方 華 楊 淼 張偉晶 章建平張競(jìng)超 章放香
貴陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,貴州貴陽(yáng) 550002
REM-PCL對(duì)體外循環(huán)犬心肌能量代謝的影響
方 華 楊 淼 張偉晶 章建平▲張競(jìng)超 章放香
貴陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬人民醫(yī)院麻醉科,貴州貴陽(yáng) 550002
目的 觀察犬體外循環(huán)(CPB)中REM-PCL對(duì)心肌能量代謝的影響。 方法 采用CPB心肌缺血再灌注模型,12只犬隨機(jī)分為REM-PCL組(RP組,n=6)和對(duì)照組(C組,n=6)。RP組和C組分別于轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前靜脈注射0.2mg/kg REM-PCL及等量生理鹽水。分別于轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前、缺血60min和再灌注60min時(shí),測(cè)定心肌線粒體腫脹度(MSD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、腺苷酸(ATP、AMP、ADP、EC、TAN)、活性氧(ROS)和總抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。分別于轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前、再灌注30min和60min時(shí)測(cè)定平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、心輸出量(CO)和心率(HR)。結(jié)果 兩組與轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前比較,缺血后MDA、MSD和ROS均增加,TAN、EC、T-AOC及ATP含量均下降(P<0.01);C組再灌注后MDA、MSD和ROS均增加(P<0.01),TAN、EC、T-AOC及ATP含量均下降(P<0.01);缺血60min和再灌注60min時(shí)RP組MDA、MSD和ROS均明顯低于C組(P<0.01),TAN、EC、T-AOC及ATP含量均明顯高于C組(P<0.01)。再灌注30min和60min時(shí)RP組MAP、CO和HR較C組恢復(fù)迅速(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 REM-PCL通過保護(hù)心肌線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)及改善缺血心肌能量代謝,減輕缺血心肌再灌注損傷。
瑞芬太尼聚己內(nèi)酯;線粒體;體外循環(huán)
體外循環(huán)(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)中心肌細(xì)胞線粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)改變及抗氧化能力下降與心肌能量代謝障礙的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[1-4]。瑞芬太尼聚己內(nèi)酯(remifentanil-poly-caprolactone,REM-PCL)是一種自行研制開發(fā)并已獲得國(guó)家正式授權(quán)的新型高分子Mu阿片受體(Mu-opioid receptor,MOR)激動(dòng)劑,我們的前期研究已證實(shí)REM-PCL預(yù)處理能夠模擬缺血預(yù)處理對(duì)缺血再灌注心肌產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。本研究擬觀察REM-PCL對(duì)CPB中犬心肌細(xì)胞抗氧化能力、線粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)變化及能量代謝狀況的影響,為REM-PCL在CPB中心肌缺血再灌注損傷的防治研究提供依據(jù)。
1.1 主要試劑
REM-PCL(中國(guó)發(fā)明專利號(hào):200810045272.8)為自行研制開發(fā)的新型高分子MOR激動(dòng)劑,已證實(shí)能有效激活MOR;單磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate,AMP)、二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)和三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(美國(guó)Sigma公司);活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、總抗氧化能力(total anti-oxidation capacity,T-AOC)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)檢測(cè)試劑盒(均為中國(guó)上海研吉生物科技有限公司)。
1.2 動(dòng)物分組及模型的建立
健康成年雜種犬12只[貴陽(yáng)醫(yī)學(xué)院動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào)為:SCXK(黔)2002-0001],體質(zhì)量12~18kg,雌雄不拘,隨機(jī)分為REM-PCL組(RP組)和對(duì)照組(C組),每組6只。動(dòng)物腹腔內(nèi)注射2.5%戊巴比妥鈉25mg/kg麻醉后行氣管內(nèi)插管,連接Puritan-Bennett呼吸機(jī)行機(jī)械通氣。股動(dòng)、靜脈置管監(jiān)測(cè)中心靜脈壓(CVP)和平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)。采用胸骨正中切口,全身肝素化后右心房和左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈分別插管,連接Sarns5000型人工心肺機(jī)(美國(guó)3M公司)、科威97型鼓泡式氧合器(廣東科威醫(yī)療用品有限公司)建立CPB。CPB前5min,調(diào)節(jié)循環(huán)溫度至28~30℃,RP組與C組分別經(jīng)股靜脈注射REM-PCL 0.2mg/kg及等量生理鹽水。