生物型股骨假體,以免因骨水泥滲入截骨斷面而造成骨不連[45]。

總之,DDH 患者股骨近端形態(tài)的變異往往影響股骨假體的植入,組配型假體給外科醫(yī)生提供了更多的選擇,股骨短縮或旋轉(zhuǎn)截骨可以處理一些嚴(yán)重的股骨畸形,充分的術(shù)前計(jì)劃和豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)是十分必要的[51]。

三、問題與展望

成人 DDH 的診斷并不困難,但是目前到醫(yī)院就診的患者多為癥狀比較明顯的、影像檢查提示嚴(yán)重的骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎,此時人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)則是主要的治療方式。然而,關(guān)節(jié)置換也存在較多的并發(fā)癥,對于較年輕的患者又涉及到二次翻修的問題,因此臨床上更應(yīng)致力于 DDH 的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期治療。以通過早期的保髖治療糾正髖關(guān)節(jié)的生物力學(xué)關(guān)系,延緩或終止 DDH 的病情發(fā)展。對于 DDH 患者的外科治療,因其髖臼及股骨的解剖變異個體差異性較大,因此術(shù)前必須制訂全面詳盡的手術(shù)方案,包括手術(shù)入路、截骨方式、骨缺損的重建方式、假體的類型與型號等。目前,髖臼旋轉(zhuǎn)截骨術(shù)與人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)已是關(guān)節(jié)外科比較成熟的手術(shù),但仍應(yīng)從手術(shù)方式、生物力學(xué)、人工材料等方面繼續(xù)探索研究,推動成人髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良診治技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

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(本文編輯:裴艷宏 李貴存)

Current concepts in adult patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip: diagnosis and treatment

CHENG Liang-liang, ZHAO De-wei. Department of Orthopedics. Affliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian,liaoning, 116001, PRC

ZHAO De-wei, Email: zhaodewei2016@163.com

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders that results in anatomic abnormalities leading to increased contact stress in the joint, eventually, secondary osteoarthritis. Because of altered anatomy of dysplastic hips and younger age, surgery in these patients requires technically demanding procedures. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for DDH are of the utmost importance. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with DDH, and concludes the current views and the associated surgical techniques.

Arthroplasty, replacement, hip; Hip joint; Hip dislocation, congenital; Joint prosthesis;Acetabulum; Hip dysplasia

10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.07.009中圖分類號:R681, R687.4

116001 大連大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院骨科

趙德偉,Email: zhaodewei2016@163.com

2016-05-15)

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