徐穎
[易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)1] [非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)(現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞混淆)]
例1 ?(2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷) The adobe dwellings (土坯房) ? ? ?(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.
解析 ?built。本句主語(yǔ)為the adobe dwellings,謂語(yǔ)是are admired,故空處不需要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。這里用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的、已完成的動(dòng)作。
例2 ?(2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷) Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ? ? ? (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析 ?living。live與people之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)形式作后置定語(yǔ)。
分析 ?例1容易錯(cuò)在搞不清楚主被動(dòng)關(guān)系,寫成現(xiàn)在分詞building,或者寫成不定式的形式如to be built等。
點(diǎn)撥 ?現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)與進(jìn)行;過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)與完成;不定式常表示將來(lái)??梢杂煤?jiǎn)單的例子理清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。如:
The bridge being built is named Stone in honor of the hero. ?(正在修建的)
The bridge built is named Stone in honor of the hero. ?(己經(jīng)修建了的)
The bridge to be built is named Stone in honor of the hero. ?(將要修建的)
[易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)2] [非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)(不定式和動(dòng)名詞混淆)]
例3 ?(2014年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷) It took years of work ? ? ? (reduce) industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析 ?to reduce。句型為it took ... to do sth.,it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是to reduce industrial pollution and clean the water。
例4 ?(2013年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷)Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 oclock at night.
解析 ?Have—Having。having tea在這里是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)。
分析 ?例1容易錯(cuò)在未能看出it作形式主語(yǔ);例2容易錯(cuò)在由于句子主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),修飾成分太多,發(fā)現(xiàn)不了動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)。
點(diǎn)撥 ?1. 不定式作主語(yǔ)一般指具體的一次行為或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作;而動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)一般屬于抽象的泛指概念,強(qiáng)調(diào)事物本身。如:
To be invited to the palace hall would be exciting.
Being invited to the palace made her very excited.
2. 不定式和動(dòng)名詞二者都存在it 作形式主語(yǔ)的情況,要爛熟于心。
不定式:
It is good manners to do sth.
It is difficult/important/impossible for sb. to do sth.
It is nice/wise/stupid of sb. to do sth.
It takes sb some time to do sth.
動(dòng)名詞:
It is no use doing sth.
It is a waste of time doing sth.
[易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)3] [非謂動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)(介詞和動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞)]
例5 ?(2015高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷) After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing.
解析 ?looks—looking。動(dòng)名詞作介詞after的賓語(yǔ)。
例6 ?(2014年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷) Still, the boy kept ? ? ? (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.
解析 ?riding。keep doing表示繼續(xù)做某事。
例7 The wildest trip for a free flyer is falling “head down”. Falling “head down” requires a great deal of control, which means ? ? ? (travel) not only fast but also steadily.
解析 ?traveling。mean doing表示“意味著……”。
分析 ?例5可歸為介詞后的動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。同學(xué)們?nèi)菀族e(cuò)在于沒(méi)有識(shí)別介詞after,不知道介詞后面跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的用法。
例6和例7可歸為動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。錯(cuò)處在于對(duì)常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的搭配沒(méi)有概念,或者和接不定式的動(dòng)詞混淆。比如keep后接了to ride, mean后面接了to do(表達(dá)的是“打算做”,而非“意味著”)。
點(diǎn)撥 ?1. 總結(jié)介詞及介詞短語(yǔ):about,without,of,on,look forward to,be used to(習(xí)慣于),apologize for,have difficulty in,be busy in,object to等等。
2. 總結(jié)歸納以下三類動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):
只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的: decide,determine,want,hope,pretend,choose,plan,afford,happen等。
只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的:admit,allow,dislike,enjoy,avoid,consider,delay,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practice,risk,resist,suggest,suffer,cant help(情不自禁),give up,feel like,keep on,get down to,lead to,see to等。
要能分清接動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)意義的區(qū)別。如:
forget/remember/regret to do
忘記/記住/后悔去做某事
forget/remember/regret doing
忘記/記得/后悔已經(jīng)做過(guò)某事
[易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)4] [非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)(不定式與分詞混淆)]
例8 ?(2015年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ? ? ? (cool) the house during the hot day ...
解析 ? to cool。be adj. enough to do sth.表示“……到足以……”,不定式短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
例9 ?Recently a survey has been done find out the reading interests of senior middle school students.
解析 ?find out前加to。這里是不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。
例10 ?A boy trembled in the cold winter,
(wrap) his arms around himself on a bus stop bench.