穩(wěn)定并行循環(huán)5min后阻斷升主動(dòng)脈,主動(dòng)脈根部灌入4℃St.Thomas停搏液(10mL/kg),轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)流量為60~80mL/(min·kg),阻斷升主動(dòng)脈60min。開放升主動(dòng)脈后觀察循環(huán)情況60min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分別于轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前、缺血60min、再灌注60min時(shí)分別取心肌組織,采用Alliance 2695型高效液相色譜儀(美國(guó)Waters公司)測(cè)定ADP、AMP和ATP含量,并計(jì)算其細(xì)胞能荷(Energy charge,EC) 和總核苷酸(total adenine nucleotides,TAN)含量 [EC=(ATP+1/2ADP)/ TAN ,TAN= ATP+ADP+AMP][5];參照文獻(xiàn)[6-7],0~4℃冰浴中的燒杯中按照1∶9(w/v) 心肌組織比例分別加入10mol/L Tris-HCI,0.075mol/L sucrose,0.05mol/L EDTA,0.225mol/L D-mannitol pH 7.4分離液超聲勻漿及4℃中600×g離心5min后,分離液懸浮沉淀并再次超聲勻漿,4℃中600×g離心5min所得到的上清液再以4℃中10000×g離心10min,所得沉淀即為心肌細(xì)胞線粒體。線粒體懸液蛋白濃度采用考馬斯亮藍(lán)法測(cè)定并檢測(cè)線粒體懸液520nm處吸光度值作為線粒體腫脹度(mitochondrial swelling degree,MSD)指標(biāo)。分別于轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前、再灌注30min及60min時(shí)測(cè)定采用MP5型多功能監(jiān)護(hù)儀(PHILIPS公司,美國(guó))測(cè)定心輸出量(cardiac output,CO)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean arterial pressure,MAP)和心率(heart rate,HR)血液動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1 心肌組織T-AOC、腺苷酸(ATP、ADP、AMP及TAN)含量和EC的比較
缺血60min和再灌注60min時(shí)兩組與轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前比較,T-AOC、腺苷酸和EC均下降(P<0.01)。缺血60min和再灌注60min時(shí)組間比較,RP組T-AOC、腺苷酸和EC均明顯高于C組(P<0.01)。見表1。
2.2 心肌ROS、MSD和MDA的比較
線粒體腫脹表現(xiàn)為520nm處吸光值的下降。缺血60min和再灌注60min時(shí)兩組ROS、MSD和MDA均較轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前升高(P<0.01);缺血60min和再灌注60min時(shí)組間比較,RP組ROS、MSD和MDA均低于C組(P<0.01)。見表1。
2.3 血液動(dòng)力學(xué)的比較
再灌注后C組與轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前比較CO和MAP均下降(P<0.01),HR增快(P<0.01)。再灌注60min時(shí)RP組MAP、CO和HR恢復(fù)至轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前水平。再灌注期間組間比較,RP組CO和MAP均高于C組(P<0.01),RP組HR均低于C組(P<0.01)。見表2。
CPB中心肌能量代謝障礙是術(shù)后心功能不全及低心輸出量綜合征(低心排) 等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生的主要原因之一[8-9]。線粒體是產(chǎn)生腺苷酸的主要場(chǎng)所,心肌舒縮功能的順利完成有賴于充足的腺苷酸供給,心肌能量代謝的維持依賴于線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的完整性[10-11]。CPB期間ROS和MDA等炎性介質(zhì)產(chǎn)生增加,可直接或間接造成心肌線粒體損傷,引起心肌能量代謝障礙。
表1 兩組心肌腺苷酸含量、ROS、T-AOC、MSD和MDA的變化
表1 兩組心肌腺苷酸含量、ROS、T-AOC、MSD和MDA的變化
注:與同組轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前比較,*P<0.01;與同期C組比較,#P<0.01
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表2 兩組血液動(dòng)力學(xué)的變化
表2 兩組血液動(dòng)力學(xué)的變化
注:與同組轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)前比較,△P<0.05 ,*P<0.01,與同期C組比較,#P<0.01
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MSD不僅能夠評(píng)價(jià)線粒體損傷的程度還是反映線粒體功能與結(jié)構(gòu)的敏感指標(biāo)[12-13]。本研究觀察到,轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)后缺血心肌組織腺苷酸水平降低,與此同時(shí),心肌ROS、MSD和MDA均明顯升高,再灌注后ROS、MSD和MDA升高更為顯著;提示轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)后腺苷酸合成減少,而再灌注期間雖然恢復(fù)心臟的供血供氧,但CPB中釋放的ROS和MDA等炎性介質(zhì)引起缺血心肌線粒體損傷,造成心肌能量代謝障礙,而發(fā)生能量代謝障礙的心肌心功能恢復(fù)緩慢,心率增快,心肌收縮力下降,說明低溫缺血能夠引起心肌線粒體合成ATP能力受限[10],而缺血心肌恢復(fù)血供時(shí)ROS和MDA等炎性介質(zhì)破壞心肌細(xì)胞線粒體膜的完整性并引起心肌能量代謝異常[14-15],造成左心功能障礙。