王靜,劉欣,王晶晶
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)2型糖尿病的作用及機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
王靜,劉欣,王晶晶
近年來(lái),糖尿病發(fā)病率在全球迅速增加,已經(jīng)成為嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題之一。運(yùn)動(dòng)療法是糖尿病防治的重要方法之一,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)在糖尿病防治中的作用已得到認(rèn)可并推廣,但抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的作用卻未得到重視。本文分析了抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制、胰島素抵抗、肌糖原合成、線粒體功能、脂質(zhì)積聚、心理健康等幾方面的作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制,為建立2型糖尿病科學(xué)、全面的運(yùn)動(dòng)治療方案提供依據(jù)。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng);2型糖尿??;血糖控制;骨骼??;心理健康
近年來(lái),糖尿病發(fā)病率迅速增加,2014年全球糖尿病人口已經(jīng)達(dá)到3.87億,用于糖尿病的醫(yī)療開(kāi)支達(dá)到6 120億美元[1],糖尿病帶來(lái)的醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)相當(dāng)驚人。我國(guó)的情況也不容樂(lè)觀,2007-2008年進(jìn)行的糖尿病調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),總的糖尿病發(fā)病率已達(dá)9.7%,糖尿病前期比率為15.5%,據(jù)此推算,我國(guó)糖尿病患病人數(shù)已達(dá)9 240萬(wàn),糖尿病前期人口達(dá)1.48億,糖尿病已經(jīng)成為嚴(yán)重危害國(guó)民健康和生活質(zhì)量的公共衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題[2]。
在成年人的糖尿病中,2型糖尿?。═ype 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)占到90%~95%。運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM的防治具有重要作用。已有研究證明,運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠增加肥胖和胰島素抵抗個(gè)體肌肉中胰島素的活性,使其發(fā)展為T2DM的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)延后5年以上[3-5];長(zhǎng)期的運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者血糖控制水平的改善也能達(dá)到與長(zhǎng)期的藥物或胰島素治療相似的效果[6];運(yùn)動(dòng)能同時(shí)降低其他慢性疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[7],這些都促使運(yùn)動(dòng)成為T2DM防治體系中的重要組成部分[8]。
過(guò)去,有關(guān)T2DM運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的研究都集中在有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)方面。近年來(lái),隨著對(duì)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(也稱“抗阻訓(xùn)練”、“力量訓(xùn)練”)研究的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)代謝綜合癥、糖尿病、心血管疾病、肌肉衰減癥(Sarcopenia)、關(guān)節(jié)炎等多種慢性疾病都有一定的防治作用。本文分析了抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者的血糖控制、胰島素抵抗、肌糖原合成、線粒體功能、脂質(zhì)積聚和心理健康等幾方面的作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制,為建立T2DM的科學(xué)、全面的運(yùn)動(dòng)治療方案提供依據(jù)。
糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)水平是評(píng)價(jià)長(zhǎng)期血糖控制的金指標(biāo),也是指導(dǎo)臨床調(diào)整治療方案的重要依據(jù),其水平在糖尿病患者中會(huì)有所增加。HbA1c水平越接近正常值(4%~6%),糖尿病并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的降低就越明顯。我國(guó)的糖尿病防治指南指出,一般情況下,HbA1c的控制目標(biāo)應(yīng)小于7%,HbA1c≥7%是T2DM患者啟動(dòng)臨床治療或需要調(diào)整治療方案的重要判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。英國(guó)的系列前瞻性糖尿病研究(UKPDS)證實(shí),HbA1c每下降1%,糖尿病相關(guān)的死亡率降低21%,心肌梗死發(fā)生率下降14%,腦卒中發(fā)生率下降12%,微血管病變發(fā)生率下降37%,白內(nèi)障摘除術(shù)減少19%,周圍血管疾病導(dǎo)致的截肢或死亡率下降43%,心力衰竭發(fā)生率下降16%。因此,HbA1c對(duì)糖尿病患者來(lái)說(shuō)是一項(xiàng)非常重要的監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo),它的高低直接決定將來(lái)各種嚴(yán)重影響糖尿病患者生活質(zhì)量的慢性并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。
個(gè)別研究[9]認(rèn)為,只有有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)才能降低T2DM患者HbA1c水平,但大多數(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠改善T2DM患者的HbA1c水平。Baldi等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)10周中等強(qiáng)度的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠有效地改善肥胖T2DM患者的血糖控制,并降低其空腹胰島素水平。針對(duì)60~80歲間的老年T2DM患者[11]和中年亞裔T2DM患者[12]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),漸進(jìn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)后血糖控制得到明顯改善。有學(xué)者經(jīng)過(guò)元分析[13]后發(fā)現(xiàn),抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能使T2DM患者的HbA1c降低0.6%。
