林玉祥 趙承錦 朱傳真 欒偉娜 吳玉琛 李佳 李秀芹
摘 要:基于層序地層學(xué),將華北地臺東部下奧陶統(tǒng)劃分為新廠階和道保灣階。早奧陶世海水較淺,發(fā)育淺海和海岸兩種沉積環(huán)境,自南往北由古陸邊緣沉積區(qū)過渡為碳酸鹽臺地沉積區(qū),局限臺地和潮上云坪發(fā)育。臺地呈“中凹邊凸”凹面式隆升,南北升降差異逐漸加大,沉積-沉降中心的延伸方向由東西延展向南北方向發(fā)展,顯示了多種構(gòu)造應(yīng)力綜合作用而又存在優(yōu)勢方向的特點。相對海平面繼承了寒武紀末期的降低趨勢,海退大致自NW向SE,臺地衰退,云坪和局限臺地向東擴展,開闊臺地向北、向東退縮。沉積相南北分區(qū)的特點使得巖性分區(qū)顯著,從臺地區(qū)到潮坪相區(qū),由灰?guī)r過渡為白云巖。需要注意的是,本區(qū)云坪亞相準同生白云巖特別發(fā)育,中新生代盆地下奧陶統(tǒng)特別是亮甲山組白云巖發(fā)育優(yōu)質(zhì)儲層。
關(guān)鍵詞:巖相古地理;層序地層學(xué);早奧陶世;華北地臺;油氣勘探;有利區(qū)
中圖分類號:P531 文獻標志碼:A
Lithofacies Paleogeography Characteristics of Early Ordovician
in the Eastern Part of North China Platform
LIN Yu-xiang, ZHAO Cheng-jin, ZHU Chuan-zhen, LUAN Wei-na,
WU Yu-chen, LI Jia, LI Xiu-qin
(School of Geological Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and
Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China)
Abstract: Based on sequence stratigraphy, the Lower Ordovician in the eastern part of North China Platform can be divided into two Ⅲ-type sequences, which belong to Xinchangian stage and Daobaowanian stage, respectively. During Early Ordovician, there are two types of sedimentary environments including shallow sea and coastal deposit environments with shallow sea water. The archicontinent marginal sedimentary transits to carbonate platform sedimentary from south to north, and the restricted platform and supratidal dolomitic flat develop. Due to the tectogenetic inconsistency of platform, the differential uplift and depression are magnified between the south and the north as well as a continuous regression, moreover, the subsidence-sedimentary center extends from the latitudinal direction to the longitudinal direction. There is comprehensive action of various tectonic stresses and predominant direction. Relative sea level inherits the decrease in the end of Cambrian, and the regression happens from NW to SE. Dolomitic flat and restricted platform expand eastward, thus open platform retreats northward and eastward. The sedimentary facies is divided into south part and north part, so that the partition of lithology is significant, and the limestone transits to dolomite from platform to tidal flat. Specially, the penecontemporaneous dolomite of dolomitic flat subfacies develops, and the dolomite from Liangjiashan Formation of Lower Ordovician can act as high-quality reservoir in Meso-Cenozoic basin.
