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右美托咪定對膿毒癥肺損傷大鼠的保護(hù)作用

2015-12-09 14:57楊鵬侯俊徐青果陳春湯和青柯齊斌
醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2015年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:明顯降低膿毒癥細(xì)胞因子

楊鵬,侯俊,徐青果,陳春,湯和青,柯齊斌

(三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院麻醉科,宜昌 443003)

右美托咪定對膿毒癥肺損傷大鼠的保護(hù)作用

楊鵬,侯俊,徐青果,陳春,湯和青,柯齊斌

(三峽大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院麻醉科,宜昌 443003)

目的 探討右美托咪定(Dex)對膿毒癥肺損傷大鼠的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制。方法 雄性SD大鼠100只,隨機(jī)分為4組,每組25只。Ⅰ組為假手術(shù)組,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ組采用盲腸結(jié)扎穿孔法(CLP)建立膿毒癥模型。Ⅱ組為模型對照組;Ⅲ組分別于CLP手術(shù)后0,2,4,6 h腹腔注射Dex 12.5 μg·kg-1;Ⅳ組分別于CLP手術(shù)后0,2,4,6 h腹腔注射Dex 25.0 μg·kg-1。CLP手術(shù)后0,2,4,6,24 h分別測定肺組織腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α和白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6濃度,CLP后24 h酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(ELISA)法測定肺組織高遷移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)水平,Western blot測定肺組織Toll樣受體4(TLR4)表達(dá),檢測肺組織濕/干質(zhì)量比(W/D),蘇木精-伊紅染色觀察肺組織的病理變化。結(jié)果 與Ⅱ組比較,Ⅲ組和Ⅳ組中肺組織TNF-α、IL-6及HMGB1水平明顯降低(P<0.05),肺組織TLR4表達(dá)及W/D明顯降低,病理學(xué)損傷也明顯減輕(P<0.05)。Ⅲ、Ⅳ組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論 Dex抑制炎癥反應(yīng)從而減輕膿毒癥大鼠的肺損傷,其機(jī)制可能通過抑制TLR4通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

右美托咪定;膿毒癥;損傷,肺;炎癥反應(yīng)

膿毒癥是由感染或可疑感染灶引起的全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS),病情兇險(xiǎn),死亡率高。肺組織是膿毒癥過程中最易受損的器官之一,其超強(qiáng)的炎癥反應(yīng)被視為主要的病理生理改變[1]。研究證實(shí)Toll樣受體4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)介導(dǎo)膿毒癥導(dǎo)致急性肺損傷(acute lung injury,ALI)[2-3]。高遷移率族蛋白B1(high-modility group box 1,HMGB1)在膿毒癥和失血性休克中和ALI的發(fā)生率密切相關(guān),能通過相關(guān)途徑來激活TLR4[4]。針對HMGB1的靶向調(diào)控是近年來治療感染性和損傷性炎癥反應(yīng)的新策略[5]。α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)藥右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)可以降低全身炎癥反應(yīng)從而延長生存時(shí)間[6-7]。然而Dex調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)的具體作用機(jī)制尚不明確。筆者通過建立大鼠膿毒癥模型,探討Dex對膿毒癥肺損傷大鼠的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 動(dòng)物 健康雄性斯?jié)娎鄹瘛ざ嗬?Sprague Dawley,SD)無特定病原體(specefic pathogen free,SPF)級大鼠100只,體質(zhì)量250~300 g,由武漢大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供[合格證號:SCXK(鄂)2008-0004],使用許可證號:SCXK(鄂)2010-2012。飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境:溫度21~25 ℃,濕度50%~60%。

1.2 試劑 大鼠腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)試劑盒(日本IBL,批號:27194),白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6和HMGB1試劑盒(海博谷生物科技有限公司,批號分別為REI020和REH002),Western blot測定肺組織TLR4(北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司,批號:bs-1021R)。Dex注射液(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份公司,批號:12081024)。