有很多學(xué)者比較了有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者血糖控制水平的影響。有研究[14]認(rèn)為,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)都能夠明顯改善T2DM患者的血糖控制,且兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)的效果是相似的。Bweir[15]和Cauza[16]均認(rèn)為抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)在改善T2DM患者血糖控制方面的作用要優(yōu)于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)。Zanuso[17]在對(duì)T2DM的運(yùn)動(dòng)療法進(jìn)行綜述后指出,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)在T2DM患者血糖控制方面的作用與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)是可以相提并論的。
雖然關(guān)于抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者HbA 1c水平影響的程度存在不同的研究結(jié)果,但是,可以肯定的是抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者的血糖控制確實(shí)具有良好的作用。
健康人體內(nèi)有一個(gè)嚴(yán)密的調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)幫助人體將血糖始終控制在4~5mM左右,這種血糖的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)取決于血糖來(lái)源和消除的平衡,血糖的來(lái)源主要是食物的消化和肝臟的釋放,消除主要依靠胰島素依賴性組織——骨骼肌和脂肪組織,及胰島素非依賴性組織——腦和內(nèi)臟器官。在胰島素敏感型的葡萄糖攝取和氧化組織中,骨骼肌攝取的量可以高達(dá)80%[18],這讓骨骼肌成為葡萄糖內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)控中的重要組織。
T2DM發(fā)生后,患者體內(nèi)骨骼肌的適應(yīng)和改變主要以胰島素抵抗、糖原合成受損、線粒體損傷和脂質(zhì)積聚為特征[19]。
2.1 抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)改善胰島素抵抗
T2DM是一種漸進(jìn)性的代謝紊亂,前期表現(xiàn)為胰島素抵抗,即主要組織(如肌肉、脂肪)對(duì)胰島素敏感性的下降。在胰島素抵抗的初級(jí)階段進(jìn)行干預(yù)對(duì)T2DM及其并發(fā)癥的預(yù)防具有重要作用。
Dunstan等[20]將T2DM病人隨機(jī)分為抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組,運(yùn)動(dòng)組進(jìn)行每周3次的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)前和運(yùn)動(dòng)8周后,分別進(jìn)行口服葡萄糖耐量測(cè)試。結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)組的葡萄糖和胰島素的曲線下面積均明顯減少,將胰島素的曲線下面積進(jìn)行體重校正后仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)有顯著性改變。Brooks等[21]對(duì)老年T2DM患者進(jìn)行16周(3次/周)的全身性抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),約25%改善了胰島素抵抗。但該研究中采用了穩(wěn)態(tài)模式評(píng)估法進(jìn)行胰島素抵抗(homeostasis model assessment,HOMA-IR)測(cè)試,主要反映的是肝臟的胰島素敏感性[22]。正常血糖胰島素鉗制術(shù)(euglycem ic insulin clamp technique,EICT)是活體胰島素活性測(cè)量的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[23]。該技術(shù)所測(cè)定的主要是骨骼肌的胰島素敏感性[24]。Ishii等[25]將T2DM患者分為抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組(5次/周,2組/次,9重復(fù)/組)和對(duì)照組進(jìn)行4~6周的實(shí)驗(yàn),采用EICT測(cè)定后發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)組葡萄糖清除率提高了48%,這表明骨骼肌的胰島素敏感性有所提高。Holten等[26]也采用EICT技術(shù)進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)6周(3次/周)的單腿抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)也能增加骨骼肌的胰島素敏感性。
有研究[17,27]比較了抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)胰島素敏感性的作用后發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者對(duì)胰島素敏感性的改善作用基本相似。
2.2 抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)與肌糖原合成