Key words: lithofacies paleogeography; sequence stratigraphy; Early Ordovician; North China Platform; petroleum prospecting; favorable area
0 引 言
圖1 華北地臺東部奧陶系地層劃分與對比
Fig.1 Stratigraphy Classification and Comparison of Ordovician in the Eastern Part of North China Platform
層序地層單元是等時地質(zhì)體,其界面是等時物理面,海平面升降、氣候、沉積物供給、構(gòu)造沉降及其綜合作用控制了地層單元的幾何形態(tài)和巖性。以層序地層旋回進行巖相古地理編圖能有效打破傳統(tǒng)編圖單元穿時的局限[1-8],同時提高古地理成圖的成因連續(xù)性和實用性[3,9]。對于華北地臺東部奧陶紀而言,陸表海淺水碳酸鹽巖沉積對海平面變化非常敏感,旋回性發(fā)育特征突出。于炳松等認為早奧陶世正處在全球海平面上升期的高位階段[10],構(gòu)造穩(wěn)定的地臺內(nèi)部年代地層具有較大的可比性。因此,筆者運用層序地層學(xué)觀點,建立該區(qū)下奧陶統(tǒng)等時地層格架,揭示沉積相和沉積體系的時空配置關(guān)系,預(yù)測烴源巖、儲集體的類型和分布,闡明生儲蓋組合,研究巖相古地理控制下的油氣地質(zhì)特征,預(yù)測油氣勘探有利區(qū),指導(dǎo)本區(qū)油氣勘探。
1 地層格架建立
華北地臺東部奧陶系年代地層界面的形成主要受控于海平面的相對下降[11],具有顯著的沉積、成巖標志。由于相對海平面下降,亮甲山組頂部沉積間斷面發(fā)育;在巖性組合上,冶里組和亮甲山組均表現(xiàn)為底部泥質(zhì)含量高[12],因而可通過自然伽馬曲線輔助識別碳酸鹽巖地層單元界面;下奧陶統(tǒng)特別是亮甲山組白云巖化作用、硅化作用、巖溶作用非常發(fā)育,成巖標志特征明顯。
早奧陶世的相對海平面變化包括2個較大的升降旋回[13],發(fā)育海侵體系域(TST)和高水位體系域(HST),缺失低水位體系域(LST)。綜合考慮海平面變化、古生物標志、不整合面及沉積間斷面、沉積及成巖界面標志[14-15],將下奧陶統(tǒng)劃分為2個三級旋回(圖1、2),分別與新廠階和道保灣階對應(yīng);參照陳建強等的劃分方案[16-17],將中奧陶統(tǒng)劃分為5個三級旋回(圖1)。
2 地層單元對比及其展布
從地層厚度(表1)和各露頭、鉆井地層沉積相柱狀圖(圖2~4)來看,與新廠階地層相比,道保灣階地層厚度明顯增加。除南部古陸缺失下奧陶統(tǒng)地層外,各地層單元發(fā)育比較齊全。下奧陶統(tǒng)地層北厚南薄(圖5),平面上由北而南、垂向上自下而上,沉積環(huán)境由淺海沉積區(qū)過渡為海岸沉積區(qū),大致可反映海退方向為自西向東、自南往北面式發(fā)展。巖性分區(qū)特征顯著,平面上自NE到SW、垂向上自下而上,巖性由灰?guī)r過渡到白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r、白云巖,為典
圖2 早奧陶世地層綜合柱狀圖
Fig.2 Comprehensive Column Schematic of Early Ordovician Stratum
表1 早奧陶世地層厚度
Tab.1 Strata Thickness of Early Ordovician
圖3 新廠階實際材料點
Fig.3 Actual Material Map of Xinchangian Stage
型的向上變淺序列。華北地臺東部奧陶紀為“中凹邊凸”凹面式抬升,早奧陶世發(fā)生廣泛海退。