解析 ?wrapping。句子已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞trembled,且空前沒(méi)有連詞,所以要填非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。wrap與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞wrap作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
分析 ?對(duì)不定式、分詞作狀語(yǔ)沒(méi)有概念,將它們相互混淆。
點(diǎn)撥 ?非謂語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)要把握大原則,用典型例子幫助區(qū)分:
1. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示目的/結(jié)果/原因等。
He got up very early in order not to be late. ?(表示目的)
He work up only to find himself in hospital. ?(only to do表示意料之外的結(jié)果)
We were very excited to hear the news. (表示原因)
2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ),通常用分詞:與邏輯主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞;與邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用過(guò)去分詞。
Whistling the merry tune, Jack fixed the tire.
Looked at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.
[易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)5] [非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式混淆)]
例11 ?(2014年高考新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷) There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ? ? ? (disappoint).
解析 ?disappointed。look disappointed是系表結(jié)構(gòu),表示“看起來(lái)失望”。
例12 ?However, what still makes me puzzling is how to make my dream to go to the top university come true.
解析 ?puzzling—puzzled。表示“感到困惑的”應(yīng)用puzzled,表示“令人困惑的”用puzzling。
例13 ?To make matters worse, it is not a complete set, as I found one book missed.
解析 ?missed—missing。missing在此處意為“不見(jiàn)了”,等同于gone,作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。而missed意為“錯(cuò)過(guò)了的”,在此處詞意不符。
例14 ?Our goal is ? ? ?(meet) the internationally agreed targets for water and sanitation by 2015, and to build the foundation for further progress in the years beyond.
解析 ?to meet。此處to meet作is的表語(yǔ)。
分析 ?例11中把disappointed寫成disappointing, 例12中puzzling未能識(shí)別出錯(cuò)誤,例13也沒(méi)改出來(lái)。原因在于對(duì)形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的詞義理解不清。
點(diǎn)撥 ?例11、12、13表面上考分詞,實(shí)際上是考形容詞。表示感覺(jué)、狀態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞表示“令人……的”,指主語(yǔ)或被修飾的詞給人的感覺(jué);過(guò)去分詞表示”感到……”,指主語(yǔ)或被修飾的詞本身的感覺(jué)。
2. 熟悉某些特定的名詞,如wish, hope, goal, purpose, aim, dream, plan等詞作主語(yǔ),用不定式作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容,常表示將來(lái)的行為。如:
Our dream is to find an ideal job in a big company.
[易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)5] [非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式混淆)] [易錯(cuò)
點(diǎn)6] [非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(不定式、過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞混淆)]
例15 ?(2012年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys to last.
解析 ?刪掉last前的to。make sb. do sth.里的make意為“使”,其后跟不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
例16 ? As we started to go out, I turned around and saw them all ? ? ? (watch) us.
解析 ?watching。see sb doing意為“看見(jiàn)某人在做某事”。
例17 ? Several years ago, in one place of interest, I saw rubbish throwing away everywhere, such as waste paper, plastic bags.
解析 ?throwing—thrown。see sth. done的意思是“看見(jiàn)……被……”,此處垃圾被丟,所以應(yīng)填throw的過(guò)去分詞thrown作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
分析 ?例15容易錯(cuò)在不知道m(xù)ake/let/have sb. do sth.這一結(jié)構(gòu),沒(méi)有看出來(lái)句中多了一個(gè)to;例17容易錯(cuò)在對(duì)see sb do/doing/done不能區(qū)分,辨別不了其中的差異,做題全憑感覺(jué)。
點(diǎn)撥 ?1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí):不定式表示動(dòng)作全過(guò)程;現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行;過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成。例如:
We heard her often sing next door. (主動(dòng),完成)
We heard her singing next door. (主動(dòng),進(jìn)行)
We heard the song sung by her next door. (被動(dòng),完成)
We heard the song being sung next door. (被動(dòng),進(jìn)行)
2. 對(duì)常見(jiàn)非謂語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的詞,做到心中有數(shù)。
在“四看”(see,look at,watch,notice),“二聽(tīng)”(hear,listen to),“一感覺(jué)”(feel)以及使役動(dòng)詞(1et,make,have)后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常省略to。又如如keep后既可接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ),也可接過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);help后可接帶to的不定式或不帶to的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ); leave,find,get,feel,have等詞后不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞都可做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
綜合看來(lái),非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在新課標(biāo)卷的考點(diǎn)非?;A(chǔ),近幾年的考試都沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)太難的題,主要考查同學(xué)們對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞基本概念、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式、常見(jiàn)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法功能的區(qū)分、常見(jiàn)句型和固定搭配的掌握。對(duì)做題中出現(xiàn)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)的整理歸納有助于減少不必要的丟分,加深對(duì)考點(diǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)。