蔡章兵

解題技法攻略篇——高效提分寶典

得閱讀者得天下，得英語閱讀者得高分，這足見閱讀理解題的重要性。綜觀近幾年的高考試題，閱讀理解的體裁多為記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文四種；題材大多來源于實(shí)際生活，緊貼時(shí)代，反映英美文化等特點(diǎn)；閱讀材料多為最近幾年國內(nèi)外報(bào)刊中具有時(shí)代性的原汁原味的文章，內(nèi)容涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、人物、動(dòng)物、教育、廣告、哲理、生態(tài)、環(huán)保、科普、史地、節(jié)日、社會(huì)、衛(wèi)生等方面。2015年的高考閱讀理解仍然保持這種命題趨勢。

題目類型

閱讀理解題常見的是細(xì)節(jié)理解題，包括對時(shí)間、數(shù)量、文章結(jié)構(gòu)、事件順序、事實(shí)等方面的把握。推理判斷題，包括推理、引申作者的態(tài)度、文章出處、人物情感等。猜測詞義題，指通過上下文推測某些詞匯、短語、句子的意思。主旨大意題，包括理解文章大意、文章標(biāo)題等。

命題規(guī)律

1.問題的沒置一般是遵循文章順序的。

2.要注意文章人物說的話和帶引號的句子，尤其是段落的后半部分，很有可能就是對某個(gè)問題的同義替換。

3.文章一般以5個(gè)段落為主，要把握每個(gè)段落的關(guān)系。

4.每段的首句很重要，尤其是總分結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，有時(shí)候第一句話就是題眼。

5.抓住句中表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞語，這些詞語后面一般是作者的態(tài)度。要注意作者對什么進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)折，找出關(guān)鍵詞，這往往是推理判斷題的題眼。

6.有些句子僅僅起到補(bǔ)充說明、過渡的作用，這種句子的明顯特點(diǎn)是比較短。如果這些句子在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)，肯定是干擾項(xiàng)，因?yàn)橥x替換的句子，大多是長難句。

7.詞匯題的正確答案往往隱藏在原文附近（即同義替換詞）。在原文附近的句子，如果是并列關(guān)系句或解釋說明句，就從這些句子關(guān)鍵詞的相近意思去把握，如果是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，就從關(guān)鍵詞的相反意思去把握。

8.“最安全的地方也是最危險(xiǎn)的地方”，中心句一般出現(xiàn)在段首、段中、段尾，或者是帶引號的句子，但這也是十?dāng)_項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)的地方。

9.要重視however后面的句子，很多題目的題眼都是however后面的句子。

10.要注意命題人的五個(gè)出題點(diǎn)：開頭和結(jié)尾、因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、比較關(guān)系、數(shù)字關(guān)系。

除了關(guān)注上述命題規(guī)律，考生解題時(shí)還應(yīng)注意標(biāo)注下面的詞匯：

①表示標(biāo)志類、指示類的詞語

a.表示并列關(guān)系：and，also，coupled with等；

b.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：hut，yet，however，by contrast等；

c.表示因果關(guān)系：therefore，therhv，consequently，as a result等；

d.表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：in addition to，even，whats more，furthermore等；

e.表示重要性：prime，ahoveall，first等。

②具有特定感情色彩、顯示作者態(tài)度的詞，例如blind盲目的（貶），exeessively過分的（貶）。

這些詞有利于考生把握作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。

針對訓(xùn)練

六講突破高考閱讀理解

第1講 閱讀理解的設(shè)題點(diǎn)（高考命題技巧）

第2講 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)

第3講 干擾項(xiàng)常用手段

第4講 閱讀解題口訣

第5講 閱讀長難句分析

第6講 閱讀分類解題指導(dǎo)

考生要理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，將這六講切實(shí)運(yùn)用到解題中，就可以在閱讀理解中拿下高分。

答題規(guī)律

1.遇到考查結(jié)論性觀點(diǎn)和歸納思想的題目時(shí)，考生要比較選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容的全面概括性。一般來說，概括性高，引申思路符合邏輯的選項(xiàng)就是正確的。