研究區(qū)道保灣期與新廠期沉積格局具有一定的繼承性和明顯的發(fā)展性。新廠期從北向南地層厚度有減薄的趨勢,沉積-沉降中心在研究區(qū)東北部。道保灣期厚度明顯加大,沉積-沉降中心仍在東北部,但與新廠期相比,向西有所偏移。從整體來看,西北部及東北部厚度最大,向南厚度逐漸減小。需要注意的是,早奧陶世沉積-沉降中心在不同地區(qū)發(fā)生不同變化,由南往北依次表現(xiàn)為遷移、合并、分化,且道保灣期沉積-沉降中心更具規(guī)律性。
3 古地理特征
通過系列的巖相、沉積構(gòu)造及地球化學(xué)等綜合研究分析[18-24],本區(qū)早奧陶世主要存在潮坪相、局限臺地相、開闊臺地相臺地及潟湖相4種沉積相類型。在海退背景下受本區(qū)水動力條件限制,早奧陶世潮上云坪范圍擴大,開闊臺地相僅存在于研究區(qū)東北部,至道保灣期末,主要發(fā)育云坪和局限臺地,潟湖、臺內(nèi)淺灘僅呈“孤島”狀分布在云坪、臺地相內(nèi)部或邊緣,范圍非常小。
3.1 新廠期
新廠期地勢南高北低,南北升降差異大,以開闊臺地、局限臺地和潮上云坪環(huán)境為主(圖6)。受懷遠運動影響,本期華北地臺南緣地殼抬升,成為陸地剝蝕區(qū),缺失本期沉積。由南向北地層厚度增大,太原—濟南一線以南發(fā)育潮上云坪,巖性主要為白云巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖,夾少量竹葉狀白云巖、燧石結(jié)核白云巖等。北京—沈陽地區(qū)為開闊臺地,巖性以泥晶灰?guī)r、泥灰?guī)r、白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r為主,夾少量竹葉狀灰?guī)r、礫屑灰?guī)r。云坪與開闊臺地之間為狹長的局限臺地沉積,巖性以白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r、灰質(zhì)白云巖和泥灰?guī)r為主。此外,鄭州北側(cè)局部地區(qū)發(fā)育有潟湖相沉積,巖性以白云巖為主。濟南東側(cè)地區(qū)發(fā)育臺地淺灘相,巖性以白云巖為主,頂部為泥質(zhì)白云巖。本期南側(cè)地勢明顯升高,云坪范圍明顯擴大,北側(cè)開闊臺地范圍明顯萎縮,并有向東退縮的趨勢。
圖4 道保灣階實際材料點
Fig.4 Actual Material Map of Daobaowanian Stage
圖5 早奧陶世地層對比
Fig.5 Stratigraphic Correlation of Early Ordovician
圖6 新廠期巖相古地理
Fig.6 Lithofacies-palaeogeography Map of Xinchangian
3.2 道保灣期
與新廠期相比,道保灣期古地理格局總體保持一致,華北地臺南部仍然為剝蝕區(qū),中部及北部仍為陸表海沉積,但南北差異更加明顯,古海域范圍稍有縮?。▓D7)。
由于海水進一步由南向北退縮,古海域中水體能量減弱,主要發(fā)育潮上云坪、局限臺地和開闊臺地沉積環(huán)境,云坪和局限臺地分布范圍增大,開闊臺地分布范圍比前期明顯變小。云坪占據(jù)了中西部大片地區(qū),主要分布于鄭州—濟南—太原—呼和浩特周圍的廣大地區(qū),巖性以白云巖、灰質(zhì)白云巖、泥質(zhì)白云巖為主,并含較多燧石結(jié)核。天津—沈陽一線東南為局限臺地沉積,巖性主要為灰?guī)r、燧石結(jié)核灰?guī)r、白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r、礫屑泥晶灰?guī)r,并夾少量竹葉狀灰?guī)r、泥質(zhì)條帶灰?guī)r。沈陽以北為開闊臺地,形成礫屑灰?guī)r、泥晶灰?guī)r、豹皮狀灰?guī)r和泥灰?guī)r沉積。此外,在沈陽東南側(cè)還發(fā)育了一個小型竹葉淺灘,巖性以竹葉狀灰?guī)r為主。整體來看,本期受懷遠運動的影響,海水由南向北逐漸退出,南北升降差異變大,在道保灣期末發(fā)生了廣泛的海退,絕大部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)不同程度的剝蝕,從而結(jié)束了該期沉積。
