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土壤污染與修復(fù)

2015-11-01 03:41ElectrokineticRemediationBasicsandTechnologyStatus
中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊文摘 2015年19期
關(guān)鍵詞:重金屬污染物生物

Electrokinetic Remediation-Basics and Technology Status

Acar,YB; Gale,RJ; Alshawabkeh,AN; et al.

Electrokinetic remediation 1.Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite

Acar YB; Alshawabkeh,AN

Electroremediation of contaminated soils

Page,MM; Page,CLL

The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: A review

Lestan,Domen; Luo,Chun-ling; Li,Xiang-dong

污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀與趨勢

駱永明

(中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所中國科學(xué)院土壤環(huán)境與污染修復(fù)重點實驗室 南京210008)

土壤重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀與修復(fù)技術(shù)研究進展

崔德杰,張玉龍

熱點追蹤

土壤污染與修復(fù)

·編者按·

2015年8月12日23點30分左右,位于天津市濱海新區(qū)天津港的瑞海國際物流中心貨柜碼頭集裝箱內(nèi)發(fā)生易燃易爆品連環(huán)爆炸事件。在環(huán)境突發(fā)事件中,土壤污染同大氣污染和水污染一樣對人體健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境有著嚴重危害,由于土壤的自凈能力較弱,其危害期絕對時間和相對時間都更長,更應(yīng)及時地進行土壤修復(fù)。隨著國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,人們對土壤污染的認識也不斷在加深,2014年底修訂的《國家突發(fā)環(huán)境事件應(yīng)急預(yù)案》就明確了需要對土壤污染采取緊急措施予以應(yīng)對。

一般來說,當外來污染物進入土壤,就認為發(fā)生了“土壤污染”。土壤通常會對外來污染物具有一定的吸附—固定能力、化學(xué)氧化—還原作用及土壤微生物分解作用,只有外來污染超過土壤自凈作用的負荷才將成為土壤污染。按照污染物的性質(zhì),可將土壤污染物分為無機污染物和有機污染物。土壤修復(fù)是指利用物理、化學(xué)和生物的方法轉(zhuǎn)移、吸收、降解和轉(zhuǎn)化土壤中的污染物,使其濃度降低到可接受水平,或?qū)⒂卸居泻Φ奈廴疚镛D(zhuǎn)化為無害的物質(zhì)。污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)主要有生物修復(fù)、物理修復(fù)、化學(xué)修復(fù)及其聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù),經(jīng)過十多年國內(nèi)外的研究與應(yīng)用,污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)體系已經(jīng)形成,積累了不同污染類型場地土壤綜合工程修復(fù)技術(shù)應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗,也出現(xiàn)了污染土壤的原位生物修復(fù)技術(shù)和基于監(jiān)測的自然修復(fù)技術(shù)。

由于土壤污染的嚴重性及其修復(fù)難度,以及對污染土壤的修復(fù)技術(shù)的迫切性和需要,污染土壤修復(fù)已成為當今環(huán)境科學(xué)研究的熱點與極具挑戰(zhàn)性的領(lǐng)域。近20多年來,美國、德國、荷蘭等國家先后投入大量人力、財力,深入開展了土壤污染研究,國際上污染場地修復(fù)技術(shù)體系目前已基本形成。與國外相比,我國對土壤污染的修復(fù)研究起步較晚,針對我國城市污染土壤的修復(fù),一定程度上可以通過國外先進修復(fù)技術(shù)的引進—吸收—消化—再創(chuàng)新的方式來進行。但是國內(nèi)獨特的地質(zhì)與水文地質(zhì)條件,復(fù)雜的污染物類型、程度與范圍特點以及場地再開發(fā)過程實施的特殊性決定了在確定污染場地修復(fù)技術(shù)時一定要充分考慮中國特有的國情,選擇充分符合國情條件的實用性的修復(fù)技術(shù)。目前,在國內(nèi)城市土壤修復(fù)過程中應(yīng)用較為廣泛的修復(fù)技術(shù)有:固化穩(wěn)定化處理、高/低溫熱脫附修復(fù)、生物堆肥技術(shù)、土壤氣體抽提/生物通風、化學(xué)氧化、強化生物修復(fù)。針對土壤中污染物的修復(fù)技術(shù)的選擇將直接決定修復(fù)工程的成敗,并在很大程度上決定了修復(fù)工程的持續(xù)時間及所需費用。適合特定場地的修復(fù)技術(shù)的選擇,要從修復(fù)技術(shù)的有效性、制度可操作性、工程周期和公眾接受度等方面綜合考慮,實現(xiàn)社會、經(jīng)濟以及環(huán)境效益的有效統(tǒng)一。

本專題得到了葉飛教授(《農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)報》編輯部)的大力支持。

·熱點數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2015年8月1日,中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示,以“土壤污染(soil pollution)、土壤修復(fù)(soil remediation)”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻分別為1119與10247條,本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照:研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進行排行,結(jié)果如下。

研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)

研究機構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(CNKI)

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名(WOS)

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)數(shù)據(jù)報告,以“土壤污染(soil pollution)、土壤修復(fù)(soil remediation)”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù),以“土壤污染(soil pollution)、土壤修復(fù)(soil remediation)”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果,利用Histcite軟件選取LCS(Local Citation Score,本地引用次數(shù))TOP 30文獻作為節(jié)點進行分析,得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻如下。

來源出版物:Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49: 643-668

Electrokinetic Remediation-Basics and Technology Status

Acar,YB; Gale,RJ; Alshawabkeh,AN; et al.

Abstract: Electrokinetic remediation,variably named as electrochemical soil processing,electromigration,electrokinetic decontamination or electroreclamation uses electric currents to extract radio nuclides,heavy metals,certain organic compounds,or mixed inorganic species and some organic wastes from soils and slurries. An overview of the principals of the electrokinetic remediation technique in soils is presented. The types of waste and media in which the technology could potentially be applicable are outlined and some envisioned environmental uses of conduction phenomena in soils under electric fields are presented. The current status of the electrokinetic remediation technique and its limitations are discussed through a review of the bench-scale and pilot-scale tests. The recent findings of research on different techniques that may improve the technology's effectiveness are mentioned and the status of ongoing efforts in wide-scale implementation and commercialization of the technique in the USA are described.

Keywords: removal; electroosmosis; contaminants; soils

來源出版物:Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,40(2): 117-137

Electrokinetic remediation 1.Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite

Acar YB; Alshawabkeh,AN

Abstract: The feasibility and efficiency of transporting lead under electric fields are investigated at pilot scale in three 1 t Georgia kaolinite specimens spiked with lead nitrate solution and at an electrode spacing of 72 cm. Enhancement methods such as cathode depolarization and/or catholyte neutralization techniques are not used in processing. A constant direct current density of 133 mu mA/cm2is applied. Twoof the tests are conducted on specimens spiked with lead at concentrations of 856 mg/kg and 1533 mg/kg. The third test is conducted on a 1:1 mixture of compacted kaolinite/sand spiked with lead at a concentration of 5322 mg/kg. Lead was transported toward the cathode and precipitated at its hydroxide solubility value within the basic zone in direct contact with the cathode compartment. Subsequent to 2950 h of processing and an energy expenditure of 700 kWh/m3,55% of the lead removed across the soil was found precipitated within the last 2 cm close to the cathode,15% was left in the soil before reaching this zone,20% was found precipitated on the fabric separating the soil from the cathode compartment,and 10% was unaccounted. Heavy metals and species that are solubilized in the anodic acid front can be efficiently transported by electromigration under an electrical field applied across electrodes placed in soils.

Keywords: Removal; Electroosmosis

來源出版物:Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce,1996,122(3): 173-185

Electroremediation of contaminated soils

Page,MM; Page,CLL

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on electroremediation of soils. Laboratory studies of the technique are outlined,mechanisms of contaminant transport discussed,and major factors affecting the decontamination process examined. Enhancement techniques and hybrid processes are considered and examples of field trials and commercial applications described.

Keywords: soil pollution; contaminants; transportation; reviews

來源出版物:Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce,2002,128(3): 208-219

The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: A review

Lestan,Domen; Luo,Chun-ling; Li,Xiang-dong

Abstract: This paper reviews current remediation technologies that use chelating agents for the mobilization and removal of potentially toxic metals from contaminated soils. These processes can be done in situ as enhanced phytoextraction,chelant enhanced electrokinetic extraction and soil flushing,or ex situ as the extraction of soil slurry and soil heap/column leaching. Current proposals on how to treat and recycle waste washing solutions after soil is washed are discussed. The major controlling factors in phytoextraction and possible strategies for reducing the leaching of metals associated with the application of chelants are also reviewed. Finally,the possible impact of abiotic and biotic soil factors on the toxicity of metals left after the washing of soil and enhanced phytoextraction are briefly addressed.

Keywords: metal; chelant; phytoextraction; soil washing; metal leaching

來源出版物:Environmental Pollution,2008,153(1): 3-13聯(lián)系郵箱:Li,Xiang-dong; cexdli@polyu.edu.hk

·推薦綜述·

污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀與趨勢

駱永明

(中國科學(xué)院南京土壤研究所中國科學(xué)院土壤環(huán)境與污染修復(fù)重點實驗室 南京210008)

摘編自《化學(xué)進展》2009年21卷2/3期:558~565頁,圖、表、參考文獻已省略。

1引言

污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究起步于20世紀70年代后期。在過去的30年期間,歐、美、日、澳等國家紛紛制定了土壤修復(fù)計劃,巨額投資研究了土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備,積累了豐富的現(xiàn)場修復(fù)技術(shù)與工程應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗,成立了許多土壤修復(fù)公司和網(wǎng)絡(luò)組織,使土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)得到了快速的發(fā)展。我國的污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研究起步較晚,在“十五”期間才得到重視,列入了高技術(shù)研究規(guī)劃發(fā)展計劃[1],其研發(fā)水平和應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗都與美、英、德、荷等發(fā)達國家存在相當大的差距。近年來,順應(yīng)土壤環(huán)境保護的現(xiàn)實需求和土壤環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展需求,科學(xué)技術(shù)部、國家自然科學(xué)基金委、中國科學(xué)院、環(huán)境保護部等部門有計劃地部署了一些土壤修復(fù)研究項目和專題,有力地促進和帶動了全國范圍的土壤污染控制與修復(fù)科學(xué)技術(shù)的研究與發(fā)展工作。期間,以土壤修復(fù)為主題的國內(nèi)一系列學(xué)術(shù)性活動也為我國污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究和發(fā)展起到了很好的引領(lǐng)性和推動性作用。土壤修復(fù)理論與技術(shù)已成為土壤科學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)以及地表過程研究的新內(nèi)容。土壤修復(fù)學(xué)已經(jīng)成為一門新興的環(huán)境科學(xué)分支學(xué)科,修復(fù)土壤學(xué)也將發(fā)展成為一門新興的土壤科學(xué)分支學(xué)科[2,3]。本文將著重介紹近年來國內(nèi)外污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢,并探討我國土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研發(fā)的重點,以促進土壤修復(fù)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