糖攝入后,血糖升高,刺激胰島素分泌,胰島素刺激肝臟和骨骼肌對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取。其中,80%的葡萄糖的攝取發(fā)生在骨骼肌,這些葡萄糖或者被氧化成二氧化碳和水,或者形成肌糖原。糖原合成受到糖原合成酶的調(diào)節(jié)。Shulman等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),與正常人相比,T2DM患者的糖原合成速率要低約57%。糖原合成酶活性下降是T2DM患者骨骼肌中最早出現(xiàn)的癥狀之一[29]。骨骼肌中胰島素介導(dǎo)的葡萄糖攝取減少幾乎全部是由糖原合成酶活性下降導(dǎo)致的[30]。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能增加T2DM患者骨骼肌中的糖原合成。6周的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)后,骨骼肌中的糖原含量、糖原合成蛋白含量和糖原合成酶活性都會(huì)明顯增加[26]。Castaneda等[31]在其研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn),16周的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(3次/周)能夠使肌糖原含量增加約32%,而同時(shí)對(duì)照組的肌糖原含量卻有顯著的下降。
但關(guān)于該問(wèn)題的研究結(jié)果并不一致。Praet等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),10周(3次/周)的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)后,T2DM病人的骨骼肌糖原含量并沒(méi)有顯著變化,但是患者的空腹葡萄糖水平和對(duì)外源性胰島素的需要量減少了。
2.3 抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)改善線粒體功能
線粒體功能損傷與胰島素抵抗一樣都發(fā)生在T2DM的早期。Morino等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),T2DM患者的后代中那些患有胰島素抵抗的人,其肌肉中線粒體密度與健康人相比低38%。Kelley等[34]不僅發(fā)現(xiàn)T2DM患者線粒體的超微結(jié)構(gòu)與健康人不同,而且骨骼肌線粒體的電子傳遞也明顯減少。所以,T2DM患者骨骼肌的氧化能力會(huì)有所降低。
關(guān)于老年人的研究表明,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠改善其線粒體的功能[35]。Sparks等[36]比較了9個(gè)月的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)及以上兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)合對(duì)骨骼肌代謝功能的影響,通過(guò)肌肉活檢進(jìn)行線粒體含量和功能的檢測(cè)后發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)合對(duì)2型糖尿病患者肌肉功能的改善最為顯著。
2.4 抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)與脂質(zhì)積聚
T2DM患者肌肉內(nèi)甘油三酯含量會(huì)有所增加,胰島素抵抗與肌肉內(nèi)的脂質(zhì)積聚相關(guān)[37],這種積聚可能與線粒體功能受損和餐后骨骼肌對(duì)脂質(zhì)攝取增加有關(guān)。Kelley[38]發(fā)現(xiàn),T2DM患者不僅餐后對(duì)脂肪酸的攝取要高于對(duì)照組,其脂肪氧化能力也有所降低。
脂質(zhì)可能積聚在骨骼肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)或者細(xì)胞間,而肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)的增加是T2DM患者的前期癥狀之一,所以,這種積聚可能是胰島素抵抗的早期癥狀[39]。采用組織化學(xué)技術(shù)可以明顯地觀察到T2DM患者骨骼肌中脂質(zhì)的增加,在正常人中,肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)大約有1.5%的面積被脂滴占據(jù),而T2DM患者中有3%~4%的面積被占據(jù)[37]。而且,正常人和T2DM患者肌細(xì)胞中脂滴的位置也是不同的,T2DM患者的脂滴更傾向于分布在細(xì)胞的中心[40]。這些都會(huì)導(dǎo)致肌細(xì)胞代謝的損傷。
關(guān)于抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者肌肉中脂質(zhì)含量影響的研究并不多。Ku等[41]對(duì)比了12周的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM女性患者肌肉中脂質(zhì)的影響,但結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)后肌肉中脂質(zhì)含量都沒(méi)有發(fā)生明顯的變化。Praet等[32]在其研究中也未發(fā)現(xiàn)10周的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠改變肌細(xì)胞中的脂質(zhì)含量。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)其他人群肌肉中脂質(zhì)的研究也不多見(jiàn),Mueller等[42]在對(duì)老年人的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),12周(2次/周)的離心抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)后其肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的脂質(zhì)含量有所降低,但常規(guī)的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)后并沒(méi)有顯著變化。這提示我們,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM患者肌細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)的影響可能也存在著運(yùn)動(dòng)類型之間的差異,今后的研究可能應(yīng)該著重于不同類型的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)肌細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)的影響。
糖尿病及其并發(fā)癥使患者的生活質(zhì)量受到很大影響,也嚴(yán)重影響了患者的心理健康,抑郁癥在糖尿病患者中就較為高發(fā)。研究顯示,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠改善T2DM高危個(gè)人或患者的抑郁癥狀,促進(jìn)其心理健康,提高其生活質(zhì)量。