1.3 模型制備與分組 大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)前禁食12 h,自由飲水,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為4組(n=25):Ⅰ組、Ⅱ組、Ⅲ組、Ⅳ組。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用經(jīng)典的盲腸結(jié)扎穿孔法(cecal ligation and puncture,CLP)建立大鼠膿毒癥模型[8]。大鼠給予10%水合氯醛3.5×10-3mL·g-1腹腔注射麻醉,備皮消毒。于腹正中切開1 cm切口,1號絲線結(jié)扎1/2盲腸,以20G針頭在游離端對穿1次后送回腹腔,之后分離縫合肌層及皮膚,以浸潤0.9%氯化鈉溶液的紗布覆蓋切口處,減少切口處體液蒸發(fā)。Ⅰ組僅行開腹不行盲腸結(jié)扎穿孔,其他組行GLP建模,大鼠活動(dòng)減少,嗜睡,出現(xiàn)呼吸困難,表明造模成功。Ⅲ、Ⅳ組于CLP后0,2,4,6 h分別腹腔注射Dex 12.5,25.0 μg·kg-1。Ⅰ、Ⅱ組于相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)注射等體積0.9%氯化鈉溶液。分別于CLP后0,2,4,6,24 h處死各亞組動(dòng)物并取標(biāo)本,每個(gè)亞組標(biāo)本5份。CLP后24 h取出右肺后拭干表面血液,用天平稱其質(zhì)量即為濕質(zhì)量,放入80 ℃烤箱烘烤48 h后,再次稱其質(zhì)量,即為干質(zhì)量。計(jì)算濕干質(zhì)量比例(W/D)。左肺上端儲存-80 ℃液氮中行Western blot測定肺組織TLR4表達(dá),下肺組織行蘇木精-伊紅染色觀察肺組織的病理變化。肺損傷的病理評估方法參照OZDULGER等[9]的研究,1 分:無損傷,正常肺組織結(jié)構(gòu);2 分:輕度損傷,輕度的肺間質(zhì)充血和中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤;3分:中度損傷,血管周圍水腫形成,肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)部分破壞并伴中度的中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤;4 分:嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,肺組織結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)重破壞,大量中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤。各時(shí)間點(diǎn)取肺組織于4 ℃勻漿,離心15 min后取上清液于-80 ℃保存,ELISA法測定肺組織TNF-α、IL-6濃度和HMGB1水平。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 肺組織TNF-α和IL-6濃度比較 Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ組肺組織TNF-α和IL-6濃度在CLP后逐漸升高。Ⅲ、Ⅳ組TNF-α濃度在CLP 2,4及24 h較Ⅱ組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Ⅲ、Ⅳ組IL-6濃度在CLP 2,4,6,24 h均較Ⅱ組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1,2。

2.2 TLR4表達(dá)比較 Ⅱ組TLR4蛋白表達(dá)較Ⅰ組顯著升高,經(jīng)Dex干預(yù)后,Ⅲ、Ⅳ組TLR4蛋白表達(dá)較Ⅱ組明顯降低。見圖1。

表1 4組大鼠肺組織TNF-α濃度比較

Tab.1 Comparison of TNF-α level in lung tissue among four groups of rats

與Ⅰ組比較,*1P<0.01;與Ⅱ組比較,*2P<0.05

Compared with group Ⅰ,*1P<0.01;compared with group Ⅱ,*2P<0.05

表2 4組大鼠肺組織IL-6濃度比較

Tab.2 Comparison of IL-6 level in lung tissue among four groups of rats

與Ⅰ組比較,*1P<0.01;與Ⅱ組比較,*2P<0.05

Compared with group Ⅰ,*1P<0.01;compared with group Ⅱ,*2P<0.05

Fig.1 TLR4 expression in lung tissue of four groups of rats

2.3 CLP 24 h各組肺組織HMGB1濃度、 W/D和肺組織損傷評分比較 CLP 24 hⅢ、Ⅳ組肺組織HMGB1濃度、 W/D和肺組織損傷評分較Ⅱ組明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),Ⅲ、Ⅳ組之間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表3。顯微鏡下見Ⅱ組肺間質(zhì)細(xì)胞增多,肺泡腔縮窄,大量炎性細(xì)胞聚集。Ⅲ、Ⅳ組肺泡腔完整,炎性細(xì)胞少。見圖2。

表3 4組大鼠肺組織HMGB1、W/D和肺損傷評分比較

與Ⅰ組比較,*1P<0.05;與Ⅱ組比較,*2P<0.05

Compared with group Ⅰ,*1P<0.05;compared with group Ⅱ,*2P<0.05

3 討論

強(qiáng)大的炎癥反應(yīng)被視為膿毒癥重要的病理生理過程[10]。膿毒癥的動(dòng)物模型目前有兩種:脂多糖誘導(dǎo)和CLP。筆者采用CLP建模后,大鼠活動(dòng)減少,嗜睡,出現(xiàn)呼吸困難,證實(shí)造模成功。Dex作為高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)藥,可減少膿毒癥時(shí)單核巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子TNF-α和IL-6,在膿毒癥時(shí)產(chǎn)生器官保護(hù)作用[11-12]。TANIGUCHI等[13]實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)Dex可抑制動(dòng)物膿毒癥休克的炎癥反應(yīng)并降低死亡率,其效應(yīng)具有劑量和時(shí)間相關(guān)性。LAI等[14]觀察到大劑量Dex(約10倍臨床劑量)可明顯抑制膿毒癥大鼠巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥因子和細(xì)胞分子表達(dá)的上調(diào)。Dex分布半衰期為6 min,清除半衰期為2 h,故選擇12.5和25.0 μg·kg-1兩個(gè)劑量多個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)進(jìn)行后處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)Dex兩個(gè)劑量均能顯著降低TNF-α和IL-6的表達(dá),明顯減輕肺組織損傷,產(chǎn)生效應(yīng)無明顯差異。