2污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀

經(jīng)過近十多年來全球范圍的研究與應(yīng)用,包括生物修復(fù)、物理修復(fù)、化學(xué)修復(fù)及其聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)在內(nèi)的污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)體系已經(jīng)形成,并積累了不同污染類型場地土壤綜合工程修復(fù)技術(shù)應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗,出現(xiàn)了污染土壤的原位生物修復(fù)技術(shù)和基于監(jiān)測的自然修復(fù)技術(shù)等研究的新熱點。下面簡要介紹國內(nèi)外污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀。

2.1污染土壤生物修復(fù)技術(shù)

土壤生物修復(fù)技術(shù),包括植物修復(fù)、微生物修復(fù)、生物聯(lián)合修復(fù)等技術(shù),在進入21世紀后得到了快速發(fā)展,成為綠色環(huán)境修復(fù)技術(shù)之一。

2.1.1植物修復(fù)技術(shù)

從20世紀80年代問世以來,利用植物資源與凈化功能的植物修復(fù)技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展[4,5]。植物修復(fù)技術(shù)包括利用植物超積累或積累性功能的植物吸取修復(fù)[6,7,8]、利用植物根系控制污染擴散和恢復(fù)生態(tài)功能的植物穩(wěn)定修復(fù)[9]、利用植物代謝功能的植物降解修復(fù)[10]、利用植物轉(zhuǎn)化功能的植物揮發(fā)修復(fù)[4]、利用植物根系吸附的植物過濾修復(fù)[4]等技術(shù);可被植物修復(fù)的污染物有重金屬、農(nóng)藥、石油和持久性有機污染物、炸藥、放射性核素等。其中,重金屬污染土壤的植物吸取修復(fù)技術(shù)在國內(nèi)外都得到了廣泛研究,已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于砷、鎘、銅、鋅、鎳、鉛等重金屬以及與多環(huán)芳烴復(fù)合污染土壤的修復(fù)[6,7,11,12],并發(fā)展出包括絡(luò)合誘導(dǎo)強化修復(fù)[13]、不同植物套作聯(lián)合修復(fù)、修復(fù)后植物處理處置的成套集成技術(shù)[1]。這種技術(shù)的應(yīng)用關(guān)鍵在于篩選具有高產(chǎn)和高去污能力的植物,摸清植物對土壤條件和生態(tài)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性。近年來,我國在重金屬污染農(nóng)田土壤的植物吸取修復(fù)技術(shù)應(yīng)用方面在一定程度上開始引領(lǐng)國際前沿研究方向。但是,雖然開展了利用苜蓿、黑麥草等植物修復(fù)多環(huán)芳烴、多氯聯(lián)苯和石油烴的研究工作[1],但是有機污染土壤的植物修復(fù)技術(shù)的田間研究還很少,對炸藥、放射性核素污染土壤的植物修復(fù)研究則更少。

植物修復(fù)技術(shù)不僅應(yīng)用于農(nóng)田土壤中污染物的去除,而且同時應(yīng)用于人工濕地建設(shè)、填埋場表層覆蓋與生態(tài)恢復(fù)、生物棲身地重建等。近年來,植物穩(wěn)定修復(fù)技術(shù)被認為是一種更易接受、大范圍應(yīng)用、并利于礦區(qū)邊際土壤生態(tài)恢復(fù)的植物技術(shù),也被視為一種植物固碳技術(shù)和生物質(zhì)能源生產(chǎn)技術(shù);為尋找多污染物復(fù)合或混合污染土壤的凈化方案,分子生物學(xué)和基因工程技術(shù)應(yīng)用于發(fā)展植物雜交修復(fù)技術(shù)[14];利用植物的根圈阻隔作用和作物低積累作用[15],發(fā)展能降低農(nóng)田土壤污染的食物鏈風險的植物修復(fù)技術(shù)正在研究。

2.1.2微生物修復(fù)技術(shù)

微生物能以有機污染物為唯一碳源和能源或者與其他有機物質(zhì)進行共代謝而降解有機污染物。利用微生物降解作用發(fā)展的微生物修復(fù)技術(shù)是農(nóng)田土壤污染修復(fù)中常見的一種修復(fù)技術(shù)。這種生物修復(fù)技術(shù)已在農(nóng)藥或石油污染土壤中得到應(yīng)用。在我國,已構(gòu)建了農(nóng)藥高效降解菌篩選技術(shù)、微生物修復(fù)劑制備技術(shù)和農(nóng)藥殘留微生物降解田間應(yīng)用技術(shù);也篩選了大量的石油烴降解菌,復(fù)配了多種微生物修復(fù)菌劑,研制了生物修復(fù)預(yù)制床和生物泥漿反應(yīng)器,提出了生物修復(fù)模式[1]。近年來,開展了有機胂和持久性有機污染物如多氯聯(lián)苯和多環(huán)芳烴污染土壤的微生物修復(fù)技術(shù)工作。分離到能將PAHs作為唯一碳源的微生物如假單胞菌屬、黃桿菌屬等,以及可以通過共代謝方式對4環(huán)以上PAHs加以降解的如白腐菌等[16]。建立了菌根真菌強化紫花苜蓿根際修復(fù)多環(huán)芳烴的技術(shù)和污染農(nóng)田土壤的固氮植物—根瘤菌—菌根真菌聯(lián)合生物修復(fù)技術(shù)[17,18]。總體上,微生物修復(fù)研究工作主要體現(xiàn)在篩選和馴化特異性高效降解微生物菌株,提高功能微生物在土壤中的活性、壽命和安全性,修復(fù)過程參數(shù)的優(yōu)化和養(yǎng)分、溫度、濕度等關(guān)鍵因子的調(diào)控等方面。微生物固定化技術(shù)因能保障功能微生物在農(nóng)田土壤條件下種群與數(shù)量的穩(wěn)定性和顯著提高修復(fù)效率而受到青睞。通過添加菌劑和優(yōu)化作用條件發(fā)展起來的場地污染土壤原位、異位微生物修復(fù)技術(shù)有:生物堆漚技術(shù)、生物預(yù)制床技術(shù)、生物通風技術(shù)和生物耕作技術(shù)等。運用連續(xù)式或非連續(xù)式生物反應(yīng)器、添加生物表面活性劑和優(yōu)化環(huán)境條件等可提高微生物修復(fù)過程的可控性和高效性[19,20]。目前,正在發(fā)展微生物修復(fù)與其他現(xiàn)場修復(fù)工程的嫁接和移植技術(shù),以及針對性強、高效快捷、成本低廉的微生物修復(fù)設(shè)備,以實現(xiàn)微生物修復(fù)技術(shù)的工程化應(yīng)用。

2.2污染土壤物理修復(fù)技術(shù)

物理修復(fù)是指通過各種物理過程將污染物(特別是有機污染物)從土壤中去除或分離的技術(shù)。熱處理技術(shù)是應(yīng)用于工業(yè)企業(yè)場地土壤有機污染的主要物理修復(fù)技術(shù),包括熱脫附[21]、微波加熱[22]和蒸氣浸提[23]等技術(shù),已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于苯系物、多環(huán)芳烴、多氯聯(lián)苯和二英等污染土壤的修復(fù)。

2.2.1熱脫附技術(shù)

熱脫附是用直接或間接的熱交換,加熱土壤中有機污染組分到足夠高的溫度,使其蒸發(fā)并與土壤介質(zhì)相分離的過程。熱脫附技術(shù)具有污染物處理范圍寬、設(shè)備可移動、修復(fù)后土壤可再利用等優(yōu)點,特別對PCBs這類含氯有機物,非氧化燃燒的處理方式可以顯著減少二英生成[21]。目前歐美國家已將土壤熱脫附技術(shù)工程化,廣泛應(yīng)用于高污染的場地有機污染土壤的離位或原位修復(fù),但是諸如相關(guān)設(shè)備價格昂貴、脫附時間過長、處理成本過高等問題尚未得到很好解決,限制了熱脫附技術(shù)在持久性有機污染土壤修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用[24]。發(fā)展不同污染類型土壤的前處理和脫附廢氣處理等技術(shù),優(yōu)化工藝并研發(fā)相關(guān)的自動化成套設(shè)備正是共同努力的方向。

2.2.2蒸氣浸提技術(shù)

土壤蒸氣浸提(簡稱SVE)技術(shù)是去除土壤中揮發(fā)性有機污染物(VOCs)的一種原位修復(fù)技術(shù)。它將新鮮空氣通過注射井注入污染區(qū)域,利用真空泵產(chǎn)生負壓,空氣流經(jīng)污染區(qū)域時,解吸并夾帶土壤孔隙中的VOCs經(jīng)由抽取井流回地上;抽取出的氣體在地上經(jīng)過活性炭吸附法以及生物處理法等凈化處理,可排放到大氣或重新注入地下循環(huán)使用。SVE具有成本低、可操作性強、可采用標準設(shè)備、處理有機物的范圍寬、不破壞土壤結(jié)構(gòu)和不引起二次污染等優(yōu)點。苯系物等輕組分石油烴類污染物的去除率可達90%[25]。深入研究土壤多組分VOCs的傳質(zhì)機理,精確計算氣體流量和流速,解決氣提過程中的拖尾效應(yīng),降低尾氣凈化成本,提高污染物去除效率,是優(yōu)化土壤蒸氣浸提技術(shù)的需要。

2.3污染土壤化學(xué)/物化修復(fù)技術(shù)

相對于物理修復(fù),污染土壤的化學(xué)修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展較早,主要有土壤固化/穩(wěn)定化技術(shù)、淋洗技術(shù)、氧化/還原技術(shù)、光催化降解技術(shù)和電動力學(xué)修復(fù)等。

2.3.1固化—穩(wěn)定化技術(shù)

固化—穩(wěn)定化技術(shù)是將污染物在污染介質(zhì)中固定,使其處于長期穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),是較普遍應(yīng)用于土壤重金屬污染的快速控制修復(fù)方法,對同時處理多種重金屬復(fù)合污染土壤具有明顯的優(yōu)勢[26]。該處理技術(shù)的費用比較低廉,對一些非敏感區(qū)的污染土壤可大大降低場地污染治理成本。常用的固化穩(wěn)定劑有飛灰、石灰、瀝青和硅酸鹽水泥等,其中水泥應(yīng)用最為廣泛。在美國的非有機物污染的超級基金項目中大部分采用固化—穩(wěn)定化技術(shù)處理。我國一些冶煉企業(yè)場地重金屬污染土壤和鉻渣清理后的堆場污染土壤也采用了這種技術(shù)。國際上已有利用水泥固化—穩(wěn)定化處理有機與無機污染土壤的報道[27]。目前,需要加強有機污染土壤的固化—穩(wěn)定化技術(shù)研發(fā)、新型可持續(xù)穩(wěn)定化修復(fù)材料的研制及其長期安全性監(jiān)測評估方法的研究。

