建筑設計：薩伊亞·霍爾門，延尼·雷烏特，海倫娜·桑德曼/霍爾門–雷烏特–桑德曼建筑師事務所/Ukumbi NGO

KWIECO庇護之家，莫希，坦桑尼亞

建筑設計：薩伊亞·霍爾門，延尼·雷烏特，海倫娜·桑德曼/霍爾門–雷烏特–桑德曼建筑師事務所/Ukumbi NGO

1 外景/Exterior view

乞力馬扎羅山女性信息交換和咨詢公司（KWIECO）創(chuàng)立于1987年，他們在法律、健康、社會和經濟問題上向女性提供建議。就像非洲的其他地區(qū)一樣，乞力馬扎羅山的婦女飽受生活、自由和安全上的權利侵犯。社會和文化的價值觀允許婦女被實施暴力，而法律既不能為她們提供足夠的保護，也無法改進那些價值觀來使她們享受基本的權利。

于是，KWIECO規(guī)劃了一個項目來發(fā)展他們的概念，并最終形成了庇護之家。他們和Ukumbi NGO組織合作，引進芬蘭外交部的項目，并且獲得了用于一期基礎設施建設和運營的必要資金。一期的竣工時間是2015年5月。

二期的建筑綜合體包括用于社區(qū)教育和能力建設的空間，并且為了在人權上支持KWIECO的工作和加強其組織的穩(wěn)定性與可靠性，還為KWIECO建造了辦公空間。KWIECO和Ukumbi NGO目前正在籌集更多資金用于啟動二期項目的建設。

庇護所的建筑

庇護之家的設計尊重坦桑尼亞的文化、氣候和空間譜系，強調應用本土材料、可再生能源以及當地的人力和技術資源，并且采用參與式的規(guī)劃來確保入住者與他人共享擁有房屋所有權的感受。為了向顧客提供一個在保護和醫(yī)療上安全的環(huán)境，庇護所被置于場地的內側，不過二期項目中會增設一個保護這些庇護所的體量。設計手段將環(huán)境影響降至最低，并且顧及當地條件，以及使用全部可能的資源。

戶外區(qū)域的大部分被覆以頂棚，既保證了自然通風和建筑中空氣的自由流動，也提供了遮陽和避雨的場所。這些帶有頂棚的戶外空間被用于集會和課題討論。同時屋頂上的窗戶也幫助房間采光，可以節(jié)省白天的照明電量。玻璃磚用回收的瓶子做成，給浴室?guī)砩拾邤痰墓饩€，營造環(huán)境氛圍。波紋鐵板屋頂和天花板之間設有一個隔熱層，形成了屋頂結構。一些房間中的天花板使用了香蕉葉作為材料。

庇護之家的門是在金屬框架上覆蓋竹子表皮制作而成的。大門參考了坦桑尼亞婦女的一個重要文化習慣：她們會穿一種印有簡短語句的肯加裙子，來向朋友或客人傳遞敏感的信息。庇護之家的 “大門肯加裙”上的斯瓦西里語意為：“平等的權利是發(fā)展的基礎”。□（辛夢瑤 譯）

2 外景/Exterior view

3 總平面/Site plan

項目信息/Credits and Data

建筑師/Architects: Saija Hollmén, Jenni Reuter, Helena Sandman/Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects /Ukumbi NGO

結構設計/Structural Engineer: Larissa and Mike Leach, GMP Engineers, Arusha, Tanzania

承建商/Contractor: Prajesh Chauhan, Rocktronic Ltd, Moshi, Tanzania

建筑面積/Floor Area: 423m2

攝影/Photos: Juha Ilonen

The Kilimanjaro Women Information Exchange and Consultancy Organization (KWIECO) was founded in 1987. It provides advice on legal, health, social and economic issues to women. Just as in the rest of Africa, women in Kilimanjaro are highly vulnerable to violations of their rights to life, liberty and security. Violence against women is tolerated by social and cultural attitudes; meanwhile the law has failed to provide adequate safeguards against violence, nor has it been able to promote attitudes conducive to women's enjoyment of their fundamental rights.

KWIECO has outlined a project to develop the concept of, and eventually found, a Shelter House. Together with Ukumbi NGO, KWIECO introduced the project to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, and was awarded funds for setting up the necessary operations and infrastructure for the first phase. The completion time for the construction of the first phase is May 2015.

