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氮雜環(huán)丙烷[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展

2015-11-24 07:53任鴻胡寶祥
浙江化工 2015年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:芳基雜環(huán)?;?/a>

任鴻,胡寶祥

(浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,浙江杭州310014)

氮雜環(huán)丙烷[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展

任鴻,胡寶祥

(浙江工業(yè)大學(xué)化學(xué)工程學(xué)院,浙江杭州310014)

介紹了最近幾年在不同催化體系下,氮雜環(huán)丙烷與含雙鍵化合物的[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)研究進(jìn)展。

氮雜環(huán)丙烷;[3+2]環(huán)加成;綜述

氮雜環(huán)丙烷是一類含氮原子的三元雜環(huán)化合物,由于該三元環(huán)的張力極高,導(dǎo)致其具有較強(qiáng)的反應(yīng)活性,因而在有機(jī)合成中,基于氮雜環(huán)丙烷開環(huán)反應(yīng)的應(yīng)用非常廣泛[1]。

如式1所示,氮雜環(huán)丙烷在加熱或光輻射等條件下,易發(fā)生C-C鍵的斷裂,將環(huán)打開,形成亞甲胺內(nèi)钅翁鹽,然后參與1,3-偶極環(huán)加成反應(yīng),生成含氮五元雜環(huán)。另一方面,在路易斯酸作用下,氮雜環(huán)丙烷則發(fā)生C-N鍵的斷裂,與烯烴、炔烴、醛、腈類和聯(lián)烯等含重鍵的化合物發(fā)生[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng),生成另一種構(gòu)型的含氮五元雜環(huán)[2]。

式1氮雜環(huán)丙烷參與的[3+2]開環(huán)加成反應(yīng)

1 氮雜環(huán)丙烷與烯烴類化合物的反應(yīng)

Yadav等人[3]報(bào)導(dǎo)了Sc(OTf)3可以作為路易斯酸催化N-對甲苯磺?;蓟s環(huán)丙烷得到1,3-二偶極體。當(dāng)與環(huán)烯醚反應(yīng)時,可以得到相應(yīng)的吡咯烷,并且具有較高的收率和區(qū)域選擇性(式2)。

式2 Sc(OTf)3催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與烯烴的反應(yīng)

2011年,Aggarwal等人[4]報(bào)導(dǎo)了應(yīng)用于合成紅藻氨酸的具有手性中心的吡咯烷類化合物的手性合成,如式3。

式3鈀催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷的環(huán)加成反應(yīng)

2 氮雜環(huán)丙烷與炔烴類化合物的反應(yīng)

在與炔烴的[3+2]反應(yīng)中,許多路易斯酸都能催化該反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行[5]。一系列的芳基炔烴(式4)都能在FeCl3催化下與芳基氮雜環(huán)丙烷反應(yīng),得到官能團(tuán)化的吡咯類化合物。

式4 FeCl3催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與炔烴的反應(yīng)

3 氮雜環(huán)丙烷與腈類化合物的反應(yīng)

N-對甲苯磺?;s環(huán)丙烷與腈類化合物的[3+2]環(huán)合反應(yīng)通常涉及到C-N鍵的斷裂。在對這類反應(yīng)的研究中,主要是關(guān)于催化劑的探索,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一系列的路易斯酸,比如BF3·OEt2[6-11,13],ZnX2(X=Cl,Br,I)[12],Zn(OTf)2[13],Sc(OTf)3[14],Bi(OTf)3[15]和Cu(OTf)2[16]都能應(yīng)用于該反應(yīng)。

2005年,Yadav等人[10]利用TBDPS取代的氮雜環(huán)丙烷,在BF3·OEt2催化下與氰基發(fā)生[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)(式5)。

2011年,Wei等人[15]以Bi(OTf)3為催化劑,催化N-對甲苯磺?;s環(huán)丙烷和一系列腈類化合物之間的[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng),得到相應(yīng)的咪唑啉,如式6。該方法同樣適用于稠環(huán)芳烴氮雜環(huán)丙烷。

式5 BF3·OEt2催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與氰基的反應(yīng)

式6 Bi(OTf)3催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與腈類化合物的反應(yīng)

4 氮雜環(huán)丙烷與含羰基類化合物的反應(yīng)

傳統(tǒng)的合成1,3-惡唑烷衍生物的方法都是從1,2-氨基醇和含羰基類化合物出發(fā),在較高的溫度下進(jìn)行。并且該方法對底物限制較大,同時副反應(yīng)較多。因而越來越多的人開始對由路易斯酸催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與含羰基化合物反應(yīng)的研究產(chǎn)生了興趣。但到目前為止,對于催化該反應(yīng)的路易斯酸催化劑報(bào)導(dǎo)還比較少,只有BF3·OEt2[10],Cu(OTf)2[16],Zn(OTf)2[13],Sc(OTf)3[17]和AgSbF6[18]。