2.3.2淋洗技術(shù)

土壤淋洗修復(fù)技術(shù)是將水或含有沖洗助劑的水溶液、酸/堿溶液、絡(luò)合劑或表面活性劑等淋洗劑注入到污染土壤或沉積物中,洗脫和清洗土壤中的污染物的過程。淋洗的廢水經(jīng)處理后達標排放,處理后的土壤可以再安全利用。這種離位修復(fù)技術(shù)在多個國家已被工程化應(yīng)用于修復(fù)重金屬污染或多污染物混合污染介質(zhì)[28]。由于該技術(shù)需要用水,所以修復(fù)場地要求靠近水源,同時因需要處理廢水而增加成本。研發(fā)高效、專性的表面增溶劑,提高修復(fù)效率,降低設(shè)備與污水處理費用,防止二次污染等依然是重要的研究課題。

2.3.3氧化—還原技術(shù)

土壤化學(xué)氧化—還原技術(shù)是通過向土壤中投加化學(xué)氧化劑(Fenton試劑、臭氧、過氧化氫、高錳酸鉀等)或還原劑(SO2、FeO、氣態(tài)H2S等),使其與污染物質(zhì)發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)來實現(xiàn)凈化土壤的目的[29,30,31]。通常,化學(xué)氧化法適用于土壤和地下水同時被有機物污染的修復(fù)。運用化學(xué)還原法修復(fù)對還原作用敏感的有機污染物是當前研究的熱點。例如,納米級粉末零價鐵的強脫氯作用已被接受和運用于土壤與地下水的修復(fù)。但是,目前零價鐵還原脫氯降解含氯有機化合物技術(shù)的應(yīng)用還存在諸如鐵表面活性的鈍化、被土壤吸附產(chǎn)生聚合失效等問題[29],需要開發(fā)新的催化劑和表面激活技術(shù)。

2.3.4光催化降解技術(shù)

土壤光催化降解(光解)技術(shù)是一項新興的深度土壤氧化修復(fù)技術(shù),可應(yīng)用于農(nóng)藥等污染土壤的修復(fù)[32]。土壤質(zhì)地、粒徑、氧化鐵含量、土壤水分、土壤pH值和土壤厚度等對光催化氧化有機污染物有明顯的影響:高孔隙度的土壤中污染物遷移速率快,粘粒含量越低光解越快;自然土中氧化鐵對有機物光解起著重要調(diào)控作用;有機質(zhì)可以作為一種光穩(wěn)定劑;土壤水分能調(diào)解吸收光帶;土壤厚度影響濾光率和入射光率。

2.3.5電動力學(xué)修復(fù)

電動力學(xué)修復(fù)(簡稱電動修復(fù))是通過電化學(xué)和電動力學(xué)的復(fù)合作用(電滲、電遷移和電泳等)驅(qū)動污染物富集到電極區(qū),進行集中處理或分離的過程。電動修復(fù)技術(shù)已進入現(xiàn)場修復(fù)應(yīng)用[33,34]。近年來,我國也先后開展了銅、鉻等重金屬、菲和五氯酚等有機污染土壤的電動修復(fù)技術(shù)研究[1]。電動修復(fù)速度較快、成本較低,特別適用于小范圍的粘質(zhì)的多種重金屬污染土壤和可溶性有機物污染土壤的修復(fù);對于不溶性有機污染物,需要化學(xué)增溶,易產(chǎn)生二次污染[35]。發(fā)展電動強化的復(fù)合污染土壤聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)將是值得研究的課題。

2.4污染土壤聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)

協(xié)同兩種或以上修復(fù)方法,形成聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù),不僅可以提高單一污染土壤的修復(fù)速率與效率,而且可以克服單項修復(fù)技術(shù)的局限性,實現(xiàn)對多種污染物的復(fù)合/混合污染土壤的修復(fù),已成為土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)中的重要研究內(nèi)容。

2.4.1微生物/動物—植物聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)

微生物(細菌、真菌)—植物、動物(蚯蚓)—植物聯(lián)合修復(fù)是土壤生物修復(fù)技術(shù)研究的新內(nèi)容[17,18,36,37]。篩選有較強降解能力的菌根真菌和適宜的共生植物是菌根生物修復(fù)的關(guān)鍵。種植紫花苜蓿可以大幅度降低土壤中多氯聯(lián)苯濃度[17]。根瘤菌和菌根真菌雙接種能強化紫花苜蓿對多氯聯(lián)苯的修復(fù)作用[18]。利用能促進植物生長的根際細菌[36]或真菌,發(fā)展植物—降解菌群協(xié)同修復(fù)、動物—微生物協(xié)同修復(fù)[37]及其根際強化技術(shù),促進有機污染物的吸收、代謝和降解將是生物修復(fù)技術(shù)新的研究方向。

2.4.2化學(xué)/物化—生物聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)

發(fā)揮化學(xué)或物理化學(xué)修復(fù)的快速優(yōu)勢,結(jié)合非破壞性的生物修復(fù)特點,發(fā)展基于化學(xué)—生物修復(fù)技術(shù)是最具應(yīng)用潛力的污染土壤修復(fù)方法之一?;瘜W(xué)淋洗—生物聯(lián)合修復(fù)是基于化學(xué)淋溶劑作用,通過增加污染物的生物可利用性而提高生物修復(fù)效率。利用有機絡(luò)合劑的配位溶出,增加土壤溶液中重金屬濃度,提高植物有效性,從而實現(xiàn)強化誘導(dǎo)植物吸取修復(fù)[12]?;瘜W(xué)預(yù)氧化—生物降解和臭氧氧化—生物降解等聯(lián)合技術(shù)已經(jīng)應(yīng)用于污染土壤中多環(huán)芳烴的修復(fù)[38,39]。電動力學(xué)—微生物修復(fù)技術(shù)可以克服單獨的電動技術(shù)或生物修復(fù)技術(shù)的缺點,在不破壞土壤質(zhì)量的前提下,加快土壤修復(fù)進程[33]。電動力學(xué)—芬頓聯(lián)合技術(shù)已用來去除污染黏土礦物中的菲[40],硫氧化細菌與電動綜合修復(fù)技術(shù)用于強化污染土壤中銅的去除[41]。應(yīng)用光降解—生物聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)可以提高石油中PAHs污染物的去除效率??傮w上,這些技術(shù)多處于室內(nèi)研究的階段。

2.4.3物理—化學(xué)聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)

土壤物理—化學(xué)聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)是適用于污染土壤離位處理的修復(fù)技術(shù)。溶劑萃取—光降解聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)是利用有機溶劑或表面活性劑提取有機污染物后進行光解的一項新的物理—化學(xué)聯(lián)合修復(fù)技術(shù)。例如,可以利用環(huán)己烷和乙醇將污染土壤中的多環(huán)芳烴提取出來后進行光催化降解。此外,可以利用Pd/Rh支持的催化—熱脫附聯(lián)合技術(shù)或微波熱解—活性炭吸附技術(shù)修復(fù)多氯聯(lián)苯污染土壤[42,43];也可以利用光調(diào)節(jié)的TiO2催化修復(fù)農(nóng)藥污染土壤[32]。

3污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢

從2000、2004和2008年連續(xù)3屆的土壤污染與修復(fù)國際會議主題與交流情況來看[44,46],在污染土壤修復(fù)決策上,它已從基于污染物總量控制的修復(fù)目標發(fā)展到基于污染風險評估的修復(fù)導(dǎo)向;在技術(shù)上,已從物理修復(fù)、化學(xué)修復(fù)和物理化學(xué)修復(fù)發(fā)展到生物修復(fù)、植物修復(fù)和基于監(jiān)測的自然修復(fù),從單一的修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展到多技術(shù)聯(lián)合的修復(fù)技術(shù)、綜合集成的工程修復(fù)技術(shù);在設(shè)備上,從基于固定式設(shè)備的離場修復(fù)發(fā)展到移動式設(shè)備的現(xiàn)場修復(fù);在應(yīng)用上,已從服務(wù)于重金屬污染土壤、農(nóng)藥或石油污染土壤、持久性有機化合物污染土壤的修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展到多種污染物復(fù)合或混合污染土壤的組合式修復(fù)技術(shù);已從單一廠址場地走向特大城市復(fù)合場地(mega city site),從單項修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展到融大氣、水體監(jiān)測的多技術(shù)多設(shè)備協(xié)同的場地土壤—地下水綜合集成修復(fù);已從工業(yè)場地走向農(nóng)田耕地,從適用于工業(yè)企業(yè)場地污染土壤的離位肥力破壞性物化修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展到適用于農(nóng)田耕地污染土壤的原位肥力維持性綠色修復(fù)技術(shù)。

3.1向綠色與環(huán)境友好的土壤生物修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展

利用太陽能和自然植物資源的植物修復(fù)、土壤中高效專性微生物資源的微生物修復(fù)、土壤中不同營養(yǎng)層食物網(wǎng)的動物修復(fù)、基于監(jiān)測的綜合土壤生態(tài)功能的自然修復(fù),將是21世紀土壤環(huán)境修復(fù)科學(xué)技術(shù)研發(fā)的主要方向。農(nóng)田耕地土壤污染的修復(fù)技術(shù)要求能原位地有效消除影響到糧食生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的微量有毒有害污染物,同時既不能破壞土壤肥力和生態(tài)環(huán)境功能,又不能導(dǎo)致二次污染的發(fā)生。發(fā)展綠色、安全、環(huán)境友好的土壤生物修復(fù)技術(shù)能滿足這些需求,并能適用于大面積污染農(nóng)地土壤的治理,具有技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟上的雙重優(yōu)勢[7]。從常規(guī)作物中篩選合適的修復(fù)品種,發(fā)展適用于不同土壤類型和條件的根際生態(tài)修復(fù)技術(shù)已成為一種趨勢。應(yīng)用生物工程技術(shù)如基因工程、酶工程、細胞工程等發(fā)展土壤生物修復(fù)技術(shù),有利于提高治理速率與效率,具有應(yīng)用前景。