4 古地理控制下的油氣成藏條件
沉積相對烴源巖、儲集層具有一定的控制作用,早奧陶世廣泛分布的云坪微相以發(fā)育白云巖類烴源巖為特征[25-26]。新廠期至道保灣期屬碎屑巖-碳酸鹽巖臺地建造,在海侵初期富含泥質(zhì),泥質(zhì)的加入有利于有機質(zhì)的保存。早奧陶世白云巖有機質(zhì)豐度均不是很高,僅少數(shù)樣品達到了烴源巖的標準,以亮甲山組生烴潛力最大,平均為0.189×10-3。以黃驊凹陷為例,下奧陶統(tǒng)亮甲山組、冶里組總有機碳(TOC)幾乎均小于0.2%。冶里組和亮甲山組生烴潛力在(0.1~0.5)×10-3之間的樣品占最大比例,小于0.05×10-3和介于(0.05~0.10)×10-3之間的樣品次之,僅生烴潛力大于1.0×10-3的樣品減少。濟陽凹陷下奧陶統(tǒng)冶里組—亮甲山組主要為淺色白云巖,總有機碳和可溶有機物含量都較低,生烴潛力差。奧陶系烴源巖熱解參數(shù)也只有0.065×10-3,顯示出它們的殘余生烴潛力已比較低??傮w來看,下奧陶統(tǒng)生烴潛力較小,不可能成為大型油氣藏的有效烴源巖。
圖7 道保灣期巖相古地理
Fig.7 Lithofacies-palaeogeography Map of Daobaowanian
本區(qū)潮上云坪和局限臺地非常發(fā)育,發(fā)育于潮上云坪及局限臺地邊緣的白云巖分布廣且厚度大。云坪環(huán)境形成的準同生白云巖孔隙度最高,準同生白云巖經(jīng)過改造形成次生白云巖,是極好的儲集相帶。道保灣期末的懷遠運動使下奧陶統(tǒng)地層遭受不同程度的剝蝕淋濾,風化殼型儲層發(fā)育且廣泛分布;后期遭受多期次構(gòu)造運動改造,碳酸鹽巖被改造成巖溶儲集帶和斷塊儲集體[27]。本區(qū)下奧陶統(tǒng)主要存在孔隙型、古巖溶型及裂隙型3種類型儲層??紫缎蛢拥膬臻g及滲流通道均為孔隙,部分含有微裂縫,孔隙直徑一般為數(shù)微米到幾百微米;裂隙型儲層主要有不規(guī)則密集網(wǎng)狀和分支狀的風化裂隙、垂直或高角度展布的部分充填或未充填構(gòu)造裂隙以及早期裂縫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生溶蝕擴大的溶蝕裂隙;古巖溶型儲層是指在地史時期,由于地表流水和地下水對可溶性巖石的改造和破壞作用而形成的溶蝕孔洞、裂縫,直徑一般為幾百微米到數(shù)百毫米,潛水面的多次升降變化可以形成多個巖溶旋回。就儲層物性而言,白云巖抗壓實及抗壓溶能力比灰?guī)r強,易于發(fā)育裂隙和斷裂,使得白云巖的滲透性極大提高;同時,白云巖的次生交代作用有利于孔隙形成。因此,白云巖儲層物性要好于灰?guī)r,其在中新生代盆地為有效儲層。
該區(qū)奧陶系可形成上生下儲上蓋型組合,即以馬家溝組灰?guī)r為烴源巖層,以新廠階和道保灣階白云巖為儲層,以馬家溝組膏巖和泥質(zhì)碳酸鹽巖為蓋層的組合,其主要分布在渤海灣盆地。
5 結(jié) 語
(1)通過層序地層劃分與對比,建立華北地臺東部下奧陶統(tǒng)等時地層格架。以階為等時地層單元,本區(qū)下奧陶統(tǒng)可以劃分為與之相對應(yīng)的2個編圖單元,分別對應(yīng)新廠階和道保灣階,并按階編制了實際材料點圖和巖相古地理圖。
(2)新廠期和道保灣期沉積格局和古地理格局具有一定的繼承性和明顯的發(fā)展性?!爸邪歼呁埂卑济媸教貏e是懷遠運動自南部的擠壓隆升,使得南北差異加大,地層厚度由南往北增厚,東部、西部厚度大,中間薄,呈相間排列格局。隨著海退持續(xù)發(fā)展,云坪面積擴大,以發(fā)育云坪和局限臺地為主,開闊臺地退至華北地臺東北部。
(3)綜合考慮巖相、構(gòu)造組合特征,新廠階和道保灣階白云巖儲集條件優(yōu)越,發(fā)育古風化殼型儲層和孔隙-裂縫型儲層。華北地臺東部下奧陶統(tǒng)具備有利儲集系統(tǒng),主要分布于渤海灣盆地。
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