2.注意選項(xiàng)中與原文線索句中重點(diǎn)詞的同義互釋。兩個(gè)意思相同的句子是可以通過語法和同義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換來實(shí)現(xiàn)同義互釋的，能達(dá)到這一要求的一般就是正確選項(xiàng)。

3.考查文章結(jié)論題時(shí)，看選項(xiàng)中是否含有絕對性的詞語，有這類詞的選項(xiàng)肯定要排除。

4.在考查結(jié)論推斷題時(shí)，一般來說，重復(fù)例證事實(shí)、就事論事的選項(xiàng)一般要排除。

英語時(shí)文閱讀篇——一站式破解英語難題

Tourists heading to Venice will need to spend extra money on new baggage thanks to an odd new rule.According to the rule.visitors using wheelie suitcases will be fined up to500 euros.It will come into effect in May 2015.

What's the reason for the ban？It's noise pollution on the historic canal bridges.Authorities say that the noise of large tour groups dragging the bags over the bridges keeps lo-cal residents awake at night.and in the end amounts to noise pollution.Only wheelie suitcases with silent inflated tires.rather than rubber ones.will be permitted in the water city，under the strict new regulations brought in by the council.

The odd rule has been brought in by Vittorio Zap-palorto.who was appointed after the city's mayor was arrested in a corruption scandal.Venetians themselves will be exempt from the regulations which are to come into operation in May next year，11 Gazzettino reported.

The news follows a series of attempts to limit the impact of the 20 million tourists that visit Venice every year.Earlier this year the city launched a campaign discouraging couples from attaching padlocks to the city's bridges as a symbol of love.claiming the old structures are too fragile to cope with the weight.Workmen this summer removed some 20.000"love locks " from the Rialto and Accademia bridges.

And last year authorities started a strict crackdown on water traffic.After a series of complaints about drunken-ness.boatmen are now subject to alcohol and drug tests and must use GPS devices and number plates.

"There are also numerous worrying signs of deteriora-tion and wear to paving stones and bridges previously un- harmed for hundreds of years."the City Council said in a statement.

City official Maurizio Dorigo admitted the rules were currently a little impractical as suitcases with inflatable wheels did not yet exisL as far as he knew.He said："Hopefully a company will start producing suitcases with inflatable tires.We've got till next May.Someone will be able to design and sell them by then."

1. Why does Venice City introduce the ban fromwheelie suitcases？（）

A.The noise of tour groups keep residents awake at night.

B.Rubber tyres of suitcases produce a lot of noise.

C.The dragging of wheelie suitcases amounts to noise pollution.

D. Tyres of suitcases do harm to paving stones and bridges.

2.What else measures have been taken to reduce theimpact of tourists in the city？（）

A.Limiting number of tourists and removing"Iove locks".

B.Discouraging couples and crackdown on water trafiic.

C.Launching a campaign and using GPS devices and number plates.

D.Removing"10ve locks"and crackdown on water traffic.

3.What can we infer from the passage？（）

A.Local residents can use wheelie suitcases without being fined.

B.People are banned from attaching padlocks to bridges.

C.GPS devices and number plates are used in water traffic.

D.Suitcases with inflatable wheels are sold in many shops.

4.Why does Maurizio Dorigo think the new ruleimpractical？（）

A.The regulation does not apply to the Iocalresidents.

B.Suitcases with inflatable wheels haven't been largely produced

C.Tourists are usually dragging their wheelie suitcases at night

D.Suitcases with inflated silent tires can't be designed by then.

5.What can be the best title of the passage？（）

A.Wheelie Suitcases Produce Noise Pollution

B.Attempts to Limit Impact of Tourists to the Water City

C.Venice Bans Tourists from Using Wheelie Suitcases

D.Attaching Padlocks to Bridges as A Symbol of Love.