3.2從單項向聯(lián)合、雜交的土壤綜合修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展

土壤中污染物種類多,復(fù)合污染普遍,污染組合類型復(fù)雜,污染程度與厚度差異大。地球表層的土壤類型多,其組成、性質(zhì)、條件的空間分異明顯。一些場地不僅污染范圍大、不同性質(zhì)的污染物復(fù)合、土壤與地下水同時受污染,而且修復(fù)后土壤再利用方式的空間規(guī)劃要求不同。這樣,單項修復(fù)技術(shù)往往很難達到修復(fù)目標,而發(fā)展協(xié)同聯(lián)合的土壤綜合修復(fù)模式就成為場地和農(nóng)田土壤污染修復(fù)的研究方向,例如:不同修復(fù)植物的組合修復(fù),降解菌-超積累植物的組合修復(fù),真菌—修復(fù)植物組合修復(fù),土壤動物/植物/微生物組合修復(fù),結(jié)合增溶強化植物修復(fù),化學(xué)氧化/生物降解修復(fù),電動修復(fù)/生物修復(fù),生物強化蒸氣浸提修復(fù),光催化納米材料修復(fù)等。

3.3從異位向原位的土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展

將污染土壤挖掘、轉(zhuǎn)運、堆放、凈化、再利用是一種經(jīng)常采用的離場異位修復(fù)過程。這種異位修復(fù)不僅處理成本高,而且很難治理深層土壤及地下水均受污染的場地,不能修復(fù)建筑物下面的污染土壤或緊靠重要建筑物的污染場地。因而,發(fā)展多種原位修復(fù)技術(shù)以滿足不同污染場地修復(fù)的需求就成為近年來的一種趨勢。例如,原位蒸氣浸提技術(shù)、原位固定—穩(wěn)定化技術(shù)、原位生物修復(fù)技術(shù)、原位納米零價鐵還原技術(shù)等。另一趨勢是發(fā)展基于監(jiān)測的發(fā)揮土壤綜合生態(tài)功能的原位自然修復(fù)[47,48]。

3.4基于環(huán)境功能修復(fù)材料的土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展

黏土礦物改性技術(shù)、催化劑催化技術(shù)、納米材料與技術(shù)已經(jīng)滲透到土壤環(huán)境和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,并應(yīng)用于污染土壤環(huán)境修復(fù),例如利用納米鐵粉、氧化鈦等去除污染土壤和地下水中的有機氯污染物[29,32]。但是,目標土壤修復(fù)的環(huán)境功能材料的研制及其應(yīng)用技術(shù)還剛剛起步,具有發(fā)展前景。但是,對這些物質(zhì)在土壤中的分配、反應(yīng)、行為、歸趨及生態(tài)毒理等尚缺乏了解,對其環(huán)境安全性和生態(tài)健康風險還難以進行科學(xué)評估?;诃h(huán)境功能修復(fù)材料的土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用條件、長期效果、生態(tài)影響和環(huán)境風險有待回答。

3.5基于設(shè)備化的快速場地污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展

土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用在很大程度上依賴于修復(fù)設(shè)備和監(jiān)測設(shè)備的支撐,設(shè)備化的修復(fù)技術(shù)是土壤修復(fù)走向市場化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化的基礎(chǔ)。植物修復(fù)后的植物資源化利用、微生物修復(fù)的菌劑制備、有機污染土壤的熱脫附或蒸氣浸提、重金屬污染土壤的淋洗或固化-穩(wěn)定化、修復(fù)過程及修復(fù)后環(huán)境監(jiān)測等等都需要設(shè)備。尤其是對城市工業(yè)遺留的污染場地,因其特殊位置和土地再開發(fā)利用的要求,需要快速、高效的物化修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備。開發(fā)與應(yīng)用基于設(shè)備化的場地污染土壤的快速修復(fù)技術(shù)是一種發(fā)展趨勢。一些新的物理和化學(xué)方法與技術(shù)在土壤環(huán)境修復(fù)領(lǐng)域的滲透與應(yīng)用將會加快修復(fù)設(shè)備化的發(fā)展,例如,冷等離子體氧化技術(shù)可能是一種有前景的有機污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)(未發(fā)表資料),將帶動新的修復(fù)設(shè)備研制。

3.6向土壤修復(fù)決策支持系統(tǒng)及后評估技術(shù)發(fā)展

污染土壤修復(fù)決策支持系統(tǒng)是實施污染場地風險管理和修復(fù)技術(shù)快速篩選的工具。污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)篩選是一種多目標決策過程,需要綜合考慮風險削減、環(huán)境效益與修復(fù)成本等要素。歐美許多土壤修復(fù)研究組織如CLARINET、EUGRIS、NATO/CCMS等針對污染場地管理和決策支持進行了系統(tǒng)研究和總結(jié)。一些輔助決策工具如文件導(dǎo)則、決策流程圖、智能化軟件系統(tǒng)等已陸續(xù)出臺和開發(fā),并在具體的場地修復(fù)過程中被采納[49]?;陲L險的污染土壤修復(fù)后評估也是污染場地風險管理的重要環(huán)節(jié),包括修復(fù)后污染物風險評估、修復(fù)基準及土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量評價等內(nèi)容。土壤污染類型多種多樣,污染場地錯綜復(fù)雜,需要發(fā)展場地針對性的污染土壤修復(fù)決策支持系統(tǒng)及后評估方法與技術(shù)。

4對我國污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研發(fā)的思考

我國土壤污染防治與修復(fù)技術(shù)的研發(fā)需要針對國內(nèi)土壤污染特征與發(fā)展趨勢,既要滿足土壤污染問題的解決,也要聯(lián)系國家的經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和相關(guān)的技術(shù)研發(fā)基礎(chǔ)與條件。

4.1我國土壤污染態(tài)勢

總體上,我國土壤環(huán)境污染形勢嚴峻[1,50]。在一些經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展地區(qū)耕地土壤中持久性毒害物質(zhì)已經(jīng)大量積累,部分農(nóng)田、菜地重金屬(鎘、汞、砷等)、農(nóng)藥(滴滴涕等)、多環(huán)芳烴、多氯聯(lián)苯、二英等持久性有機污染物復(fù)合污染突出,影響糧食生產(chǎn)和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全。在快速的城市化和實施“退二進三”的城市布局改造戰(zhàn)略的進程中,污染企業(yè)搬遷引發(fā)的場地土壤環(huán)境污染事故已經(jīng)影響到人居環(huán)境安全健康。在一些礦區(qū)、油田區(qū)及其周邊土壤中重金屬和有機污染也相當嚴重,對周邊生態(tài)安全和人體健康構(gòu)成威脅。一些濕地不僅是生物棲身地和生態(tài)敏感區(qū),而且也是污水和廢棄物的匯集地,污染嚴重,影響生物多樣性和生態(tài)安全。在高強度的資源和能源利用與污染物排放過程中,我國土壤污染的范圍在擴大,土壤污染物的種類在增多,出現(xiàn)了復(fù)合型、混合型的高風險污染土壤區(qū),呈現(xiàn)出從污灌型向與大氣沉降型并重轉(zhuǎn)變,城郊向農(nóng)村延伸,局部向區(qū)域蔓延的趨勢;從有毒有害污染發(fā)展至有毒有害污染與養(yǎng)分過剩、土壤酸化的交叉,形成點源與面源污染共存、生活污染、種植養(yǎng)殖業(yè)污染和工礦企業(yè)排放疊加、各種新舊污染與次生污染相互復(fù)合/混合的態(tài)勢,危及糧食生產(chǎn)與質(zhì)量安全、生態(tài)環(huán)境安全和人體健康,迫切需要治理和修復(fù)。

4.2我國污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研發(fā)需求

我國的污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研發(fā)應(yīng)該為解決農(nóng)田土壤(含污灌區(qū))污染、工業(yè)場地土壤污染、礦區(qū)及周邊土壤污染以及生態(tài)敏感的濕地土壤污染等問題提供技術(shù)支持。這就需要研發(fā)能適合原位或異位、現(xiàn)場或離場的土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備,能適用于不同土壤類型與條件、不同土地利用方式和不同污染類型與程度的土壤修復(fù)技術(shù),能快速、高效、廉價、安全、使土地再開發(fā)利用的修復(fù)技術(shù)體系。針對受重金屬、農(nóng)藥、石油、多環(huán)芳烴、多氯聯(lián)苯等中輕度污染的農(nóng)業(yè)土壤或濕地土壤,需要著力發(fā)展能大面積應(yīng)用、安全、低成本、環(huán)境友好的生物修復(fù)技術(shù)和物化穩(wěn)定技術(shù),實現(xiàn)邊修復(fù)邊生產(chǎn),以保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全和生態(tài)安全。針對工礦企業(yè)廢棄的化工、冶煉等各類重污染場地土壤,需要著力研究優(yōu)先修復(fù)點位確定方法和修復(fù)技術(shù)決策支持系統(tǒng),發(fā)展場地針對性、能滿足安全與再開發(fā)利用目標、原位或異位的物理、化學(xué)及其聯(lián)合修復(fù)工程技術(shù),開發(fā)具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的成套修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備,形成系統(tǒng)的場地土壤修復(fù)標準和技術(shù)規(guī)范,以保障人居環(huán)境安全健康。針對各類礦區(qū)及尾礦污染土壤,現(xiàn)階段需要著力研究能控制水土流失與污染物擴散的生物穩(wěn)定化與生態(tài)工程修復(fù)技術(shù),將礦區(qū)邊際土壤開發(fā)利用為植物固碳和生物質(zhì)能源生產(chǎn)的基地,以保障礦區(qū)及周邊生態(tài)環(huán)境安全,并提高其生態(tài)服務(wù)價值。

5結(jié)語

污染土壤的修復(fù)是以去污染、復(fù)質(zhì)量、再利用、保安康為目的的。土壤修復(fù)往往是控污、減污、降毒、化險的綜合凈化過程,可使土壤恢復(fù)生產(chǎn)力、場地安全健康、礦區(qū)及濕地生態(tài)安全和景觀美化。但是,土壤修復(fù)也是耗人力、物力和財力的過程。只有做好土壤污染防控管理工作,才能避免或減少這樣的消耗?!叭f物土中生”,土壤質(zhì)量決定萬物的質(zhì)量。為保障人類的食物安全和身體健康,需要實施“凈土”戰(zhàn)略,制定土壤污染的“防控修復(fù)”行動計劃。這對我國這樣的擁有13億人口的農(nóng)業(yè)大國尤為重要。這也就需要政府和社會大力支持土壤污染防控修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究,需要建立土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)應(yīng)用的規(guī)范、融資機制和立法管理政策。污染土壤的修復(fù)不同于污染水體的修復(fù),土壤中的污染物難移動、難稀釋,加上土壤類型、土地利用方式和污染場地的空間分異,更需要發(fā)展場地針對性和專門化的修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備。國際上,污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)體系基本形成,雖然我國可以通過引進-吸收-消化-再創(chuàng)新來發(fā)展土壤修復(fù)技術(shù),但是國內(nèi)的土壤類型、條件和場地污染的特殊性決定了需要發(fā)展更多的具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)并適合國情的實用性修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備,以推動土壤環(huán)境修復(fù)技術(shù)的市場化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展。全球土壤修復(fù)產(chǎn)業(yè)市場容量約達萬億美元,發(fā)展我國土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備,不僅是土壤環(huán)境保護與技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的需要,而且是使我國這一新興產(chǎn)業(yè)進入國際環(huán)境修復(fù)市場競爭的需要。

