趙德偉
. 述評 Editorial .
關(guān)于成人發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良診治的一點(diǎn)看法
趙德偉
髖關(guān)節(jié);骨疾病,發(fā)育性;關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,髖;保髖治療
發(fā)育性髖關(guān)節(jié)發(fā)育不良 (developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH) 是髖關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)生的主要原因,大約占 20%~40%[1]。DDH 患者的股骨頭與髖臼多在出生時(shí)就喪失了正常的對應(yīng)關(guān)系,隨著年齡的增長,髖關(guān)節(jié)的發(fā)育異常逐漸惡化。大多數(shù)患者在青少年時(shí)期髖關(guān)節(jié)均具有正常的功能,沒有疼痛癥狀,因此不易被發(fā)現(xiàn),而在成年以后,關(guān)節(jié)的異常應(yīng)力最終導(dǎo)致髖關(guān)節(jié)骨關(guān)節(jié)炎,出現(xiàn)疼痛和功能障礙后才被確診[2]。當(dāng)成人 DDH 出現(xiàn)中、重度的骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎時(shí),能夠采取的外科干預(yù)措施只有全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù) (total hip arthroplasty,THA)。DDH 患者的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)較特殊且多為年輕患者,因此術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)脫位、假體松動(dòng)、內(nèi)襯磨損等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率均較高[3],且二次翻修手術(shù)的難度高。面對這樣的臨床問題,骨科醫(yī)師能作什么?
DDH 的具體病因迄今仍不十分清楚,大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為其有遺傳傾向。在嬰幼兒時(shí)期的篩查有助于早期診斷,并且可以通過一些非手術(shù)治療進(jìn)行矯正。有些患者在嬰幼兒時(shí)期僅為髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn),體格檢查和影像檢查很難確診,在隨后的發(fā)育階段髖關(guān)節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸出現(xiàn)異常,這些患者早期的癥狀多不在髖關(guān)節(jié),可表現(xiàn)在臀部、大腿、下腰部等部位的疼痛不適,或是步態(tài)的異常。因此,患者首次就診時(shí),詳細(xì)的問診、認(rèn)真的查體是十分必要的。許多外科醫(yī)生對 DDH 的認(rèn)識還不夠,甚至仍有許多醫(yī)生把 DDH 和股骨頭壞死混為一談。不能夠正確地認(rèn)識 DDH,就不能夠做到早期診斷,這就導(dǎo)致早期 DDH 患者常常被漏診。讓廣大外科醫(yī)生正確地認(rèn)識 DDH 是早診斷、早治療的必要條件。
目前,成人 DDH 的治療方案主要分為保髖治療和 THA。保髖治療目前應(yīng)用最多的是髖臼周圍截骨術(shù)(periacetabular osteotomy,PAO),該術(shù)式是 Ganz 等[4]在 1988 年首先報(bào)道的,其療效確切,目前已被廣大骨科醫(yī)生所接受,并發(fā)展成為成人 DDH 保髖治療的主要手術(shù)方式。張洪、陳曉東等在 PAO 治療成人 DDH 方面作了較多的工作,并在臨床上取得了較好的療效。PAO 適合于年輕的、活動(dòng)量較大,并且關(guān)節(jié)功能良好、沒有明顯骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎的患者[5-6]。這些患者常常因?yàn)轶y關(guān)節(jié)疼痛癥狀不明顯、關(guān)節(jié)功能良好,不愿意接受手術(shù)治療,積極地宣教和耐心地講解讓患者充分了解疾病的演變過程與轉(zhuǎn)歸是十分必要的。術(shù)前需要充分準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)者需要具備足夠的經(jīng)驗(yàn),才能使患者術(shù)后獲得良好的效果。需要注意的是,DDH 患者的股骨頭形態(tài)多有異常[7],髖臼旋轉(zhuǎn)后常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)髖臼與股骨頭頸結(jié)合部的撞擊[8];另外,DDH 患者又常合并髖臼盂唇損傷、關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷,可切開關(guān)節(jié)囊進(jìn)行修復(fù),必要時(shí)可借助關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助治療。我院在髖臼加蓋術(shù)方面也做了許多工作,臨床上也獲得了不錯(cuò)的療效。保髖治療的方法還有骨盆內(nèi)移截骨術(shù)等,其手術(shù)的目的都是為了增加髖臼對股骨頭的包容度,改善髖關(guān)節(jié)的力學(xué)環(huán)境。如何通過更簡單的保髖手術(shù)達(dá)到更好的臨床療效仍值得探索。DDH 患者如果髖關(guān)節(jié)合并有嚴(yán)重的骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎,或者關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)度較差,或者年齡較大,均不再適合行保髖治療,更適合選擇 THA。THA 已經(jīng)是非常成熟的外科技術(shù),但是因?yàn)?DDH 患者存在髖臼淺平、臼頂骨缺損、股骨頭呈半脫位或完全脫位、股骨頸前傾角增大等結(jié)構(gòu)異常,使得其手術(shù)難度提高。如何更好地重建髖臼、如何選擇與安放合適的股骨假體、是否需要特殊的假體或者組配的假體、如何更好地平衡下肢的長度等,這些問題都是 DDH 患者行 THA 時(shí)需要考慮的關(guān)鍵問題。另外,針對較年輕的患者,術(shù)前設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)一定要考慮二次翻修的問題,如何更好地重建或保留髖臼和股骨端的骨量至關(guān)重要,為下一次手術(shù)作好鋪墊[9]。