The second phase of the building complex includes spaces for community education and capacity building, as well as office spaces for KWIECO to support their work for human rights and to increase the stability and reliability of the organization. KWIECO and Ukumbi are currently raising funds to start the construction of the second phase of the project.

Architecture of the Shelter

The Shelter House is designed to respect the Tanzanian culture, climate and spatial hierarchy. Local materials, renewable energies, local manpower and know-how, as well as participatory planning hold great importance in ensuring the feeling of shared ownership among the people. In order to provide the clients of the Shelter with a safe environment for protection and healing, the Shelter is situated in the inner half of the plot, whereas the 2nd phase of the project will create a protecting volume for the Shelter. The design solutions are made to minimize environmental impacts, taking into account local conditions and making use of all possible resources.

Large covered open air areas allow natural ventilation and free air movement within the building, providing shade and protection from rain. Covered outdoor spaces are used for meetings and seminars. Roof windows provide daylight to the rooms, thus minimizing the need of electrical lightning during daytime. Glass tiles are made of recycled bottles to create ambiance and bring colorful light into the bathrooms. The roof structure has an insulating layer between the corrugated iron roof and the ceiling. In some rooms the ceiling is made of banana leafs.

The doors of the shelter have a metal frame with bamboo as surface material. The main gate refers to a culturally important habit among the Tanzanian women: a kanga skirt with a printed message is worn to deliver a subtle message to her friends or a guest. The Swahili words on the "kanga" of the main gate have the meaning: "Equal rights for all are the basis of development". □

4 庭院/Courtyard

5 入口/Entrance

6 平面/Floor plan

7 庭院/Courtyard

評論

青鋒：善良的意愿不一定能帶來好的建筑，這仍然有賴于對基本建筑原則的杰出闡釋。芬蘭建筑師在人情化建筑的創(chuàng)作上歷來享有盛譽，即使是在非洲，他們的經驗仍舊卓有成效。密實的墻體用于應對當地酷熱的氣候，輕鋼結構的回廊則環(huán)繞出令人平靜的家庭式院落。在廊子中休息的婦女與兒童展現出迷人的閑適與平和，這也正是這個項目的目的所在。

張弘：KWIECO 住宅項目具有濃郁的地域特色，通過當地的低端適宜技術創(chuàng)造出舒適的建筑環(huán)境。為了應對當地干熱的氣候條件，建筑師采用了靈活空間布局的主要策略。分散布局的封閉實體功能模塊采用地方材料以及夯土的地方建筑工藝，小面積開窗并輔以回收玻璃瓶裝飾墻面，在起到裝飾效果的同時，很好地保證了室內環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定性，而采用簡易波紋板形成的室外灰空間提供了陰涼通風的舒適環(huán)境，滿足居民交往、活動的需求。

Comments

QING Feng: Good will does not necessarily create good architecture. It still needs outstanding interpretation of basic architectural principles. Finnish architects enjoy a worldwide acclaim for their humanized designs. Even in Africa, their valuable experiences are still effective. Thick walls are installed to resist the heat, while the galleries supported by light steel structure form a homelike courtyard of tranquility. Women and children sit in these galleries with a relaxed and pacific mood. It is the exact purpose of this project.

ZHANG Hong: KWIECO Shelter House has a marked vernacular character, creating a comfortable architectural environment with low-end yet adaptive local techniques. In order to respond to the hot dry climate, the architect used a flexible spatial arrangement strategy. The dispersed, enclosed functional modules use local materials and rammed earth techniques; small window openings are supplemented by wall decoration composed of recycled glass bottles, which, in addition to decorative effect, also helps to stabilize the interior climate. Meanwhile, simple corrugated plates are used to create comfortably ventilated and shaded exterior space, thus fulfilling local residents' demands for areas of public communication and activities.

KWIECO Shelter House, Moshi, Tanzania, 2015

Architects: Saija Hollmén, Jenni Reuter, Helena Sandman/Hollmén Reuter Sandman Architects /Ukumbi NGO

8 外景/Exterior view

9 外景/Exterior view

10 剖面/Section

11 南立面/South elevation

12 立面細部/Details on the facade