·高被引論文摘要·

被引頻次:614

土壤重金屬污染現(xiàn)狀與修復(fù)技術(shù)研究進展

崔德杰,張玉龍

闡述了土壤重金屬污染物的來源和重金屬污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀,分析了各種修復(fù)技術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點、實用性與發(fā)展動態(tài),為土壤重金屬污染綜合治理與修復(fù)提出了新的思路。

土壤污染;重金屬;修復(fù)技術(shù)

來源出版物:土壤通報,2004,35(3): 366-370

被引頻次:437

寶山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)——一種新的鎘超富集植物

劉威,束文圣,藍崇鈺

摘要:通過野外調(diào)查和溫室試驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)并證實寶山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)是一種Cd超富集植物。自然條件下,寶山堇菜地上部Cd平均含量為1168 mg/kg,變化范圍為465~2310 mg/kg;地下部Cd平均含量為981 mg/kg,變化范圍為233~1846 mg/kg。地上與地下部Cd含量比值變化范圍0.41~2.22,平均為1.32。Cd生物富集系數(shù)變化范圍為0.75~5.2,平均為2.38。營養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)試驗研究表明,寶山堇菜地上部Cd含量隨生長介質(zhì)中Cd濃度的增加而呈線性增加。營養(yǎng)液Cd濃度為50 mg/L時,地上部Cd平均含量達到4825 mg/kg,在Cd濃度為30 mg/L時,生物量達到最大值;地上與地下部Cd含量的比值變化范圍為1.14~2.22,平均為1.67,顯示寶山堇菜不僅可以超量吸收Cd,而且可以從地下向地上部有效輸送。寶山堇菜的發(fā)現(xiàn)將為Cd超富集植物的生理、生化、遺傳和進化及其在Cd污染土壤修復(fù)方面的研究提供新的重要材料。

關(guān)鍵詞:超富集植物;Cd;寶山堇萊(Viola baoshanensis);植物修復(fù)

來源出版物:科學(xué)通報,2003,48(19): 2046-2049

被引頻次:356

土壤中重金屬形態(tài)分析及其環(huán)境學(xué)意義

韓春梅,王林山,鞏宗強,等

摘要:介紹了土壤重金屬的形態(tài)及各種分析方法,重點說明了土壤中重金屬形態(tài)分布及影響因素;討論了影響土壤環(huán)境中重金屬形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化的因素,重金屬形態(tài)與重金屬在土壤中的遷移性、可給性、活性的關(guān)系,重金屬污染土壤修復(fù)與重金屬形態(tài)分布的關(guān)系。形態(tài)分析在一定程度上反映自然與人為作用對土壤中重金屬來源的貢獻,并反映重金屬的生物毒性。重金屬可以因形態(tài)中某一個或幾個方面不同而表現(xiàn)出不同的毒性和環(huán)境行為。

關(guān)鍵詞:土壤;重金屬;形態(tài);形態(tài)分析

來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2005,24(12): 1499-1502

被引頻次:282

重金屬污染土壤的修復(fù)技術(shù)

陳志良,仇榮亮,張景書,等

摘要:重金屬污染是當今土壤污染中污染面積最廣、危害最大的環(huán)境問題之一,由于重金屬污染毒理機制和生物效應(yīng)的復(fù)雜性及其在土壤中的穩(wěn)定性,對重金屬污染的研究一直是當前學(xué)術(shù)界的熱點研究課題。本文在介紹當前重金屬污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,對重金屬污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢作綜合預(yù)測和展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:重金屬污染;修復(fù)技術(shù);組合修復(fù)技術(shù)

來源出版物:環(huán)境保護,2002(6): 21-23

被引頻次:223

污染土壤修復(fù)的技術(shù)再造與展望

周啟星

摘要:污染土壤的面積在迅速擴大,迫切需要修復(fù)、治理;隨著土壤污染組分的日益復(fù)雜化,等待著全面、高效的修復(fù)技術(shù)的研制。對污染土壤修復(fù)相關(guān)技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀進行剖析表明,現(xiàn)有的各種污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)由于存在著許多技術(shù)上難以克服的問題,需要從技術(shù)的現(xiàn)有進展和技術(shù)構(gòu)想進行整體意義上的創(chuàng)新,即如何把現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)進行參數(shù)優(yōu)化、改造后進行最佳組合與綜合,才能取得該技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的重大突破。污染土壤的生態(tài)化學(xué)修復(fù),其實質(zhì)在于技術(shù)的再造,代表了21世紀污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。

關(guān)鍵詞:污染土壤;生態(tài)化學(xué)修復(fù);技術(shù)再造

來源出版物:環(huán)境污染治理技術(shù)與設(shè)備,2002,3(8): 36-40

被引頻次:211

污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀與趨勢

駱永明

摘要:本文綜述了國內(nèi)外污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢,并聯(lián)系我國土壤污染態(tài)勢探討了中國土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)研發(fā)的需求。文中指出,包括生物修復(fù)、物理修復(fù)、化學(xué)修復(fù)及其聯(lián)合修復(fù)的污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)體系已經(jīng)基本形成;土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)正朝著6大方向發(fā)展,即向綠色與環(huán)境友好的生物修復(fù)、聯(lián)合雜交的綜合修復(fù)、原位修復(fù)、基于環(huán)境功能材料的修復(fù)、基于設(shè)備化的快速場地修復(fù)以及土壤修復(fù)決策支持系統(tǒng)及修復(fù)后評估等技術(shù)方向發(fā)展。我國土壤環(huán)境污染態(tài)勢嚴峻,需要發(fā)展能廣泛應(yīng)用、安全、低成本的原位農(nóng)田生物修復(fù)技術(shù)和物化穩(wěn)定技術(shù),發(fā)展安全、土地能再開發(fā)利用、針對性強的工業(yè)場地快速物化工程修復(fù)技術(shù)與設(shè)備,發(fā)展能控制水土流失與污染物擴散的礦區(qū)植物穩(wěn)定化與生態(tài)工程修復(fù)技術(shù),建立污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)規(guī)范、評價標準和管理政策。

關(guān)鍵詞:土壤污染;土壤修復(fù);技術(shù)發(fā)展

來源出版物:化學(xué)進展,2009,21(2/3): 558-565

被引頻次:210

重金屬污染土壤的植物修復(fù)研究I. 金屬富集植物Brassica juncea對銅、鋅、鎘、鉛污染的響應(yīng)

蔣先軍,駱永明,趙其國,等

摘要:用來修復(fù)污染土壤的理想植物應(yīng)具有高的生物量并能忍耐和積累污染物。印度芥菜(Bras sicajuncea)能富集多種重金屬且生物量較大。本文研究了Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb 4種重金屬對印度芥菜生長的影響,特別是重金屬對印度芥菜地上部生物量的影響。結(jié)果表明,在含Cu 250 mg/kg、Pb 500 mg/kg或Zn 500 mg/kg的污染土壤上,印度芥菜能夠忍耐,正常生長。印度芥菜在含Cd 200 mg/kg的土壤上發(fā)生鎘毒而出現(xiàn)失綠黃化癥狀,Cd與中等濃度的Zn、Cu、Pb共存時毒害更為嚴重。這種植物適合Cu、Zn、Pb中等污染土壤的修復(fù)。

關(guān)鍵詞:植物修復(fù);印度芥菜;重金屬;土壤污染

來源出版物:土壤,2000(2): 71-74

被引頻次:202

污染土壤的修復(fù)技術(shù)研究進展

周東美,郝秀珍,薛艷,等

摘要:分析了當前我國嚴峻的土壤環(huán)境狀況,并從重金屬和有機污染物兩個方面,全面介紹了當前污染土壤的各種修復(fù)技術(shù),包括物理化學(xué)修復(fù)方法、植物修復(fù)方法和微生物修復(fù)方法等;對各種方法的修復(fù)原理、已取得的研究進展、存在的優(yōu)缺點及其將來的發(fā)展趨勢進行了較全面的綜述和展望。文章認為,污染土壤修復(fù)將是一項非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性同時又是一項非常有前途的修復(fù)技術(shù),將會對人類健康和經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展發(fā)揮重要作用。

關(guān)鍵詞:土壤污染;修復(fù);綜述

來源出版物:生態(tài)環(huán)境,2004,13(2): 234-242

被引頻次:158

污染土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)介紹

錢暑強,劉錚

摘要:本文簡要介紹了污染土壤治理的各種方法,包括換土法、化學(xué)修復(fù)、生物修復(fù)、電修復(fù)、熱修復(fù)等的基本原理、適用范圍及其基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用的最新進展。

關(guān)鍵詞:修復(fù)技術(shù);化學(xué)修復(fù);生物修復(fù);電修復(fù);熱修復(fù)

來源出版物:化工進展,2000(4): 10-12

被引頻次:152

磷肥對砷污染土壤的植物修復(fù)效率的影響:田間實例研究

廖曉勇,陳同斌,謝華,等

摘要:通過田間試驗研究施用磷肥對砷超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pterisvittata. L)生長和砷污染土壤修復(fù)效率的影響。結(jié)果表明,適量施用磷肥促進蜈蚣草的生長,顯著提高其生物量,但過量施用磷肥對植物產(chǎn)量無貢獻。隨著磷肥施用量的增加,蜈蚣草地上部砷含量呈先增加后減少的趨勢,理論上在施磷量為340 kg·hm-2時,砷含量可達最高(1622 mg·kg-1)。磷的含量與施磷量呈極顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。施磷量為200 kg·hm-2的砷累積量最高,是不施磷處理砷累積量的24倍及600 kg·hm-2施磷量砷累積量的12倍。種植蜈蚣草7個月后,土壤總砷均有不同程度的下降,施磷量為200 kg·hm-2的土壤中砷含量下降50 mg·kg-1,土壤修復(fù)效率最高(7.84%)。對照和600 kg·hm-2施磷量處理的土壤修復(fù)效率分別為2.31%和6.63%。理論上達到最大土壤修復(fù)效率所需施磷量為369 kg·hm-2。施用磷肥可以維持土壤有效態(tài)砷含量在蜈蚣草種植前后變化不大,保證蜈蚣草下個生育期對砷的吸收。這些結(jié)果說明施用磷肥是蜈蚣草等砷超富集植物在現(xiàn)場修復(fù)中的必要手段,優(yōu)化施磷技術(shù)可大大提高砷污染土壤的修復(fù)效率。

關(guān)鍵詞:植物修復(fù);蜈蚣草;砷;磷肥;修復(fù)效率

來源出版物:環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2004,24(3): 455-462

被引頻次:1183

Phytoremediation

Salt,DE; Smith,RD; Raskin I

Abstract: 參見本期“經(jīng)典文獻推薦”欄目。

被引頻次:939

Phytoremediation-A Novel Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Metals from the Environment Using Plants

Salt,DE; Blaylock,M; Kumar,NPBA; et al.