語篇導(dǎo)讀

威尼斯城決定于2015年5月起實(shí)施一項(xiàng)旅游新規(guī)：禁止游客使用滑輪行李箱，違者將被罰款500歐元。市政廳頒布這項(xiàng)新規(guī)是為了減少噪音污染。

l.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段the noise of large tour groups dragging the bags over the bridges keeps local residents awake at night，and in the end.amounts to noise pollution可知，成群的游客在橋上拖動(dòng)行李箱而發(fā)出的聲音會(huì)造成噪音污染，這是新規(guī)出臺(tái)的原因。

2.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段和第住段可知，威尼斯市為了減輕游客對水城造成的影響，力圖阻止游客在橋上掛連心鎖，重新整頓游船服務(wù)業(yè)。

3.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段Venetians themselves will be exempt from the regulations可知，威尼斯城當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬皇苄乱?guī)定的約束，由此可判斷，當(dāng)?shù)厝耸褂没喰欣钕涫遣粫?huì)被罰款的。

4.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段City offcial Maurizio Dorigo admitted the rules were currently a little impractical as suitcases with inflatable wheels did not yet exist可知，使用充氣輪的行李箱還沒有生產(chǎn)出來，因此實(shí)施新規(guī)有些不切實(shí)際。

5.C主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文介紹了即將于2015年5月實(shí)施的一項(xiàng)新規(guī)定，即禁止威尼斯游客使用滑輪行李箱。

生詞

1.odd/Dd/adj古怪的

例句：I don't know what to make of his odd behav-ior

我不知道如何理解他的古怪行為。

2.inflated/m'fleitId/adj.充了氣的

例句：Remember to check your tires.Under-inflated tires can increase fuel consumption by fve per cent

別忘了檢查輪胎氣壓。氣壓不足的輪胎可能會(huì)增加5%的油耗。

3.subject/'SAbd3ekt/adj服從的

例句：Although these targets would not be intemationa-lly binding，they would be subject to outside surveillance

雖然這目標(biāo)不具有國際約束力，但它們將受到外界監(jiān)督。

4.deterioration/惡化；退化

例句：The food undergoes no deterioration in the tropics

這種食品在熱帶地區(qū)不會(huì)變質(zhì)。

長難句分析

Earlier this year the city launched a campaign dis-couraging couples from attaching padlocks to the city's bridges as a symbol of love.claiming the old structures are too fragile to cope with the weight

今年早時(shí)候，市政府開展了一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，即阻止情侶和夫婦在橋上掛鎖以示愛意，因?yàn)楣賳T稱這歷史悠久的橋梁很脆弱，已經(jīng)難堪重負(fù)。

這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。discouraging couples from為分詞短語，做定語，修飾campaign，claiming為分詞短語，做伴隨狀語。

This year has seen a rush in the popularity of smart gadgets，with items like 3D printers making it onto Christ-mas lists for the first time. The trend is a sign of the way technology will accelerate in 2015. according to futurolo-gist Dr James Bellini.

"The centerpiece of our future is rapidly becoming the digital hub for our increasingly connected lives."he said."Our homes are set to be enriched further by energy；from high-tech gadgets and appliances to smart devices."

Dr Bellini claimed a recent report showed that the av-erage home was transforming. as consumer buying habits changed.The report found that in 2015.the most wanted products will be 3D printers.followed by smart devices that connect to our phones-primarily thermostats and se-curity systems.as well as solar-powered chargers.

3D printing is a technology moving further into the mainstream.with the first artificial limbs created from 3D printers being used on patients this year.Not only are the devices now on sale in retailers.but there are multiple mobile apps that enable users to create and buy figures and toys that are printed in 3D.

"3D has been described as the biggest economic revolu-tion since Henry Ford introduced production Iine manufactur-ing in the 1900s."Dr Bellini said."Nasa already use it to turn out rocket parts；they are also developing ways to deploy 3D technology to produce on-board meals for the manned Mars missions planned for 203 0 and beyond. Nutritionists are look-ing at ways of printing food items for the elderly to match indwidual nutritional/dietary needs.And although it's early days for 3D printed pizzas and chocolate.it won't be long before every home has gone 3D."