Cindy[43]等對(duì)比了8周的漸進(jìn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM中年患者的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)后一般的健康和活力指標(biāo)都有明顯改善,同時(shí),漸進(jìn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)還能夠改善T2DM患者的身體功能和心理健康狀態(tài),而有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)卻不能。12周漸進(jìn)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)[44]和16周大強(qiáng)度漸進(jìn)性抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)[45]分別能減輕T2DM患者的知覺(jué)壓力、抑郁或者改善T2DM老年人的心理健康狀態(tài)。Reid等[46]讓T2DM患者進(jìn)行22周的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)或抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)或聯(lián)合運(yùn)動(dòng)后,完成關(guān)于健康狀況的兩份問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,自行報(bào)告健康改善狀況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)或者兩者結(jié)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)在改善心理健康方面的效果要優(yōu)于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)。針對(duì)代謝綜合癥和T2DM的高危及低危人群的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),10周低-中等強(qiáng)度或者中-大強(qiáng)度的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)后,該人群的抑郁情緒得到明顯改善[47]。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)除了上述對(duì)T2DM患者的作用外,還能夠通過(guò)降低靜息血壓、降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和甘油三酯、增加高密度脂蛋白膽固醇來(lái)提高心血管健康;還能夠促進(jìn)骨骼健康,使骨密度增加1%~3%;減輕腰背痛,減輕關(guān)節(jié)炎和纖維肌痛引起的不適;延緩骨骼肌的衰減(sarcopenia)??棺柽\(yùn)動(dòng)在改善身體成分、肥胖防治、保持運(yùn)動(dòng)能力、提高生活質(zhì)量等方面都有顯著作用[48]。所以,鑒于抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM及身體其他系統(tǒng)的多種積極作用,應(yīng)該將其納入T2DM患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)治療體系中。
雖然抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)被很多組織納入對(duì)T2DM患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)指南中,但抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的不同頻率、強(qiáng)度、方式等對(duì)T2DM患者影響差異方面的研究并不多。
健康成人抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的頻率一般為每周2~3次,且兩次運(yùn)動(dòng)間隔1~2 d,在針對(duì)T2DM患者的研究中,也大都采用這樣的頻率[15,49,50]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[51],抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)胰島素敏感性和血糖的改善效果與抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的量和強(qiáng)度之間存在量效關(guān)系,大強(qiáng)度(85%1RM)多重復(fù)組的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)比中等強(qiáng)度(65%1RM)運(yùn)動(dòng)的作用效果要好。但M oreira等[52]在其研究中也指出,急性低強(qiáng)度(23%1RM)和中等強(qiáng)度(43%1RM)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)在降低T2DM患者的血糖方面均有效果,但低強(qiáng)度抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的心血管-代謝和自我感覺(jué)壓力都較小,更容易堅(jiān)持和實(shí)現(xiàn)。
Hansen等[49]比較了最大抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(3次/周,5組/次,3~4重復(fù)/組,60%~85%1RM)和耐力抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(3次/周,3組/次,12~15重復(fù)/組,45%~65%1RM)對(duì)有T2DM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的超重個(gè)體的胰島素水平和葡萄糖耐受的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種運(yùn)動(dòng)都可以減輕其胰島素抵抗,最大抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)在增加葡萄糖攝取能力(肌肉)方面更有效,耐力抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)在改善胰島素敏感性方面效果更好,兩種抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)都可以作為T2DM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)病人的干預(yù)措施。Egger等[50]在比較不同類型抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)效果的研究中也得出了類似的結(jié)果。
所以,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的頻率、強(qiáng)度、方式的差異可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)T2DM患者健康狀況改善效果上的差異,這也應(yīng)該是我們今后的研究方向之一。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM的防治均有作用,但兩者聯(lián)合是否會(huì)起到疊加的效果呢?