Abstract: Toxic metal pollution of waters and soils is a major environmental problem,and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide acceptable solutions. The use of specially selected and engineered metal-accumulating plants for environmental clean-up is an emerging technology called phytoremediation. Three subsets of this technology are applicable to toxic metal remediation:(1)Phytoextraction the use of metal-accumulating plants to remove toxic metals from soil;(2)Rhizofiltration the use of plant roots to remove toxic metals from polluted waters; and(3)Phytostabilization the use of plants to eliminate the bioavailability of toxic metals in soils. Biological mechanisms of toxic metal uptake,translocation and resistance as well as strategies for improving phytoremediation are also discussed.

Keywords: heavy-metals; binding peptides; cadmium-binding; zinc tolerance; lemna-minor; soil; accumulation; transport; selenium; tobacco

來源出版物:Bio-Technology,1995,13(5): 468-474

被引頻次:822

Advanced oxidation processes for organic contaminant destruction based on the Fenton reaction and related chemistry

Pignatello,JJ; Oliveros,E; MacKay,A

Abstract: Fenton chemistry encompasses reactions of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron to generate highly reactive species such as the hydroxyl radical and possibly others. In this review,the complex mechanisms of Fenton and Fenton-like reactions and the important factors influencing these reactions,from both a fundamental and practical perspective,in applications to water and soil treatment,are discussed. The review covers modified versions including the photoassisted Fenton reaction,use of chelated iron,electro-Fenton reactions,and Fenton reactions using heterogeneous catalysts. Sections are devoted to nonclassical pathways,by-products,kinetics and process modeling,experimental design methodology,soil and aquifer treatment,use of Fenton in combination with other advanced oxidation processes or biodegradation,economic comparison with other advanced oxidation processes,and case studies.

Keywords: advanced oxidation technologies; aquifier remediation; electro-Fenton; photo-Fenton; soil remediation; waste treatment; water treatment

來源出版物:Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2006,36(1): 1-84

被引頻次:777

Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: An overview

Zhang,WX

Abstract: Nanoscale iron particles represent a new generation of environmental remediation technologies that could provide cost-effectivesolutions to some of the most challenging environmental cleanup problems. Nanoscale iron particles have large surface areas and high surface reactivity. Equally important,they provide enormous flexibility for in situ applications. Research has shown that nanoscale iron particles are very effective for the transformation and detoxification of a wide variety of common environmental contaminants,such as chlorinated organic solvents,organochlorine pesticides,and PCBs. Modified iron nanoparticles,such as catalyzed and supported nanoparticles have been synthesized to further enhance the speed and efficiency of remediation. In this paper,recent developments in both laboratory and pilot studies are assessed,including:(1)synthesis of nanoscale iron particles(10-100 nm,>99.5% Fe)from common precursors such as Fe(II)and Fe(III);(2)reactivity of the nanoparticles towards contaminants in soil and water over extended periods of time(e.g.,weeks);(3)field tests validating the injection of nanoparticles into aquifer,and(4)in situ reactions of the nanoparticles in the subsurface.

Keywords: nanoparticles; iron; palladium; nanotechnology; groundwater; remediation

來源出版物:Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2003,5(3/4): 323-332

被引頻次:661

Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents

Luthy,RG; Aiken,GR; Brusseau,ML; et al.

Abstract: The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOCs)with soils and sediments(geosorbents)may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. The underlying physical and chemical phenomena potentially responsible for this apparent sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents are not well understood. This challenges our concepts for assessing exposure and toxicity and for setting environmental quality criteria. Currently there are no direct observational data revealing the molecular-scale locations in which nonpolar organic compounds accumulate when associated with natural soils or sediments. Hence macroscopic observations are used to make inferences about sorption mechanisms and the chemical factors affecting the sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents. Recent observations suggest that HOC interactions with geosorbents comprise different inorganic and organic surfaces and matrices,and distinctions may be drawn along these lines,particularly with regard to the roles of inorganic micropores,natural sorbent organic matter components,combustion residue particulate carbon,and spilled organic liquids. Certain manipulations of sorbates or sorbent media may help reveal sorption mechanisms,but mixed sorption phenomena complicate the interpretation of macroscopic data regarding diffusion of HOCs into and out of different matrices and the hysteretic sorption and aging effects commonly observed for geosorbents. Analytical characterizations at the microscale,and mechanistic models derived there from,are needed to advance scientific knowledge of HOC sequestration,release,and environmental risk.

Keywords: distributed reactivity model; humic substances; nonequilibrium sorption; aromatic-hydrocarbons; interfacial films; aquifer material; soils; sediments; water; chemicals

來源出版物:Environmental Science & Technology,1997,31(2): 3341-3347

被引頻次:530

Phytoremediation of soil metals

Chaney,RL; Malik,M; Li,YM; et al.

Abstract: The phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils offers a low-cost method for soil remediation and some extracted metals may be recycled for value. Both the phytoextraction of metals and the phytovolatilization of Se or Hg by plants offer great promise for commercial development. Natural metal hyper accumulator phenotype is much more important than high-yield ability when using plants to remove metals from contaminated soils. The hyper tolerance of metals is the key plant characteristic required for hyper accumulation;vacuolar compartmentalization appears to be the source of hyper tolerance of natural hyper accumulator plants. Alternatively,soil Pb and Cr6+may be inactivated in the soil by plants and soil amendments(phytostabilization). Little molecular understanding of plant activities critical to phytore mediation has been achieved,but recent progress in characterizing Fe,Cd and Zn uptake by Arabidopsis and yeast mutants indicates strategies for developing transgenic improved phytore mediation cultivars for commercial use.

Keywords: transgenic tobacco plants; vulgaris moench garcke; Thlaspi-Caerulescens J; contaminated soils; Arabidopsis-Thaliana; binding peptides; C-presl; cadmium; phytochelatins; ZINC

來源出版物:Current Opinion in Biotechnology,1997,8(3): 279-284

被引頻次:481

Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms

Lasat,MM

Abstract: Remediation of sites contaminated with toxic metals is particularly challenging. Unlike organic compounds,metals cannot be degraded,and the cleanup usually requires their removal. However,this energy-intensive approach can be prohibitively expensive. Inaddition,the metal removing process often employs stringent physicochemical agents which can dramatically inhibit soil fertility with subsequent negative impacts on the ecosystem. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a cost-effective,enviromnental-friendly alternative technology. A great deal of research indicates that plants have the genetic potential to remove many toxic metals from the soil. Despite this potential,phytoremediation is yet to become a commercially available technology. Progress in the field is hindered by a lack of understanding of complex interactions in the rhizosphere and plant-based mechanisms which allow metal translocation and accumulation in plants. In this paper,four research areas relevant to metal phytoextraction from contaminated soil are reviewed. The review concludes with an assessment of the current status of technology deployment and suggestions for future phytoremediation research.

Keywords: hyper accumulate or thlaspi-caerulescens; hexavalent chromium reduction; gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase;genetically-engineered plants; escherichia-coli atcc-33456; zinc-transporter genes; arabidopsis-thaliana; Indian mustard; heavy-metals;contaminated soils

來源出版物:Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(1): 109-120

被引頻次:454

Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Poly nuclear Aromatic-Hydrocarbons(Pa Hs): A Review

Wilson,SC; Jones,KC

Abstract: Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)constitute a group of priority pollutants which are present at high concentrations in the soils of many industrially contaminated sites. Criteria established for the removal or treatment or both of soils contaminated with PAHs vary widely within and between nations. The bioremediation of contaminated soils with in-situ,on-site,and bioreactor techniques is reviewed,together with the factors affecting PAHs degradation. Current in-situ remediation techniques are considered ineffective for the removal of most PAHs from contaminated soil. On-site ‘land farming' methods have been used successfully(and within a reasonable period of time)to degrade only those PAHs with three or fewer aromatic rings. Bioreactors have proved most effective for soil remediation,since conditions for enhanced degradation can be achieved most readily. However,bioreactors are still at the development stage,and further research is required to optimize their efficiency and economy for routine use. Degradation of the more recalcitrant high-molecular-weight PAHs in contaminated soil has not been particularly successful to date. Further research needs are identified to help develop bioremediation into a more cost-effective technology. The importance of full site assessments and treatability studies for successful application in the field is emphasized.

Keywords: biological treatment processes; bench-scale evaluation; phanerochaete-chrysosporium; microbial-degradation; organic contaminants; fuel spills; denitrification conditions; denitrifying conditions; phase bioremediation; incite biotreatment

來源出版物:Environmental Pollution,1993,81(3): 229-249

被引頻次:272

Electrokinetic soil remediation-critical overview

Virkutyte,J; Sillanpaa,M; Latostenmaa,P

Abstract: In recent years,there has been increasing interest in finding new and innovative solutions for the efficient removal of contaminants from soils to solve groundwater,as well as soil,pollution. The objective of this review is to examine several alternative soil-remediating technologies,with respect to heavy metal remediation,pointing out their strengths and drawbacks and placing an emphasis on electrokinetic soil remediation technology. In addition,the review presents detailed theoretical aspects,design and operational considerations of electrokinetic soil-remediation variables,which are most important in efficient process application,as well as the advantages over other technologies and obstacles to overcome,The review discusses possibilities of removing selected heavy metal contaminants from clay and sandy soils,both saturated and unsaturated. It also gives selected efficiency rates for heavy metal removal,the dependence of these rates on soil variables,and operational conditions,as well as a cost-benefit analysis. Finally,several emerging in situ electrokinetic soil remediation technologies,such as Lasagna(TM),Elektro-Klean(TM),electro bioremediation,etc.,are reviewed,and their advantages,disadvantages and possibilities in full-scale commercial applications are examined.

Keywords: electrokinetic soil remediation; heavy metals

來源出版物:Science of the Total Environment,2002,289(1-3): 97-121

被引頻次:259

Electrokinetic Remediation-Basics and Technology Status

Acar,YB; Gale,RJ; Alshawabkeh,AN; et al.