The report also found that one of the products people were most looking forward to having in their home were do-mestic robots，with 26 per cent of those surveyed highlight-ing humanoid as a desirable product in years to come.

Technology giant Honda already has a domestic ro-bot.Asimo.who can remember faces and serve drinks.and made its first appearance in Europe this year.

1.What will our homes be like in the future？（）

A.Our homes will be using 3 D printers to produce meals for the family.

B.Our homes will be controlled by a digital hub with robots working around.

C.Our homes will be equipped with high-tech tools as well as smart devices.

D.Our homes will be filled with 3 D printers，ther-mostats and solar-powered chargers.

2.What is the significance of the first artificial limbs created from 3D printers？（）

A.3D technology has gained popularity in other areas

B.Figures and toys printed in 3 D have been very popular.

C.The biggest economic revolution has started since Henry Ford

D.Space technology has been pushed forward

3.What can we infer from the passage？（）

A.3D technology will cause a revolution in space exploration

B.The biggest economic revolution started from the year 1900

C.We will Iive on 3D printed foods in the near future

D.People can buy 3D printed pizzas and chocolates in shops.

4.What can be the best title of the passage？（）

A. 3D Printed Foods Meet Nutritional Needs

B.3D Technology Will Be Widely Used in Future Life

C.Astronauts Will Eat 3D Meals on Mars Mission

D.Domestic Robots Will Help out Housework in Future.

5.Whatis the author's attitude toward our increasingly connectedlives？（）

A.Suspicious

B.Concerned.

C.Pessimistic.

D.Expectant

語篇導(dǎo)讀

這是一篇說明文，介紹了未來數(shù)字化生活的前景。隨著智能產(chǎn)品的普及，將來3D打印技術(shù)會(huì)隨處可見，我們還可以吃3D打印的營養(yǎng)食品，有機(jī)器人幫助做家務(wù)，這樣美好的生活誰不向往呢？

1.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。文章第二段介紹了未來家庭的特點(diǎn)：Our homes are set to be enriched further by energy；from high-tech gadgets and appliances to smart devices.即高科技產(chǎn)晶與智能產(chǎn)品將成為未來家庭的主流裝備。

2.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段3D printing is a technology moving further into the mainstream判斷，由于3D打印身體器官技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，3D技術(shù)逐步為人們認(rèn)識(shí)，并得到普及，成為應(yīng)用廣泛的主流技術(shù)。

3.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段專家對3D打印食品的展望，it won't be long before every home hasgone 3D判斷，未來我們將生活在以3D打印食品為主食的時(shí)代。

4.B主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了3D技術(shù)在未來生活中的應(yīng)用情況，故選B。

5.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章中mamstream，look-ing forward to，desirable等詞匯的應(yīng)用可知，作者對于未來數(shù)字驅(qū)動(dòng)的生活是非常向往的。

生詞

1.trend[trend]n.潮流；趨勢

例句：He characterized briefly the main trend in the world today.

他簡單扼要地描述了當(dāng)前世界的主要趨勢。

2.thermostat恒溫器

3.highlight強(qiáng)調(diào)；突出

例句：The point of the story is to highlight how far the scientifc community and the government have to go to raise awareness about space weather and its effects

長難句分析

The report also found that one of the products people were most looking forward to having in their home were do-mestic robots，with 26 per cent of those surveyed highlighting humanoid as a desirable product in years to come

報(bào)告還發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們最希望擁有的產(chǎn)牖之一是家庭機(jī)器人，其巾就有26%的受訪者強(qiáng)調(diào)，在未來幾年中他們很想擁有智能機(jī)器人。

這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做賓語。people were后面的分句為定語從句，省略了關(guān)系代詞which或that，后面一個(gè)分句是with為介詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，highlighting為非謂語動(dòng)詞，做賓語補(bǔ)足語。