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,REM-PCL對(duì)線粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)有顯著的保護(hù)作用,這種作用主要表現(xiàn)在開放主動(dòng)脈后的過程中,RP組線粒體腫脹度顯著低于相應(yīng)時(shí)點(diǎn)C組,并逐漸恢復(fù)至CPB前水平,說明CPB中REMPCL能夠維護(hù)線粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。REM-PCL預(yù)處理減輕心肌缺血再灌注損傷的機(jī)制可能與激活MOR有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),REM-PCL可能通過活化MOR激活線粒體KATP通道進(jìn)而抑制ROS和MDA等炎性介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生[16-18]。本研究從氧化應(yīng)激和脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)研究入手,CPB前應(yīng)用REMPCL預(yù)處理可增加心肌線粒體T-AOC,降低線粒體ROS活力和MDA含量,在一定程度抑制了炎性介質(zhì)介導(dǎo)的放大效應(yīng),使過度的脂質(zhì)過氧化反應(yīng)得到控制;與此同時(shí),CPB使用REM-PCL預(yù)處理后缺血心肌腺苷酸含量明顯升高, 且血液動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)恢復(fù)迅速。提示REM-PCL預(yù)處理在減輕心肌能量代謝障礙中起到重要作用,說明CPB前使用REMPCL預(yù)處理可有效抑制ROS和MDA等炎性介質(zhì)對(duì)線粒體膜的氧化損傷及減輕線粒體氧化應(yīng)激程度,并明顯改善心肌能量代謝,阻止缺血再灌注損傷所致的心肌腺苷酸丟失,從而有利于轉(zhuǎn)流后左心功能的改善。
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Effect of REM-PCL on myocardial energy metabolism in dogs during cardiopulmonary bypass
FANG Hua YANG Miao ZHANG Weijing ZHANG J ianping ZHANG J ingchao ZHANG Fangxiang
Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang 550002, China
Objective To observe the effect of REM-PCL on myocardial energy metabolism in dogs during cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Used CPB myocardial ischemia reperfusion model, 12 dogs were randomly divided into REM-PCL group (group RP, n=6) and control group (group C, n=6). RP group and C group respectively were given intravenous injection of 0.2mg/kg REM-PCL and normal saline before the driving of the rotary machine. Before the driving of the rotary machine, at 60 minutes of ischemia,and after 60 minutes reperfusion, myocardial mitochondrial swelling degree (MSD), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, adenylate (ATP, AMP, ADP, EC, TAN), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) were respectively determined. Before the driving of the rotary machine, at 60 minutes of ischemia,and after 60 minutes reperfusion, Mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR) were measured. Results After ischemia, MDA, MSD and ROS of two groups were increased, and TAN, EC, T-AOC and ATP content were decreased(P<0.01). At 60 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion for 60 minutes, MDA, MSD and ROS of the RP group were significantly lower than those of C group (P<0.01), TAN, EC, T-AOC and ATP contents of the RP group were significantly higher than those of C group(P<0.01).At reperfusion for 30 minutes and 60 minutes, MAP, CO and HR of the RP group recovered more rapidly than those of group C (P<0.01). Conclusion Through the protection of myocardial mitochondrial structure and improve myocardial energy metabolism, REM-PCL can reduce myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.
Remifentanil polycaprolactone; Mitochondrion; Cardiopulmonary bypass
R615
A
2095-0616(2015)07-19-04
2015-01-23)
貴州省科學(xué)技術(shù)廳基金資助項(xiàng)目(黔科合LH字[2014]7021號(hào);貴州省科學(xué)技術(shù)廳基金資助項(xiàng)目(黔科合LH字[2014]7027號(hào))。
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