Abstract: 參見本期“經(jīng)典文獻推薦”欄目。

·推薦論文摘要·

生物炭的土壤環(huán)境效應(yīng)及其機制研究

王萌萌,周啟星

摘要:近年來,隨著土壤污染的逐漸加重以及食品安全問題的頻出,生物炭作為重要的土壤改良劑以及對污染土壤修復(fù)表現(xiàn)出的巨大潛力引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。本文首先對國內(nèi)外生物炭的土壤環(huán)境效應(yīng)方面的研究以及成果進行分析總結(jié)。生物炭具有疏松多孔的性質(zhì)以及巨大的表面積和陽離子交換量(CEC),可以改善土壤理化性質(zhì),能強烈吸附土壤中的污染物,降低其生物有效性和遷移轉(zhuǎn)化能力;生物炭的堿性對于改良酸性土壤降低土壤中污染物的生物毒性具有很大的潛力;生物炭還可以為微生物提供生長繁殖的場所,有利于微生物對污染物的降解,但同時又可以保護被吸附的有機物免受微生物的降解,對不同的微生物影響不同;生物炭可以對蚯蚓等土壤動物的生存產(chǎn)生影響。在此基礎(chǔ)上,依據(jù)生物炭的基本理化性質(zhì),對其土壤環(huán)境效應(yīng)機制進行了分析。最后,從當前工作中存在的不足對今后的研究重點和方向進行了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:生物炭;土壤;化學(xué)污染物;環(huán)境效應(yīng);微觀作用機制

來源出版物:環(huán)境化學(xué),2013,32(5): 768-780聯(lián)系郵箱:周啟星,Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn

納米零價鐵在污染土壤修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用與展望

高園園,周啟星

摘要:近年來,納米零價鐵因其大的表面積和高的表面反應(yīng)活性,在生態(tài)環(huán)境保護和污染控制中的作用與貢獻越來越大;同時,作為在污染土壤和水體修復(fù)與治理方面可以提供具有成本-效益解決方案的一項新技術(shù),已經(jīng)受到越來越多的關(guān)注。關(guān)于納米零價鐵在污染水體和地下水修復(fù)方面的報道已有很多,但極少是有關(guān)納米零價鐵在污染土壤修復(fù)方面的。本綜述中,對近期納米鐵及其在環(huán)境修復(fù)特別是土壤修復(fù)中的研究進展作了概括和展望,總結(jié)了提高納米零價鐵的活性、穩(wěn)定性及遷移性的改性技術(shù),如聚合物包覆、活性炭負載、CMC穩(wěn)定等。這些納米零價鐵可以去除/轉(zhuǎn)移環(huán)境中廣泛的污染物,如重金屬、無機鹽及有機物。隨后對納米零價鐵及其改性材料在污染土壤修復(fù)中的研究進展進行了較為詳細的概述,并對影響反應(yīng)效率的因素加以討論;另外,還對零價納米鐵在環(huán)境中的穩(wěn)定性、遷移性及其潛在生態(tài)毒性效應(yīng)做了簡要的探討。對其未來的應(yīng)用方向進行了展望,以期為今后研究納米零價鐵作為參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:納米零價鐵;污染土壤;修復(fù);環(huán)境保護;污染控制

來源出版物:農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2013,32(3): 418-425聯(lián)系郵箱:周啟星,Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn

植物對鉛的吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運、累積和解毒機制研究進展

段德超,于明革,施積炎

摘要:揭示植物對鉛的吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運、累積和解毒的分子機制,可以明晰農(nóng)作物吸收鉛的關(guān)鍵過程,阻控鉛在糧食、蔬菜中的積累,降低重金屬的食用風險;也可以闡明某些鉛超積累植物的耐性與解毒機制,分離并克隆鉛超積累的功能基因,培育高效的鉛污染土壤修復(fù)植物。本文從鉛進入植物的兩個重要途徑(葉片的吸附與吸收以及根系的吸收與轉(zhuǎn)運)出發(fā),系統(tǒng)總結(jié)討論了植物對鉛的吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運、累積和分布的研究進展;采用胞外至胞內(nèi)的空間順序,分別從植物根系分泌物的解毒、細胞壁的固定和動態(tài)響應(yīng)、細胞質(zhì)膜的選擇透過性作用、液泡的區(qū)隔化作用以及金屬有機配體的螯合等方面論述植物鉛耐性和解毒的分子機理,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出存在的問題和今后研究的重點。

關(guān)鍵詞:重金屬;鉛脅迫;吸收;轉(zhuǎn)運;累積;解毒機制

來源出版物:應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報,2014,25(1): 287-296聯(lián)系郵箱:于明革,mgyu_369@zju.edu.cn

土壤環(huán)境基準/標準研究需要解決的基礎(chǔ)性問題

周啟星,滕涌,展思輝,等

摘要:土壤環(huán)境基準/標準研究是一個復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程,涉及到多方面的基礎(chǔ)性問題。了解和解決其所涉及的這些基礎(chǔ)性問題,是土壤環(huán)境基準/標準是否科學(xué)準確并在國家層面上能否全面應(yīng)用的前提。本文從土壤環(huán)境基準/標準研究相關(guān)的概念及其內(nèi)涵、基礎(chǔ)方法標準化、生物受體的選擇和變量歸一化4大方面闡述了土壤環(huán)境基準/標準研究需要解決的基礎(chǔ)性問題,從而為全面系統(tǒng)地開展此項研究工作提供思想、理論、方法和技術(shù)等依據(jù)。具體來說,包括“環(huán)境質(zhì)量”、“土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量”、“土壤質(zhì)量”、“土壤污染”、“污染土壤”、“土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量基準”、“污染土壤修復(fù)基準”等諸多相關(guān)概念,采樣、前處理、分析步驟和測試方法等的統(tǒng)一與標準化,敏感種與優(yōu)勢種等生物受體的正確選擇,以及涉及到總量與有效態(tài)或提取態(tài)、復(fù)合污染與交互作用的情況、土壤本身的一些影響因素(土壤類型、有機質(zhì)、粘粒、pH、Eh和CEC等)、土壤外部的一些影響因素(地理區(qū)域、溫度、水分或濕度、施肥或農(nóng)業(yè)措施等)諸多變量的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的歸一化處理。最后,結(jié)合這些基礎(chǔ)性問題,對土壤環(huán)境基準/標準的研究進行了展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:土壤;土壤環(huán)境基準;修復(fù)基準;方法學(xué);環(huán)境標準;生態(tài)安全

來源出版物:農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2014,33(1): 1-14聯(lián)系郵箱:周啟星,Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn

不同鈍化劑對重金屬復(fù)合污染土壤的修復(fù)效應(yīng)研究

殷飛,王海娟,李燕燕,等

摘要:通過向重金屬復(fù)合污染土壤分別施加5%和20%(鈍化劑與土壤質(zhì)量比)磷礦粉、木炭、坡縷石、鋼渣4種鈍化劑,測定了土壤pH值、重金屬(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As)生物有效態(tài)(單級提?。┖透髻x存形態(tài)(分級提?。┑淖兓u價了鈍化劑對土壤重金屬的鈍化效果,采用X射線衍射法(XRD)和比表面—孔徑分布儀測定了鈍化劑的物相組成、比表面積和孔徑特征,并探討了鈍化劑的修復(fù)機制。土壤重金屬生物有效態(tài)單級提取結(jié)果表明,在20%處理下,坡縷石、鋼渣、磷礦粉能顯著降低土壤中5種重金屬生物有效態(tài)含量,其中坡縷石降低Pb、Cd、Cu、As的最高比例可分別達54.3%、48.8%、50.0%、35.0%,鋼渣降低Zn則高達43.7%。土壤重金屬各賦存形態(tài)的分級提取結(jié)果表明,20%坡縷石能使植物易吸收的土壤可交換態(tài)Pb顯著減少,而使難吸收的殘渣態(tài)Pb顯著增加;20%坡縷石、鋼渣或磷礦粉能顯著降低土壤中可交換態(tài)Cd含量;20%鋼渣或20%磷礦粉處理后可交換態(tài)和碳酸鹽結(jié)合態(tài)Zn含量明顯減少,坡縷石處理使殘渣態(tài)Zn顯著增加;鋼渣或20%磷礦粉能顯著增加殘渣態(tài)Cu含量;添加20%磷礦粉后生物難吸收的鈣型砷含量顯著增加。4種鈍化劑對重金屬的鈍化機制各有不同,木炭和坡縷石具有較大的比表面積和孔容,對重金屬的鈍化以吸附和表面絡(luò)合為主;鋼渣和磷礦粉具有較高的pH值,其對重金屬的修復(fù)機制以化學(xué)沉淀為主。

關(guān)鍵詞:鈍化劑;重金屬;土壤修復(fù);生物有效態(tài)

來源出版物:農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報,2015,34(3): 438-448聯(lián)系郵箱:王宏鑌,whb1974@126.com

污染土壤植物修復(fù)效率影響因素研究進展

苗欣宇,周啟星

摘要:為提高植物修復(fù)技術(shù)對污染土壤的修復(fù)效率,根據(jù)當今植物修復(fù)技術(shù)在污染土壤修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢,對近年來國內(nèi)外植物修復(fù)技術(shù)的各種影響因素進行分析。首先從污染物的理化性質(zhì)及其交互作用、土壤與氣象因子、植物種類及其根際效應(yīng)以及栽培措施等方面,系統(tǒng)論述影響土壤中重金屬污染物及有機污染物植物修復(fù)效率的主要因素,闡述植物添加劑對植物修復(fù)效率的影響。最后指出植物修復(fù)今后研究的重點:營造促進植物生長發(fā)育的環(huán)境,針對影響植物修復(fù)效率的各個因素對植物修復(fù)技術(shù)進行改良及強化,并合理應(yīng)用植物添加劑,提高植物修復(fù)效率。

關(guān)鍵詞:污染土壤;植物修復(fù);修復(fù)效率;影響因素;植物添加劑

來源出版物:生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2015,34(3): 870-877聯(lián)系郵箱:周啟星,zhouqx523@126.com

Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants

ZHANG Xiao-kai; WANG Hai-long; HE Li-zhi; et al.

Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants has increasingly become a serious global environmental issue in recent years. Considerable efforts have been made to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar has a large surface area,and high capacity to absorb heavy metals and organic pollutants. Biochar can potentially be used to reduce the bioavailability and leach ability of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soils through adsorption and other physicochemical reactions. Biochar is typically an alkaline material which can increase soil pH and contribute to stabilization of heavy metals. Application of biochar for remediation of contaminated soils may provide a new solution to the soil pollution problem. This paper provides an overview on the impact of biochar on the environmental fate and mobility of heavy metals and organic pollutants in contaminated soils and its implication for remediation of contaminated soils. Further research directions are identified to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar as a soil amendment for remediation of contaminated soils.