對于 DDH 患者的外科治療,無論是 PAO 還是 THA,外科醫(yī)生都需要一個(gè)較長的學(xué)習(xí)曲線[10-11]。張洪等[12]認(rèn)為 PAO 手術(shù)需要程序化和精細(xì)化,外科醫(yī)生需增加知識積累,多觀摩、多做尸體操作,綜合分析患者病情,選擇個(gè)性化手術(shù)方案,才能最大限度地減少手術(shù)失敗、改善患者的預(yù)后。DDH 患者的 THA 也是同樣的道理。而在實(shí)際臨床工作中,各個(gè)級別的醫(yī)院都在開展 THA,因?yàn)椴糠轴t(yī)生對 DDH 的認(rèn)識不足,常常術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備不充分,術(shù)中遇到困難無法解決,造成嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥或手術(shù)失敗,甚至造成無法彌補(bǔ)的錯(cuò)誤,給患者造成了肉體上的痛苦,增加了經(jīng)濟(jì)和精神上的負(fù)擔(dān)。大型醫(yī)院的關(guān)節(jié)外科中心應(yīng)多開展相關(guān)的學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng),建立 DDH 診治專項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)班,從病理、解剖、診斷分型、手術(shù)入路等基礎(chǔ)知識講起,規(guī)范 DDH 的診療流程。建議政府機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)定關(guān)節(jié)外科醫(yī)生的準(zhǔn)入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制度,經(jīng)過正規(guī)的培訓(xùn)和嚴(yán)格的考試篩選之后才能從事髖關(guān)節(jié)外科的臨床工作,同時(shí)設(shè)立專家組,對已獲得手術(shù)資格的醫(yī)生進(jìn)行定期評估,加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管力度。
總之,提高醫(yī)生與患者對 DDH 的認(rèn)識和理解,盡可能地早期發(fā)現(xiàn),及早地給予干預(yù)措施,避免髖關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生,從而可以拖延或避免行 THA;另外,外科醫(yī)生診治水平需要加強(qiáng),規(guī)范其診療流程,設(shè)定手術(shù)醫(yī)生的資格準(zhǔn)入制度,為患者提供最恰當(dāng)?shù)闹委煼桨?,減少并發(fā)癥和再次手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)??蒲泄ぷ魅皂氝M(jìn)一步加強(qiáng),人工假體材料學(xué)的研發(fā)、髖關(guān)節(jié)生物力學(xué)的分析、保髖治療手術(shù)方案的改進(jìn)等諸多問題還需要進(jìn)一步去探索,積極開展多中心前瞻性的研究,為 DDH 患者制訂更科學(xué)的診斷評估和治療方法,逐步改進(jìn)對DDH 的治療效果。
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(本文編輯:王萌)
Views on the diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip
ZHAO De-wei. Department of Orthopedics, Affliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, PRC
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in adolescence often has no obvious symptoms, and is diffcult to be found until the secondary osteoarthritis. At the early stage, patients always can't get appropriate diagnosis and treatment, and arthroplasty is always the last choice in the end stage of osteoarthritis. This article gives 3 pieces of advice for the clinic: (1) Doctors' and patients' understanding of DDH should be improved to ensure the in time DDH treatment, and to delay or avoid the occurrence of hip osteoarthritis. (2) Surgical indications of hip preserving treatment and replacement of the total hip should be controlled strictly, and individualized schedule should be made for appropriate treatment. (3) Training of surgeons should be emphasized, treatment process should be standardized,and surgeon qualifcation system needs to be set up to make the surgical procedures more programmed and detailed,minimizing the surgical failures and improving the prognosis.
Hip joint; Bone diseases, developmental; Arthroplasty, replacement, hip; Joint preservation
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.07.001中圖分類號:R681, R687.4
116001 大連大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院骨科
2016-05-16)