叔丁基二苯基硅烷基取代的氮雜環(huán)丙烷在BF3·OEt2催化下,也可以與醛發(fā)生[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)[10]。該反應(yīng)在溫和的條件能快速進(jìn)行,并且適用于芳香族和脂肪族醛,反應(yīng)都有較高的收率,如式7。

式7 BF3·OEt2催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與醛的反應(yīng)

2009年,Nguyen等[17]以Sc(OTf)3為催化劑,將2-烷基-N-對甲苯磺?;s環(huán)丙烷與醛或者酮反應(yīng),得到了5-烷基-1,3-惡唑烷,如式8。

式8 Sc(OTf)3催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與醛或酮的反應(yīng)

2011年,Hanamoto等[18]開發(fā)了AgSbF6作為氮雜環(huán)丙烷與醛的[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)催化劑,如式9。

式9 AgSbF6催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與醛的反應(yīng)

5 氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2的反應(yīng)

惡唑酮作為經(jīng)典的雜環(huán)化合物,廣泛應(yīng)用于有機(jī)合成及具有生物活性化合物的合成上面。而過去十年,CO2作為碳源研究的快速發(fā)展,吸引了越來越多來自有機(jī)合成及化工行業(yè)的興趣。到目前為止,報(bào)導(dǎo)的催化體系有堿金屬鹵化物[19-24],四烷基季銨鹽鹵化物[20],DBN[33],碘[24-28],自然存在的氨基酸[29],Cr(III)/DMAP[30],氯氧化鋯[31],聚乙二醇修飾的季銨鹽[32],氨基酸修飾的聚苯乙烯[33],聚乙二醇修飾的季鹽[34]和離子液體[35-36]等。

2011年,Liu等[24]以DBN作催化劑,Li為助催化劑,成功合成了N-官能團(tuán)化2-惡唑酮,并推測了如式10所示反應(yīng)機(jī)理:首先DBN固定CO2,得到中間體a,再與氮雜環(huán)丙烷反應(yīng)得到中間體b;然后在LiI催化下環(huán)打開,并經(jīng)由分子內(nèi)環(huán)化得到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)物,并有較高的收率。

式10 DBN催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2的反應(yīng)及其機(jī)理

2010年,Jiang等[29]也報(bào)道了在無溶劑、催化劑的條件下,通過天然的α-氨基酸催化將CO2成功插入到氮雜環(huán)丙烷中,如式11。對于這類反應(yīng),幾乎所有自然存在的α-氨基酸(例如,L-組氨酸)都是有效的催化劑。

式11α-氨基酸催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2的反應(yīng)

2010年,He等[35]首次報(bào)道了在無溶劑下,Lewis堿的離子液體催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2的反應(yīng),合成5-芳基惡唑酮,如式12。

式12離子液體催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2的反應(yīng)

2010年,Pinhas等[37]利用高速球磨技術(shù)(HSBM),在無溶劑和無催化劑條件下,在室溫條件下就能使2-烷基或2-芳基氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2發(fā)生環(huán)加成反應(yīng),如式13。

式13無溶劑條件下氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CO2的反應(yīng)

6 氮雜環(huán)丙烷與雜聯(lián)烯類化合物的反應(yīng)

2008年,Hou等[38]以三丁基膦為催化劑,催化N-對甲苯磺?;s環(huán)丙烷與二硫化碳及異硫氰酸酯的環(huán)加成反應(yīng),得到1,3-四氫噻唑衍生物,該化合物被廣泛應(yīng)用于有機(jī)合成及藥物化學(xué)領(lǐng)域,如式14。

式14三丁基膦催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與CS2或異硫氰酸酯的反應(yīng)

2013年,Tharmalingam等[39]以水為溶劑,硝酸鐵為催化劑,催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與異硫氰酸酯、異氰酸酯及異硒氰酸酯的環(huán)加成反應(yīng),如式15所示。

式15 Fe(NO3)3催化氮雜環(huán)丙烷與異硒氰酸酯的反應(yīng)

7 結(jié)語

氮雜環(huán)丙烷參與的[3+2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng)在合成含氮五元雜環(huán)化合物中具有重要作用。隨著人們對其研究的深入,開發(fā)了一系列催化劑并應(yīng)用于該反應(yīng)中,使其在有機(jī)合成、藥物和生物等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛。在今后的研究中,重點(diǎn)仍在開發(fā)出更多高效新型的催化劑,以在溫和的反應(yīng)條件中進(jìn)行,并且具有更廣的底物適用性。

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The Research Progress in the[3+2]Cycloaddition of Azirdines

REN Hong,HU Bao-Xiang
(College of Chemical Engineering,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310014,China)

The research of the[3+2]cycloaddition of azirdines and compounds with double bond,for instance,alkene,alkyne,aldehyde and carbon dioxide,was reviewed.The developing prospects was also discussed.

azirdines;[3+2]cycloaddition;research progress

1006-4184(2015)1-0022-07

2014-04-16

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號:20876149)。

任鴻(1989-),男,浙江東陽人,碩士研究生,主要從事有機(jī)合成研究。E-mail:renhong1004@163.com。

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