Keywords: biochar; black carbon; heavy metals; organic pollutants; remediation; soil contamination

來源出版物:Environmental Science and Pollution Research聯(lián)系郵箱:WANG Hai-long; nzhailongwang@gmail.com

Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-To mobilize or to immobilize?

Bolan,Nanthi; Kunhikrishnan,Anitha; Thangarajan,Ramya; et al.

Abstract: Unlike organic contaminants,metal(loid)s do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and persist for a long time aftertheir introduction. Bioavailability of metal(loid)s plays a vital role in the remediation of contaminated soils. In this review,the remediation of heavy metal(loid)contaminated soils through manipulating their bioavailability using a range of soil amendments will be presented. Mobilizing amendments such as chelating and desorbing agents increase the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Immobilizing amendments such of precipitating agents and sorbent materials decrease the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Mobilizing agents can be used to enhance the removal of heavy metal(loid)s though plant uptake and soil washing. Immobilizing agents can be used to reduce the transfer to metal(loid)s to food chain via plant uptake and leaching to groundwater. One of the major limitations of mobilizing technique is susceptibility to leaching of the mobilized heavy metal(loid)s in the absence of active plant uptake. Similarly,in the case of the immobilization technique the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metal(loid)s needs to be monitored.

Keywords: metals; metalloids; bioavailability; mobility; soil amendments

來源出版物:Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,266: 141-166

Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils: A review

Paz-Ferreiro,J; Lu,H; Fu,S; et al.

Abstract: Anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increase of the use and extraction of heavy metals. Heavy metals cannot be degraded and hence accumulate in the environment,having the potential to contaminate the food chain. This pollution threatens soil quality,plant survival and human health. The remediation of heavy metals deserves attention,but it is impaired by the cost of these processes. Phytoremediation and biochar are two sound environmental technologies which could be at the forefront to mitigate soil pollution. This review provides an overview of the state of the art of the scientific research on phytoremediation and biochar application to remediate heavymetal-contaminated soils. Research to date has attempted only in a limited number of occasions to combine both techniques,however we discuss the potential advantages of combining both,and the potential mechanisms involved in the interaction between phytoremediators and biochar. We identified specific research needs to ensure a sustainable use of phytoremediation and biochar as remediation tools.

Keywords: arsenic contaminated soil; 2-year field experiment; straw-derived biochar; green waste compost; pteris-vittata l.; organic-matter;mine tailings; Cd uptake; hydrothermal carbonization; commercial phytoextraction

來源出版物:Solid Earth,2014,5(1): 65-76聯(lián)系郵箱:Paz-Ferreiro,J; jorge.paz@upm.es

Combining phytoextraction and biochar addition improves soil biochemical properties in a soil contaminated with Cd

LU Huan-ping; LI Zhi-an; FU Sheng-lei; et al.

Abstract: The main goal of phytoremediation is to improve ecosystem functioning. Soil biochemical properties are considered as effective indicators of soil quality and are sensitive to various environmental stresses,including heavy metal contamination. The biochemical response in a soil contaminated with cadmium was tested after several treatments aimed to reduce heavy metal availability including liming,biochar addition and phytoextraction using Amaranthus tricolor L. Two biochars were added to the soil: eucalyptus pyrolysed at 600 degrees C(EB)and poultry litter at 400 degrees C(PLB). Two liming treatments were chosen with the aim of bringing soil pH to the same values as in the treatments EB and PLB. The properties studied included soil microbial biomass C,soil respiration and the activities of invertase,beta-glucosidase,beta-glucosaminidase,urease and phosphomonoesterase. Both phytoremediation and biochar addition improved soil biochemical properties,although results were enzyme specific. For biochar addition these changes were partly,but not exclusively,mediated by alterations in soil pH. A careful choice of biochar must be undertaken to optimize the remediation process from the point of view of metal phytoextraction and soil biological activity.

Keywords: biochar; Cadmium; Amaranthus tricolor L.; phytoremediation; soil quality; soil enzymes

來源出版物:Chemosphere,2015,119: 209-216聯(lián)系郵箱:LI Zhi-an; lizan@scbg.ac.cn

Phytoremediation: Role of terrestrial plants and aquatic macrophytes in the remediation of radionuclides and heavy metal contaminated soil and water

Sharma,Sunita; Singh,Bikram; Manchanda,V. K

Abstract: Nuclear power reactors are operating in 31 countries around the world. Along with reactor operations,activities like mining,fuel fabrication,fuel reprocessing and military operations are the major contributors to the nuclear waste. The presence of a large number of fission products along with multiple oxidation state long-lived radionuclides such as neptunium(Np-237),plutonium(Pu-239),americium(Am-241/243)and curium(Cm-245)make the waste streams a potential radiological threat to the environment. Commonly high concentrations of cesium(Cs-137)and strontium(Sr-90)are found in a nuclear waste. These radionuclides are capable enough to produce potential health threat due to their long half-lives and effortless translocation into the human body. Besides the radionuclides,heavy metal contamination is also a serious issue. Heavy metals occur naturally in the earth crust and in low concentration,are also essential for themetabolism of living beings. Bioaccumulation of these heavy metals causes hazardous effects. These pollutants enter the human body directly via contaminated drinking water or through the food chain. This issue has drawn the attention of scientists throughout the world to device eco-friendly treatments to remediate the soil and water resources. Various physical and chemical treatments are being applied to clean the waste,but these techniques are quite expensive,complicated and comprise various side effects. One of the promising techniques,which has been pursued vigorously to overcome these demerits,is phytoremediation. The process is very effective,eco-friendly,easy and affordable. This technique utilizes the plants and its associated microbes to decontaminate the low and moderately contaminated sites efficiently. Many plant species are successfully used for remediation of contaminated soil and water systems. Remediation of these systems turns into a serious problem due to various anthropogenic activities that have significantly raised the amount of heavy metals and radionuclides in it. Also,these activities are continuously increasing the area of the contaminated sites. In this context,an attempt has been made to review different modes of the phytoremediation and various terrestrial and aquatic plants which are being used to remediate the heavy metals and radionuclide-contaminated soil and aquatic systems. Natural and synthetic enhancers,those hasten the process of metal adsorption/absorption by plants,are also discussed.

Keywords: radionuclides; heavy metals; terrestrial plants; macrophytes; chelating agents

來源出版物:Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(2): 946-962

聯(lián)系郵箱:Singh,Bikram; bikram_npp@rediffmail.com

Integrated phytobial remediation for sustainable management of arsenic in soil and water

Roy,Madhumita; Giri,Ashok K; Dutta,Sourav; ET AL.

Abstract: Arsenic(As),cited as the most hazardous substance by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry(ATSDR,2005),is an ubiquitous metalloid which when ingested for prolonged periods cause extensive health effects leading to ultimate untimely death. Plants and microbes can help mitigate soil and groundwater. As problem since they have evolved elaborate detoxification machineries against this toxic metalloid as a result of their coexistence with this since the origin of life on earth. Utilization of the phytoremediation and bioremediation potential of the plants and microbes,respectively,is now regarded as two innovative tools that encompass biology,geology,biotechnology and allied sciences with cutting edge applications for sustainable mitigation of As epidemic. Discovery of As hyper accumulating plants that uptake and concentrate large amounts of this toxic metalloid in their shoots or roots offered new hope to As phytoremediation,solar power based nature's own green remediation. This review focuses on how phytoremediation and bioremediation can be merged together to form an integrated phytobial remediation which could synergistically achieve the goal of large scale removal of As from soil,sediment and groundwater and overcome the drawbacks of the either processes alone. The review also points to the feasibility of the introduction of transgenic plants and microbes that bring new hope for more efficient treatment of As. The review identifies one critical research gap on the importance of remediation of As contaminated groundwater not only for drinking purpose but also for irrigation purpose and stresses that more research should be conducted on the use of constructed wetland,one of the most suitable areas of application of phytobial remediation. Finally the review has narrowed down on different phytoinvestigation and phytodisposal methods,which constitute the most essential and the most difficult part of pilot scale and field scale applications of phytoremediation programs.

Keywords: arsenic; bioremediation; phytoremediation; rhizoremediation; hyper accumulation; transgenic; constructed wetland

來源出版物:Environment International,2015,75: 180-198

Remediation of Cr(VI)contaminated soil using long-duration sodium thiosulfate supported by micro-nano networks

HE Lu-lu; WANG Min; ZHANG Gui-long; et al.

Abstract: In this work,a long-duration remediation agent(LRA)on hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI))was developed using sodium thiosulfate(ST)supported by attapulgite(ATP)micro-nano networks induced through high-energy electron beam(HEEB)irradiation. The ATP networks could effectively reduce the leaching amount of Cr(VI)in soil. More importantly,the ATP networks could significantly control the leaching behavior of ST,and then prolong the duration and increase the reduction efficiency of ST on Cr(VI). As a result,LRA displayed high performance on controlling the migration of Cr(VI)and reducing Cr(VI)to Cr(III). Additionally,pot experiment indicated that LRA could effectively decrease the absorbed amount of Cr(VI)in corn,and reduce the inhibition effect of Cr(VI)on the growth of corn. Therefore,this work could provide a facile approach to remediate the Cr(VI)-contaminated soil and lower the harmful effect of Cr(VI)on crop.

Keywords: remediation; chromium; sodium thiosulfate; long-duration; networks

來源出版物:Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,294: 64-69聯(lián)系郵箱:CAI Dong-qing; dqcai@ipp.ac.cn

編輯:衛(wèi)夏雯

Contaminated soils and waters pose a major environmental and human health problem,which may be partially solved by the emerging phytoremediation technology. This cost-effective plant-based approach to remediation takes advantage of the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. Toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants are the major targets for phytore mediation. In recent years,knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phytore mediation began to emerge together with biological and engineering strategies designed to optimize and improve phytoremediation. In addition,several field trials confirmed the feasibility of using plants for environmental cleanup. This review concentrates on the most developed subsets of phytore mediation technology and on the biological mechanisms that make phytoremediation work.

decontamination; hyperaccumulator; phytoextraction; phytodegradation; heavy metals

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1PhytoremediationSalt,DEAnnual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49: 643-668 2 Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and Technology Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,40(2):Status Acar,YB 117-137 3 Electrokinetic remediation.1.Pilot-scale tests with Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce,lead-spiked kaolinite Acar YB 1996,122(3): 173-185 4 Electroremediation of contaminated soils Page,MM Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce,2002,128(3): 208-219 5 The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: A review Lestan,Domen Environmental Pollution,2008,153(1): 3-13

Phytoremediation

Salt,DE; Smith,RD; Raskin I

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