Sigal[53]在對(duì)2 151名39~70歲的T2DM患者進(jìn)行了22周(3次/周)不同形式的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),單獨(dú)的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)都能改善T2DM患者的HbA1c,但效果都比兩者聯(lián)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)要差。Behrens[54]的研究也得出了同樣的結(jié)果。Yavari等[55]在其研究中對(duì)比了有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、兩者聯(lián)合對(duì)T2DM患者血糖控制、心血管危險(xiǎn)因素和身體成分的影響發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合運(yùn)動(dòng)的效果優(yōu)于單種運(yùn)動(dòng)模式。
在眾多研究中,Umpierre等[56]在1980年1月到2011年2月間,通過(guò)有關(guān)不同運(yùn)動(dòng)形式,對(duì)T2DM患者HbA1c影響的研究進(jìn)行了較為全面的元分析,該分析共納入47個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,涉及受試者8 538人。分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),總體來(lái)講,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練可以導(dǎo)致HbA1c水平降低0.67%(95%CI, -0.84%~-0.49%),單純的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)可以使HbA1c水平降低0.57%(95%CI,-1.14%~-0.01%),雖然高于有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)兩者聯(lián)合的降低HbA1c的效果(0.51%;95%CI,-0.79%~-0.23%),卻低于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)HbA1c的降低效果(0.73%;95%CI, -1.06%~-0.40%)。但新近發(fā)表的一篇研究對(duì)2011年到2014年5月間的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行元分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧和抗阻聯(lián)合的運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)HbA1c的降低效果優(yōu)于單種運(yùn)動(dòng)形式[57]。
綜上所述,只有將有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)相結(jié)合的長(zhǎng)期訓(xùn)練才能夠?qū)2DM患者的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素、發(fā)病率、死亡率等產(chǎn)生積極影響[58],才能明顯改善T2DM患者的HbA1c水平[59]。
國(guó)內(nèi)外的多家糖尿病防治機(jī)構(gòu)或組織均已把抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)納入其運(yùn)動(dòng)防治體系中。ACSM(American College of Sports Medicine,美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì))和ADA(American Diabetes Association,美國(guó)糖尿病協(xié)會(huì))在其聯(lián)合發(fā)布的指南中[60]指出,除了進(jìn)行有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)外,每周應(yīng)至少進(jìn)行2~3天中等強(qiáng)度至大強(qiáng)度的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)。《中國(guó)2型糖尿病防治指南(2010年版)》中提出,除有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)外,每周最好進(jìn)行2次阻力性肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng),訓(xùn)練時(shí)阻力為輕或中度,聯(lián)合進(jìn)行抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可獲得更大程度的代謝改善[61]。澳大利亞的運(yùn)動(dòng)和體育科學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(Exercise and Sport Science Australia,ESSA)推薦T2DM患者或糖尿病前期患者每周至少進(jìn)行210m in的中等強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)或125 min大強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng),其中就包括2次或者2次以上的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(2~4組,8~10次/組)[62]。澳大利亞還有一個(gè)針對(duì)T2DM患者的“Lift for life”項(xiàng)目,專門推廣以社區(qū)為主的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng),對(duì)該項(xiàng)目的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),社區(qū)為主的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM成年人或有T2DM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成年人有良好的影響,可以降低腰圍、減輕中心性肥胖、改善身體功能[63]。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)T2DM的預(yù)防和治療有非常重要的作用。最理想的防治T2DM和獲得多種運(yùn)動(dòng)益處的方式是將抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)相結(jié)合。但對(duì)于抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、強(qiáng)度、頻率,以及如何與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)有效結(jié)合等具體細(xì)節(jié)還需要更深入的研究和探索。
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(責(zé)任編輯:何聰)
Effect of Resistance Training on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related Mechanism
WANG Jing,LIU Xin,WANG Jingjing
(ShanghaiResearch Institute of Sports Science,200030,China)
Diabetesmellitus has been increasing rapidly all around the world in recent years.It has become one of the serious public health problems.Exercise therapy is one of the important methods of preventing and controlling diabetes.A lthough aerobic exercise is w idely accepted,the potential of resistance exercise has not been recognized.The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific and comprehensive exercise treatment option for treating T2DM by examining the role of resistance exercise in blood sugar control,insulin resistance,muscle glycogen synthesis,mitochondrial function,lipid accumulation,psychology and the related mechanism.
resistanceexercise;type2 diabetesmellitus;glycemic control;skeletalmuscle;psychologicalhealth
G804.4
A
1006-1207(2015)04-0070-05
2015-05-25
上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(huì)研發(fā)平臺(tái)專項(xiàng)課題(12DZ2294400)。
王靜,女,助理研究員,博士。主要研究方向:國(guó)民體質(zhì)健康。
上海體育科學(xué)研究所,上海200030