膿毒癥導(dǎo)致的ALI,包括產(chǎn)生大量促炎癥因子和炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤,這些都是導(dǎo)致死亡的重要因素。因此減輕炎癥反應(yīng)是降低膿毒癥死亡率的重要方法。TNF-α和IL-6是炎癥中重要的啟動(dòng)因子,是導(dǎo)致肺損傷最早釋放的細(xì)胞因子。HMGB1是一種重要的晚期炎癥因子,含有3個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域:兩個(gè)同源的DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域(A框和B框)與C末端。其中B框是HMGB1誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子的部分,刺激中性粒細(xì)胞和單核巨噬細(xì)胞分泌TNF-α等致炎癥細(xì)胞因子[15]。細(xì)胞一旦受損傷,膜結(jié)構(gòu)遭受破壞,HMGB1會(huì)以單純擴(kuò)散的方式釋放HMGB1,觸發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)。凋亡或壞死細(xì)胞被動(dòng)釋放HMGB1,啟動(dòng)早期炎癥應(yīng)答,及時(shí)清除異物對損傷組織或器官起到修復(fù)作用;單核巨噬細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞以及神經(jīng)元主動(dòng)分泌HMGB1,作為促炎癥細(xì)胞因子樣物質(zhì),啟動(dòng)晚期炎癥應(yīng)答。在趨化因子的作用下,使更多的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤到受損的組織,病理損傷進(jìn)一步加重。DENG等[2]研究表明HMGB1激活巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生炎癥細(xì)胞因子導(dǎo)致ALI。TLR4是TLR家族中跨細(xì)胞膜受體蛋白的重要成員之一,主要在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞以及包括巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞的表面表達(dá),在脂多糖信號識別中起重要作用。TLR4能夠通過髓樣分化蛋白88來介導(dǎo)核因子-κB的激活,增加TNF-α和IL-6生成。HMGB1受體主要分為兩大類,一類是晚期糖化終產(chǎn)物受體,另一類是TLR。HMGB1主要與TLR2、TLR4兩種受體結(jié)合,結(jié)合后通過活化髓樣分化蛋白88、IL-1受體相關(guān)激酶以及腫瘤壞死因子受體活化因子-6,最終導(dǎo)致核因子-κB的活化和轉(zhuǎn)錄進(jìn)核,生成和釋放促炎細(xì)胞因子,激發(fā)一系列炎癥反應(yīng)[16]。本研究表明,Dex下調(diào)CLP后的HMGB1的表達(dá),下調(diào)的HMGB1減少TNF-α和IL-6生成;TLR4表達(dá)下調(diào)同樣減少炎癥細(xì)胞因子的生成,同時(shí)下調(diào)HMGB1和TLR4結(jié)合,進(jìn)一步減少促炎癥因子,減輕肺組織的損傷。本研究僅局限于CLP后24 h,在今后研究中需對膿毒癥整個(gè)過程跟蹤觀測。

總之,Dex可抑制炎癥反應(yīng)從而減輕膿毒癥大鼠的肺損傷,其機(jī)制可能通過抑制TLR4通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。

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DOI 10.3870/yydb.2015.01.005

Protective Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Acute Lung Injury Induced Sepsis in Rats

YANG Peng,HOU Jun,XU Qingguo,CHEN Chun,TANG Heqing,KE Qibin

(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,theFirstCollegeofClinicalMedicalScience,ThreeGorgesUniversity,Yichang443003,China)

Objective To investigate the protective effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on septic lung injury in rats. Methods One hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=25 in each group).Group Ⅰ was treated with sham operation only.Groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ

cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to create the sepsis model.Group Ⅱ served as model control, group Ⅲ and Ⅳ received intraperitoneal injections of Dex at 12.5 and 25.0 μg·kg-1, respectively, at 0,2,4,and 6 hours after CLP.TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissue were measured at 0,2,4,6, and 24 h.ELISA was used to detect the levels of HMGB1, TNF-α and IL-6 at 24 h.The expression of TLR4 protein was assessed by western blotting.The acute lung injury was detected by HE stain and W/D ratio. Results In groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ, the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were decreased significantly compared with group Ⅱ(P<0.05).The expression of TLR4 in lung tissue and W/D ratio were decreased in groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ compared with group Ⅱ(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between group Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can attenuate lung inflammatory reaction and lung injury in septic rats, the mechanism of which may be related to suppression of TLR4 pathway.

Dexmedetomidine; Septic; Injury, lung; Inflammatory reaction

2013-09-06

2014-03-06

楊鵬(1982-),男,湖北荊州人,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,研究方向:臨床麻醉和器官保護(hù)。電話:(0)15997516957,E-mail:88452338@qq.com。

侯俊(1969-),男,湖北荊州人,副主任醫(yī)師,學(xué)士,研究方向:小兒麻醉和器官保護(hù)。電話:(0)15871598615,E-mail:houjun691218@126.com。

R971.2;R965

A

1004-0781(2015)01-0022-04

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